State v. Lamardus Dewayne Ford

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
July 15, 2021
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2020AP829-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2017CF1770

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT IV

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

LAMARDUS DEWAYNE FORD,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for Rock
County: JOHN M. WOOD, Judge. Affirmed.

Before Blanchard, Kloppenburg, and Graham, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).
No. 2020AP829-CR

¶1 PER CURIAM. Lamardus D. Ford appeals a judgment of
conviction and an order denying Ford’s postconviction motion. Ford contends
that: (1) there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction for first-degree
recklessly endangering safety; and (2) his constitutional right to confrontation was
violated when the circuit court allowed the State to introduce out-of-court
statements at trial under the forfeiture by wrongdoing doctrine. For the reasons set
forth in this opinion, we disagree. We affirm.

¶2 Ford was charged with two counts of first-degree recklessly
endangering safety, possession of a firearm by a felon, disorderly conduct,
obstructing an officer, and two counts of intimidating a witness. These charges
were based on an event in which gun shots were fired on a street in Beloit, striking
a residence and a church. Ford was also charged with obstructing an officer and
two counts of misdemeanor intimidation of a witness based on events in the
following months.

¶3 The first count of recklessly endangering safety was connected to the
shot that struck the outside of the residence, and the second was connected to the
shot that struck the outside of the church. The recklessly endangering safety count
as to the residence alleged that Ford had endangered the safety of J.K.L., who was
inside the residence at the time of the shooting. The other count, related to the
church, stated that Ford had endangered the safety of “another.” According to the
criminal complaint, the shooting occurred around 2:00 a.m., and when police
arrived there were people gathered on the street. Police spoke with multiple
witnesses, including Ford’s girlfriend, T.U.H., and her children, A.D.H. and T.J.H.
T.U.H. and A.D.H. told police that Ford was present at the time of the shooting,
and T.J.H. implicated Ford as the shooter.

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No. 2020AP829-CR

¶4 Prior to trial, the State moved to admit hearsay statements by T.U.H,
A.D.H., and T.J.H. based on the forfeiture by wrongdoing doctrine in the event
that those witnesses did not appear at trial. In support, the State submitted
transcripts of recorded jail phone calls between Ford and T.U.H. Ford objected,
arguing that he had not dissuaded any witnesses from appearing to testify at trial.
At a hearing on the State’s motion, the State played portions of the recorded calls
between Ford and T.U.H. The circuit court withheld its ruling until trial so that it
could first determine whether any of the witnesses failed to appear.

¶5 T.U.H. and A.D.H. appeared at trial, but T.J.H. failed to appear. The
State submitted additional transcripts of recorded jail phone calls between Ford
and T.U.H., and it argued that T.J.H.’s hearsay statement implicating Ford as the
shooter should be admitted. Ford argued that there was no evidence that he had
taken any action to prevent T.J.H. from testifying.

¶6 The circuit court determined that T.J.H.’s out-of-court statements
implicating Ford as the shooter were admissible based on forfeiture by
wrongdoing. In reaching that determination, the court found that Ford was a
contributing factor in T.J.H. failing to appear at trial, and that he intended that
result. The court found that, during his phone calls with T.U.H., Ford had made
statements in which he encouraged witnesses to “plead the fifth,” claim their
statements had been coerced, or claim that they had been intoxicated and did not
remember the events. The court noted that Ford had complained to T.U.H. about
people providing statements to police, and also that he said that the State might not
have any witnesses. The court found that the tone of Ford’s and T.U.H.’s voices
showed that Ford was the dominant personality in the conversation, and that Ford
had the opportunity and ability to influence the availability of the witnesses.

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No. 2020AP829-CR

¶7 The jury found Ford guilty on all of the charges except the recklessly
endangering safety count related to the residence. Ford appeals.1

¶8 Ford contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his
conviction for the court of recklessly endangering safety related to the church. He
points to the absence of evidence that there was anyone present inside or near the
church at the time of the shooting, and he argues that no one’s safety could have
been endangered when bullets struck the outside of the church.2

¶9 The State responds that the evidence was sufficient to support the
conviction. It points to evidence that Ford fired multiple shots on a residential
street around 2:00 a.m., while others were present. It argues that a reasonable jury
could have found that Ford knew that shooting a gun on a residential street when
others were present created an unreasonable and substantial risk of death or great
bodily harm to another person, and that when he shot the gun he acted without any
regard for human life. See WIS JI—CRIMINAL 1345. It also disputes Ford’s
contention that the evidence was insufficient because no one was inside or near the
church, pointing out that the jury did not find Ford guilty of shooting a gun inside
the church but rather shooting a gun on the crowded street on which the church
was located.

1
Ford appeals the judgment of conviction and an order denying postconviction relief.
However, he does not pursue any issues decided by the order addressing the postconviction
motion, and we therefore deem those arguments abandoned.
2
Ford also argues that, because the jury found Ford not guilty of the shooting related to
the residence even though a person was inside the residence during the shooting, the jury could
not have found Ford guilty of the shooting related to the church. However, when considering the
sufficiency of the evidence to support the count for which Ford was convicted, we do not
consider the jury’s decision as to the other count. See State v. Rice, 2008 WI App 10, ¶2, 307
Wis. 2d 335, 743 N.W.2d 517 (“[W]hether the evidence is sufficient to support a conviction is
decided independently of jury verdicts on related charges.”).

