Brooke Worzalla v. ABC Insurance Company

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
June 9, 2026
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Samuel A. Christensen petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2024AP350 Cir. Ct. No. 2021CV7530

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT I

BROOKE WORZALLA AND ROBERT WORZALLA,

PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS,

SENTRY CASUALTY COMPANY,

INVOLUNTARY-PLAINTIFF-CO-APPELLANT,

V.

ABC INSURANCE COMPANY, AUTO-OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY, CHUBB
NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY, INTERPARK HOLDINGS, LLC, INTERPARK,
LLC, OLD REPUBLIC INSURANCE COMPANY, PENTAGON PROPERTY SERVICES,
LLC, TRAVELERS PROPERTY CASUALTY COMPANY OF AMERICA AND US
BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION A/K/A U.S. BANCORP,

DEFENDANTS,

CUSHMAN & WAKEFIELD U.S., INC. C/O CT CORPORATION SYSTEM,

DEFENDANT-RESPONDENT.
No. 2024AP350

APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Milwaukee
County: KASHOUA KRISTY YANG, Judge. Reversed and cause remanded for
further proceedings.

Before Donald, C.J., Colón, P.J., and Geenen, J.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).

¶1 PER CURIAM. Brooke and Robert Worzalla (“the Worzallas”) and
Sentry Casualty Company (“Sentry”) co-appeal a judgment dismissing the
Worzallas’ claims against Cushman & Wakefield U.S., Inc. (“Cushman”).1 The
Worzallas and Sentry argue that the circuit court erroneously granted summary
judgment on the grounds that the claims against Cushman were barred by the
three-year statute of limitations in WIS. STAT. § 893.54(1m)(a) (2023-24).2 The
Worzallas further argue that the circuit court should have granted summary
judgment in their favor. As discussed below, we conclude that this case does not
present a situation where the unconverted facts lead to only one conclusion
regarding whether the statute of limitations bars the claims against Cushman.
Rather, there are multiple reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the facts.
Accordingly, we conclude that summary judgment is not appropriate in this case
and we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

1
The Wisconsin Association for Justice filed an amicus brief supporting the Worzallas
and Sentry.
2
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2023-24 version.

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No. 2024AP350

BACKGROUND

¶2 From July 2017 to August 2019, Brooke worked for a company
located in the U.S. Bank Center building in Milwaukee and parked in the garage
attached to the building. U.S. Bank, the owner of the garage, contracted with
Interpark, LLC to manage, repair, and maintain the garage. Interpark hired
Pentagon Property Services, LLC to paint the striped parking lines in the garage.

¶3 On December 17, 2018, Brooke asserts that she parked her vehicle in
the garage and as she walked down the ramp towards the elevator, she slipped and
fell on the wet, yellow painted lines that marked the pedestrian walkway and
injured her ankle.

¶4 Sentry, who issued worker’s compensation insurance to Brooke’s
employer, paid her medical expenses and worker’s compensation benefits. A
claims adjuster for Sentry informed Brooke that Interpark, Pentagon, and their
respective insurers had been placed on notice of the loss.

¶5 On November 29, 2021, the Worzallas retained legal counsel to
pursue a personal injury claim. On December 13, 2021, four days before the
expiration of the statute of limitations, the Worzallas filed a complaint, naming
U.S. Bank, Interpark, Pentagon, and their respective insurers as defendants.
Sentry was named as an involuntary plaintiff.

¶6 On March 28, 2022, after the statute of limitations expired, the
Worzallas’ counsel received discovery responses indicating that Cushman had
managerial control over the garage on the date Brooke slipped and fell. The
Worzallas’ counsel asserted this was the first time he became aware of Cushman.

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¶7 On June 1, 2022, the Worzallas filed an amended complaint adding
Cushman as a defendant. The Worzallas asserted that Cushman performed
facilities management for U.S. Bank and had knowledge that the striped lines were
slippery and potentially dangerous. Cushman filed an answer, and affirmatively
plead that the Worzallas’ claims “may be barred by an applicable statute of
limitations.”

