State v. A A A

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
March 12, 2025
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Samuel A. Christensen petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2024AP2001-FT Cir. Ct. No. 2023JV6

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT II

IN THE INTEREST OF A.A.A., A PERSON UNDER THE AGE OF 18:

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PETITIONER-RESPONDENT,

V.

A.A.A.,

RESPONDENT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Fond du Lac County:
ANTHONY C. NEHLS, Judge. Affirmed.
No. 2024AP2001-FT

¶1 LAZAR, J.1 Amanda,2 a juvenile, appeals the circuit court’s
dispositional order that placed her in the Serious Juvenile Offender (SJO) program
at Copper Lake School, a Type I juvenile correctional facility for girls. See WIS.
STAT. § 938.02(10p), (19).3 She asserts that, before a juvenile may be so placed,
the SJO placement statute requires a finding that the only other appropriate
placement is a “[s]ecured residential care center for children and youth” and that,
because no such centers exist in Wisconsin, she cannot be placed at Copper Lake
School. See § 938.02(15g). This court disagrees and affirms.

BACKGROUND

¶2 Amanda was charged as a juvenile on February 17, 2023 with two
counts of First-Degree Child Sexual Assault—Sexual Intercourse with a Child
Under Age 13, pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 948.02(1)(e). She was temporarily placed
in nonsecure custody in her mother’s home on March 15, 2023. A few weeks
later, Amanda was under a new investigation and ultimately charged with Third-

1
This appeal is decided by one judge pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 752.31(2)(e) (2023-24).
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2023-24 version unless otherwise noted.
2
In order to protect her confidentiality, this court refers to the juvenile by a pseudonym.
See WIS. STAT. RULE 809.19(1)(g).
3
A “[j]uvenile correctional facility” is defined as “a correctional institution operated or
contracted for by the department of corrections or operated by the department of health services
for holding in secure custody persons adjudged delinquent [including] the Mendota juvenile
treatment center under [WIS. STAT. §] 46.057 and a facility authorized under … [WIS. STAT.
§] 938.538(4)(b) ….” WIS. STAT. § 938.02(10p). The Department of Corrections describes a
“Type 1 juvenile correctional facility” as one that “is operated by the State of Wisconsin and uses
physical security mechanisms such as fences and locked doors in addition to control and
surveillance by staff members to restrict the liberty of a youth committed to the facility by the
court.” STATE OF WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 JUVENILE
CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES (Nov. 19, 2012), https://doc.wi.gov/PublishingImages/Pages/AboutD
OC/JuvenileCorrections/DivisionOfJuvenileCorrections/Type1Type2JuvenileCorrectionalFaciliti
es.pdf.

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No. 2024AP2001-FT

Degree Child Sexual Assault for assault on another juvenile at her mother’s home.
She was placed into secure detention on April 13, 2023.

¶3 After a hearing on April 21, 2023, Amanda was ordered to be placed
in nonsecure custody with her grandmother. That placement did not occur
because the grandmother immediately declined to provide placement. The court
commissioner recalled the case and vacated its prior order, leaving Amanda in
secure detention.

¶4 On July 26, 2023, Amanda pleaded no contest to one count of
First-Degree Child Sexual Assault—Sexual Intercourse with Child Under Age 13;
the other first-degree count was dismissed and read in.4 At her plea hearing, the
State recommended placement in the SJO program. Amanda filed a motion
asserting that SJO placement at Copper Lake School would be “illegal.” She
argued that the current version of WIS. STAT. § 938.34(4h) (the SJO placement
statute) had a necessary condition precedent: the circuit court had to determine
that the only other appropriate placement was a placement under § 938.34(4m)—
namely, a “secured residential care center for children and youth.”5 Because the
State of Wisconsin has yet to build any SRC centers, Amanda asserted SJO
placement was not permitted. She also contended that shorter-term placement at
Copper Lake School (under WIS. STAT. § 938.34(4m)) as an “ordinary corrections
placement” was similarly statutorily barred.

4
The Third-Degree Child Sexual Assault charge was resolved with placement of
Amanda in her grandmother’s home, but was superseded by the SJO order in this case. The third-
degree charge and placement order are not at issue in this appeal.
5
For ease of reference, these facilities shall be referred to as “SRC centers.”