¶8 On November 1, 2022, the Worzallas filed a second amended
complaint, adding Cushman’s insurer as a defendant. Cushman filed an answer,
and again affirmatively plead that the Worzallas’ claims “may be barred by an
applicable statute of limitations.”

¶9 On August 28, 2023, Cushman filed a motion for summary judgment
arguing that the Worzallas failed to bring a claim against Cushman within the
applicable statute of limitations pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 893.54(1m)(a).

¶10 In response, the Worzallas filed a brief opposing Cushman’s motion
and their own motion for summary judgment. The Worzallas argued that their
claims were not barred by the statute of limitations because their claims did not
accrue until March 28, 2022, when they learned from discovery answers that
Cushman had managerial control over the garage. Sentry also filed a brief
opposing Cushman’s motion, arguing that there were genuine issues of material
fact regarding when the Worzallas should have discovered that Cushman had
managerial control over the garage.

¶11 On December 15, 2023, a hearing took place and the circuit court
heard arguments from the parties. Subsequently, the circuit court denied the
Worzallas’ summary judgment motion and granted Cushman’s summary judgment
motion. The court entered a judgment dismissing all claims and cross-claims

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No. 2024AP350

against Cushman with prejudice. The court found that the Worzallas did not
exercise reasonable diligence to discover the responsible parties and there was no
genuine issue of material fact.

¶12 The Worzallas appealed and Sentry filed a notice of co-appeal.3
Additional relevant facts are referenced below.

DISCUSSION

¶13 To resolve this appeal, we must determine whether summary
judgment was properly granted. Whether summary judgment is properly granted
is a question of law that we review independently. MPI Wright LLC v. Goodin
Co., 2025 WI App 18, ¶19, 415 Wis. 2d 590, 19 N.W.3d 582. Summary judgment
“shall be rendered if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” WIS. STAT. § 802.08(2). “On summary judgment,
we draw reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving
party.” 5 Walworth, LLC v. Engerman Contracting, Inc., 2023 WI 51, ¶42, 408
Wis. 2d 39, 992 N.W.2d 31. “[I]f more than one reasonable inference can be
drawn from the undisputed facts, summary judgment is not appropriate.” Schmidt
v. Northern States Power Co., 2007 WI 136, ¶47, 305 Wis. 2d 538, 742 N.W.2d
294; Jacobs v. Nor-Lake, Inc., 217 Wis. 2d 625, 633, 579 N.W.2d 254 (Ct. App.
1998).

3
We note that Cushman contends that the Worzallas’ brief on appeal violates various
rules of appellate procedure and requests sanctions. See WIS. STAT. §§ 809.19(1) & 809.83(2).
We have reviewed Cushman’s complaints and decline to order sanctions.

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No. 2024AP350

¶14 The applicable statute of limitations set forth in WIS. STAT.
§ 893.54(1m)(a) provides that “an action to recover damages for injuries to the
person” must be “commenced within 3 years or be barred[.]” The parties agree
that the statute of limitations in this case expired before the amended complaint
naming Cushman as a defendant was filed. The parties, however, dispute whether
the discovery rule exception to the statute of limitations applies.

¶15 Under the discovery rule, “a tort claim accrues only when the
plaintiff discovers, or with reasonable diligence should have discovered, the
identity of the alleged tortfeasor.” Spitler v. Dean, 148 Wis. 2d 630, 631-32, 436
N.W.2d 308 (1989). Reasonable diligence “means such diligence as the great
majority of persons would use in the same or similar circumstances.” Id. at 638.

¶16 Cushman first argues that the discovery rule does not apply here. In
support, Cushman asserts that the Worzallas’ claims are unlike those of the
plaintiffs in Hansen v. A.H. Robins, Inc., 113 Wis. 2d 550, 335 N.W.2d 578
(1983), and Borello v. U.S. Oil Co., 130 Wis. 2d 397, 388 N.W.2d 140 (1986), and
the discovery rule as set forth in those cases does not apply here. Additionally,
Cushman asserts that “the statute of limitation is [a] constitutionally protected
right for potential defendants.” (Capitalization omitted.)