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No. 2024AP2001-FT

¶5 After a hearing, the circuit court6 denied Amanda’s motion and held
that SJO placement was statutorily available. The court explained that

the legislature did not pass a law repealing the SJO
program, did not pass a law repealing the possibility of
placement in corrections, Copper Lake [School] has not
been closed, it still has some juveniles placed there, it’s still
being funded. The Juvenile Justice Code still contemplates
corrections and SJO program placements.

At disposition, the court ordered Amanda into the SJO program at Copper Lake
School for a five-year period commencing September 13, 2023. Amanda appeals,
arguing that her dispositional order should be vacated because she could not be
placed directly at Copper Lake School pursuant to the juvenile code, even through
the SJO program.7

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶6 “Questions of statutory interpretation are questions of law that we
review independently.” State v. Mercado, 2021 WI 2, ¶32, 395 Wis. 2d 296, 953
N.W.2d 337; State v. Gramza, 2020 WI App 81, ¶15, 395 Wis. 2d 215, 952
N.W.2d 836. Even when conducting de novo review, however, appellate courts

6
The Honorable Andrew J. Christenson issued the oral ruling on Amanda’s motion and
then orally ordered her placed in the SJO program at Copper Lake School. The Honorable
Anthony C. Nehls signed the written dispositional order.
7
Amanda also argues that “ordinary correctional placements” under WIS. STAT.
§ 938.34(4m) must be in SRC centers. She asks this court to “review the interpretation of
[§] 938.34(4m)” despite the fact that “[o]f course [Amanda] was put in an SJO order, not an
ordinary corrections order.” This court declines her invitation and notes that it is not at all clear
from the Record, as she asserts, that the circuit court incorrectly “made general findings that a[n]
ordinary corrections order”—presumably Amanda means one placing her at Copper Lake
School—“was permitted.” The court simply determined that “any of those options are available”
in overruling Amanda’s objection “to change of placement,” in which she argued that “Copper
Lake School is not a permitted placement” but did not mention the SJO program.

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No. 2024AP2001-FT

may “benefit from the analys[i]s of the circuit court.” Waity v. LeMahieu, 2022
WI 6, ¶18, 400 Wis. 2d 356, 969 N.W.2d 263 (quoting Estate of Miller v. Storey,
2017 WI 99, ¶25, 378 Wis. 2d 358, 903 N.W.2d 759).

DISCUSSION

¶7 This court agrees with the circuit court that placement in the SJO
program at Copper Lake School was statutorily available for Amanda.

I. The statutes

¶8 Appellate courts have a “solemn obligation ... to faithfully give
effect to the laws enacted by the legislature.” State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit Ct. for
Dane Cnty., 2004 WI 58, ¶44, 271 Wis. 2d 633, 681 N.W.2d 110. In interpreting
statutes, this court first looks to their language “because we assume that the
legislature’s intent is expressed in the words it used.” Orion Flight Servs., Inc. v.
Basler Flight Serv., 2006 WI 51, ¶16, 290 Wis. 2d 421, 714 N.W.2d 130 (quoting
State v. Reed, 2005 WI 53, ¶13, 280 Wis. 2d 68, 695 N.W.2d 315).

¶9 WISCONSIN STAT. § 938.34 is titled “Disposition of juvenile
adjudged delinquent” and provides the possible dispositions available to a circuit
court, “one or more” of which must be ordered “[i]f the court adjudges a juvenile
delinquent.” Subsection (4h) relates to the SJO program:

(4h) SERIOUS JUVENILE OFFENDER PROGRAM. Place the
juvenile in the serious juvenile offender program under
[WIS. STAT. §] 938.538, but only if all of the following
apply:

(a) The juvenile is 14 years of age or over and has
been adjudicated delinquent for committing or conspiring
to commit a violation of [WIS. STAT. §] ... 948.02(1) ....

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No. 2024AP2001-FT

(b) The court finds that the only other disposition
that is appropriate for the juvenile is placement in a
juvenile correctional facility under sub. (4m).

¶10 Amanda does not contest the circuit court’s findings that she meets
the requirements of WIS. STAT. § 938.34(4h)(a): she was at least fourteen years
old and her offense was one of those enumerated in the paragraph. Her argument
is premised on what she characterizes as the impossibility of a finding pursuant to
paragraph (b) that “the only other disposition that is appropriate … is placement in
a juvenile correctional facility under sub. (4m).” That subsection, which governs
“CORRECTIONAL PLACEMENT”—or, as Amanda calls it, “ordinary corrections
placement”—provides:

(4m) CORRECTIONAL PLACEMENT. Place the juvenile
under the supervision of the county department in a secured
residential care center for children and youth identified by
the county department if all of the following apply:

(a) The juvenile has been found to be delinquent
for the commission of an act that would be punishable by a
sentence of 6 months or more if committed by an adult.

(b) The juvenile has been found to be a danger to
the public and to be in need of restrictive custodial
treatment. If the court determines that any of the following
conditions applies, but that placement in the serious
juvenile offender program under sub. (4h) is not
appropriate, that determination shall be prima facie
evidence that the juvenile is a danger to the public and in
need of restrictive custodial treatment under this
subsection:

1. The juvenile has committed a delinquent
act that would be a felony under [WIS. STAT. §] ...
948.02(1) or (2) ... if committed by an adult.

Sec. 938.34(4m)(a)-(b)1.

¶11 This language is the result of the legislature’s passage of 2017 Wis.
Act 185 (the “Act”). Prior to passage of the Act, the introduction to subsection
(4m) read as follows:

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No. 2024AP2001-FT

(4m) CORRECTIONAL PLACEMENT. Place the juvenile
in a juvenile correctional facility or a secured residential
care center for children and youth under the supervision of
the department of corrections if all of the following apply:

WIS. STAT. § 938.34(4m) (2015-16) (emphases added). While the removal of the
words “juvenile correctional facility” appears to require initial placement at an
SRC center for juveniles placed pursuant to the subsection (4m) dispositional
option, Section 66 of the Act created a procedure by which a juvenile’s placement
may be changed pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 938.357(3)(b):

Notwithstanding [§] 938.34(4m) and subject to par. (c), the
court may order placement in a Type 1 juvenile
correctional facility under supervision of the department of
corrections for a juvenile who was adjudicated delinquent
under s. 938.34(4m) if the court finds, after a hearing under
this section, that [the county does not have space for the
juvenile in a SRC center or that other statutorily prescribed
conditions apply.]

As the circuit court observed, the Act did not change the SJO provisions in
§ 938.34(4h). Nor did it amend WIS. STAT. § 938.538, which governs
administration of the SJO program.

II. Amanda’s interpretation is untenable based on the statutory text
and structure and would frustrate legislative intent.

¶12 “Generally, language is given its common, ordinary, and accepted
meaning.” Orion Flight Servs., 290 Wis. 2d 421, ¶16. “[S]tatutory language is
interpreted in the context in which it is used, in relation to the language of
surrounding or closely-related statutes, and interpreted to avoid absurd or
unreasonable results.” Id. Courts may also consider a statute’s “scope, context,
and purpose” so long as they “are ascertainable from the text and structure of the
statute itself.” Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶48. This is because the statute has to be
read as a whole; context and syntax cannot be disregarded. Finally, “[s]tatutory

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No. 2024AP2001-FT

language is read where possible to give reasonable effect to every word, in order
to avoid surplusage.” Id., ¶46; see also Belding v. Demoulin, 2014 WI 8, ¶17,
352 Wis. 2d 359, 843 N.W.2d 373 (“Statutory provisions dealing with the same
matter should be read in harmony such that each has force and effect.”); ANTONIN
SCALIA AND BRYAN A. GARNER, READING LAW: THE INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL
TEXTS, 174 (2012) (“[A statute] should [not] needlessly be given an interpretation
that causes it to duplicate another provision or to have no consequence.”).

¶13 Amanda’s assertion that until an SRC center has been created in
Wisconsin, the current statutory scheme bars any initial placement in a juvenile
correctional facility, even for juveniles found to be serious offenders, is belied by
the text and the structure of the relevant statutes. Separate subsections (4h) and
(4m) of WIS. STAT. § 938.34 provide separate dispositional options for a circuit
court. Subsection (4h) is the one relevant for juveniles placed in the SJO program,
and it was not repealed or amended by the Act. By its plain language,
paragraph (b) of that subsection requires a finding that—if the court does not enter
a dispositional order under that subsection, the only “other” (i.e., alternative)
appropriate disposition is mandatory secured confinement under subsection (4m)
in an SRC center.