¶17 In Hansen, the plaintiff alleged that she was injured by an
intrauterine device (“IUD”). Id., 113 Wis. 2d at 552-53. Approximately four
years after the insertion of the IUD into her uterus, she began to experience
various health problems. Id. at 552. Eventually, a doctor removed the IUD and
concluded that the plaintiff had pelvic inflammatory disease (“PID”). Id. at 553,
561. Our supreme court adopted the discovery rule for tort cases and held that the
plaintiff’s claim accrued on the date she was diagnosed with PID. Id. at 560-61.

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No. 2024AP350

The court explained that it would be “manifestly unjust for the statute of
limitations to begin to run before a claimant could reasonably become aware of the
injury.” Id. at 559.

¶18 Three years later, our supreme court addressed the discovery rule in
Borello. In Borello, the plaintiff was allegedly injured by a defective furnace
more than three years before the filing of her complaint. Id., 130 Wis. 2d at 399-
400. The court held that the statute of limitations period did not begin to run until
the date that a doctor opined that furnace fumes were the cause of the plaintiff’s
health issues. Id. at 414-15. The court stated that a statute of limitations “should
not commence to run until the plaintiff with due diligence knows to a reasonable
probability of injury, its nature, its cause, and the identity of the allegedly
responsible defendant.” Id. at 420.

¶19 Following Hansen and Borello, the discovery rule was again
addressed in Spitler. In Spitler, the plaintiff filed a tort claim alleging that the
defendant struck him in the face resulting in injuries. Id., 148 Wis. 2d at 632. The
plaintiff argued that the statute of limitations did not begin to run until he learned
the identity of his assailant. Id. The court agreed, holding that the plaintiff’s
cause of action did not accrue until the plaintiff “knew the identity of the
defendant, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have discovered the
identity of the defendant.” Id. at 636. The court explained:

This conclusion is in keeping with the equitable principle
underlying the statute of limitations, which is to allow
plaintiffs their day in court, but also to protect defendants
from having to deal with claims which defense against may
be seriously impaired by stale or lost evidence. The issue
presents a question of balancing the plaintiff’s right to seek
redress against the duration of the defendant’s exposure to
liability and the possible prejudices due to delay. Both are
concerns of justice. Here, the balance remains in the
plaintiff’s favor.

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No. 2024AP350

Id. at 636.

¶20 Even if we were to accept Cushman’s argument that Hansen and
Borello are factually distinguishable and the discovery rule as articulated in those
cases does not apply here, Cushman does not develop an argument why the
discovery rule as set forth in Spitler does not apply. See Spitler, 148 Wis. 2d at
636 (stating that the cause of action did not accrue until the plaintiff “knew the
identity of the defendant, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have
discovered the identity of the defendant”). Moreover, Cushman does not explain
or identify what constitutional right is allegedly being violated by applying the
discovery rule. We do not address undeveloped arguments. State v. Pettit, 171
Wis. 2d 627, 646-47, 492 N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992).

¶21 Cushman next argues that even if the discovery rule applies, the
Worzallas failed to act with reasonable diligence.

¶22 In finding that the Worzallas failed to act with reasonable diligence,
the circuit court relied on Dakin v. Marciniak, 2005 WI App 67, 280 Wis. 2d 491,
695 N.W.2d 867. We are not persuaded, however, that Dakin establishes that the
Worzallas failed to act with reasonable diligence. Dakin is factually
distinguishable.