¶14 The circuit court made that finding in Amanda’s case; after
discussing the seriousness of her violations, it noted that she was “a danger to the
public” and that a “[c]onfined setting is the only appropriate [place] where
treatment can be effective.” See WIS. STAT. § 938.34(4m)(b) (requiring findings
that juvenile is “a danger to the public and … in need of restrictive custodial
treatment”). Once Amanda was ordered into the SJO program, her physical
placement options were controlled by WIS. STAT. § 938.538—which, again, was
neither repealed nor amended by the Act. The lack of actual SRC centers

8
No. 2024AP2001-FT

available to Amanda has nothing to do with the ability of the court to select the
subsection (4h) disposition option in her case.

¶15 Amanda’s interpretation of the statute would not just impermissibly
render some of the language in WIS. STAT. § 938.34(4h) surplusage that would
never have any practical effect, see Kalal, 271 Wis. 2d 633, ¶46, it would
completely void that subsection and remove the SJO program as one of the initial
dispositional options available to circuit courts “[i]f the court adjudges a juvenile
delinquent.” See § 938.34. It would also lead to the absurd result that placement
would depend on the bare existence of facilities regardless of any effect on a
juvenile. See Orion Flight Servs., 290 Wis. 2d 421, ¶16 (statutes should be
construed, where possible, to avoid absurd results). Amanda’s position is not that
she must be placed in an SRC center but, absurdly, that her placement at Copper
Lake School would be permissible if there were just one bed in one SRC center in
existence—regardless of the fact that she would have no claim to it.8

¶16 Indeed, adoption of Amanda’s position would necessitate
noncustodial placement in all cases, even for the most serious juvenile offenders.
This would run roughshod over the stated purposes of the SJO program (left intact
by the Act) which include providing “[s]upervision, care and rehabilitation that is
more restrictive than ordinary supervision in the community” for serious juvenile
offenders. See WIS. STAT. § 938.538(2)(a); see also State v. Wachsmuth, 73

8
Pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 938.357(3)(b)—created in the same Act that amended
subsection (4m)—a juvenile who is placed in an SRC center under subsection (4m) may instead
be placed in a Type 1 juvenile correctional facility if there is no space in an existing SRC center
or if an existing SRC center is unable to meet the juvenile’s needs. According to Amanda, the
same juvenile would have to be placed in noncustodial care if the state had yet to build an SRC
center. This also strikes this court as absurd.

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No. 2024AP2001-FT

Wis. 2d 318, 330, 243 N.W.2d 410 (1976) (noting that statutes should not be read
to “require a narrow technical meaning be given words in question in such blatant
disregard of their context as to frustrate the obvious intent of the legislature”).
Amanda’s position would actually contradict several of the legislature’s purposes
underlying the Juvenile Justice Code in general, most significantly “[t]o protect
citizens from juvenile crime.” WIS. STAT. § 938.01(2)(a).9

CONCLUSION

¶17 Amanda’s appeal is premised upon the fallacy that the Act barred all
direct placements in juvenile correctional facilities. There is no language in the
Act that makes such a sweeping declaration. No reasonable interpretation of WIS.
STAT. § 938.34(4h) can result in the conclusion that SJO Type 1 juvenile
correctional facilities are per se unlawful placements. Accordingly, this court
affirms the order placing Amanda at Copper Lake School.

By the Court.—Order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)4.

9
The Juvenile Justice Code was created to address juvenile delinquency, protect
citizen’s rights, impose accountability on juveniles for law violations, and to equip juvenile
offenders with the necessary tools to live responsibly and be productive members of society. See
WIS. STAT. § 938.01(2). In whole, the Code is the means by which to “respond to a juvenile
offender’s needs for care and treatment, consistent with the prevention of delinquency, each
juvenile’s best interest and the protection of the public,” by enabling circuit courts to assess these
purposes and to utilize the most effective dispositional option. Sec. 938.01(2)(f).

10