¶23 In Dakin, a bus swerved to avoid a car in a Copp’s Food Center
store parking lot. Id., ¶2. The plaintiff, a passenger on the bus, was thrown from
her seat and injured. Id. After the applicable statute of limitations expired, upon
learning that the driver of the car was an employee of Copp’s, the plaintiff
amended her complaint to add Roundy’s, Inc., Copp’s successor. Id., ¶¶1, 3.
Roundy’s moved for summary judgment on statute of limitations grounds, which
the circuit court denied. Id., ¶3. On appeal, this court reversed the circuit court’s

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No. 2024AP350

order and remanded the matter with directions to grant summary judgment in favor
of Roundy’s. Id., ¶19. The court held that the plaintiff had police reports
identifying the driver of the car, but did not take any steps to investigate him or the
accident and “doing nothing was not an exercise of reasonable diligence.” Id.,
¶¶17-18.

¶24 Here, unlike in Dakin, the information about Cushman could not be
discovered from reviewing available police reports. Rather, as the Worzallas
assert, and Cushman does not dispute, the contract between U.S. Bank and
Cushman was private and thus not readily discoverable in the absence of litigation.
Accordingly, we are not persuaded that Dakin supports the absence of reasonable
diligence here.

¶25 Cushman emphasizes that in Dakin, the court stated that “the fact
that a claim does not accrue until the plaintiff has knowledge of a suable party
does not necessarily mean that it does not accrue until all suable parties are
known” and the discovery rule “is not a promise to suspend limitations until
optimal litigation conditions are established[.]” Id., ¶15. Dakin, however, did not
hold that a claim always accrues when the first defendant is identified. Instead,
the court found that the plaintiff there did not exercise reasonable diligence. Id.,
¶¶17-18.

¶26 In addition, in this case, contrary to the circuit court’s finding, the
record reflects that more than one reasonable inference can be drawn from the
facts regarding whether the Worzallas exercised reasonable diligence. See
Schmidt, 305 Wis. 2d 538, ¶47; Jacobs, 217 Wis. 2d at 633.

¶27 On one hand, as the circuit court observed, the Worzallas did not
conduct any investigation to discover the existence or the identity of a property

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No. 2024AP350

manager and relied on the information from Sentry. Additionally, signs were
placed on the inside and the outside of the U.S. Bank building indicating that it
was “Professionally Managed by Cushman & Wakefield.”

¶28 On the other hand, after identifying U.S. Bank as the owner of the
parking garage, Interpark as the manager of the parking garage, and Pentagon as
the company that painted the lines, an ordinary person arguably would not have
continued to seek out an additional property manager. See Borello, 130 Wis. 2d at
414 (stating that when determining reasonable diligence, an “ordinary person” is
not expected to take “extraordinary steps”); Jacobs, 217 Wis. 2d at 635 (noting
that reasonable diligence does not require a “superhuman effort” (citation
omitted)). Moreover, while there was Cushman signage placed on the inside and
outside of the U.S. Bank building, the signage was not posted in or on the garage.
As a result, an ordinary person could have inferred that Cushman only managed
the building and not the garage. See Borello, 130 Wis. 2d at 414; Jacobs, 217
Wis. 2d at 635. Based on these facts, a reasonable inference can be made in favor
of the Worzallas’ use of reasonable diligence. Where more than one reasonable
inference can be drawn from the undisputed facts, summary judgment is not
appropriate. Schmidt, 305 Wis. 2d 538, ¶47; Jacobs, 217 Wis. 2d at 633.

¶29 Therefore, because this case does not present a situation where the
unconverted facts lead to only one conclusion regarding whether the statute of

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No. 2024AP350

limitations bars the claims against Cushman, we reverse and remand for further
proceedings.4 See Schmidt, 305 Wis. 2d 538, ¶69.

By the Court.—Judgment reversed and cause remanded for further
proceedings.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.

4
The Worzallas question the proper timing and format of a jury trial on the resolution of
reasonable diligence. This issue was not previously raised before the circuit court. We do not
address issues that are raised for the first time on appeal. State v. Bucki, 2020 WI App 43, ¶74,
393 Wis. 2d 434, 947 N.W.2d 152.

11