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No. 2020AP829-CR

¶10 We review the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction
for whether “the evidence, viewed most favorably to the [S]tate and the
conviction, is so lacking in probative value and force that no trier of fact, acting
reasonably, could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” See State v.
Poellinger, 153 Wis. 2d 493, 507, 451 N.W.2d 752 (1990). We will uphold a
conviction “[i]f any possibility exists that the trier of fact could have drawn the
appropriate inferences from the evidence adduced at trial to find the requisite
guilt.” Id.

¶11 We conclude that the jury could have drawn the reasonable inference
that, by shooting a gun on a street while others were present, Ford created an
unreasonable and substantial risk of death or great bodily harm to another person,
without any regard for human life, regardless of whether there was evidence that
anyone was located inside or near the church. We are not persuaded that the
evidence was insufficient to support the conviction based on the lack of evidence
as to the presence of anyone inside or in close proximity to the church. Viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the conviction, as we must, we
conclude that the evidence before the jury was sufficient to sustain its verdict.

¶12 Ford separately contends that his constitutional right to confrontation
was violated when the circuit court allowed the State to introduce T.J.H’s out-of-
court statements at trial. “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the
right ... to be confronted with the witnesses against him [or her].” U.S. CONST.
amend. VI. The Confrontation Clause applies to the states through the Fourteenth
Amendment. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 403 (1965). The Supreme Court
has held that, pursuant to the Confrontation Clause, admission of the prior
testimony of a witness against a defendant is allowed only if the witness is

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No. 2020AP829-CR

unavailable and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the
witness. Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 53-54 (2004).

¶13 However, the forfeiture by wrongdoing doctrine provides an
exception to the Confrontation Clause. Giles v. California, 554 U.S. 353, 359
(2008). Under the forfeiture by wrongdoing doctrine, a court may allow
introduction of “statements of a witness who is ‘detained’ or ‘kept away’ by the
‘means or procurement’ of the defendant.” Id. (citations omitted). The doctrine is
based on equitable grounds and arises from “public policy against a defendant
profiting from his or her own wrongdoing.” Baldwin, 2010 WI App 162, ¶35, 330
Wis. 2d 500, 794 N.W.2d 769. Thus, “[u]nder the forfeiture by wrongdoing
doctrine, a defendant forfeits [the] Sixth Amendment right to confront a witness
when the defendant wrongly procures that witness’ unavailability by conduct
designed to prevent the witness from testifying.” State v. Reinwand, 2019 WI 25,
¶14, 385 Wis. 2d 700, 924 N.W.2d 184.

¶14 For the forfeiture by wrongdoing doctrine to apply, the State must
prove by a preponderance of the evidence “that the defendant prevented the
witness from testifying” and “that the defendant intended to prevent the witness
from testifying.” See Baldwin, 330 Wis. 2d 500, ¶¶37-39 (emphasis omitted).
Additionally, the witness must have been “[u]navailab[le] for confrontation,”
which requires that the witness did not appear at trial despite the State’s “‘good
faith effort’ to produce that declarant at trial.” See State v. King, 2005 WI App
224, ¶6, 287 Wis. 2d 756, 706 N.W.2d 181 (quoted source omitted).

¶15 Although a circuit court’s decision to admit evidence is ordinarily
discretionary, whether the admission of evidence violates a defendant’s right to
confrontation is a question of law subject to our independent review. Baldwin,

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No. 2020AP829-CR

330 Wis. 2d 500, ¶30. As part of our review, we accept the circuit court’s findings
of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Id.

¶16 Ford contends that the facts before the circuit court did not support
its application of the forfeiture by wrongdoing doctrine. Ford does not argue that
the State failed to make a good faith effort to produce T.J.H. at trial. Ford
challenges only the circuit court’s findings that he prevented T.J.H. from testifying
and that he intended to do so.

¶17 First, Ford contends that there was no evidence to support a finding
that Ford caused T.J.H. not to appear at trial. Ford points to evidence that T.J.H.
may have been homeless, and argues that it was unreasonable for the circuit court
to assume that T.U.H. had any ability to contact her son on Ford’s behalf prior to
trial. He contends that a more reasonable inference would have been that T.J.H.
would not have had money to pay for a phone. He contends that, without any
evidence that Ford or T.U.H. were able to contact T.J.H., there was no evidence
that Ford could have dissuaded T.J.H. from testifying at Ford’s trial. Ford points
out that the only specific mention of T.J.H. in the recorded jail calls was Ford’s
statement to T.U.H that Ford’s attorney believed that Ford would be “better off [if
T.J.H. is] available to show up [at trial].” According to Ford, that statement
showed that he had no control over T.J.H.’s actions because, he asserts, if he did
have an ability to influence T.J.H.’s actions, that statement would have resulted in
T.J.H. appearing at trial.

¶18 In reviewing the circuit court’s factual findings, the question before
us is not whether the evidence would have supported other factual findings or
reasonable inferences, but whether Ford has shown that the court’s factual findings
and the inferences it drew were clearly erroneous. See Outagamie Cnty. v.

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No. 2020AP829-CR

Melanie L., 2013 WI 67, ¶38, 349 Wis. 2d 148, 833 N.W.2d 607 (“We will not
disturb a circuit court’s factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. We
accept reasonable inferences from the facts available to the circuit court.”). “[A]
factual finding is not clearly erroneous merely because a different fact-finder
could draw different inferences from the record.” State v. Wenk, 2001 WI App
268, ¶8, 248 Wis. 2d 714, 637 N.W.2d 417.

¶19 Here, a common-sense interpretation of the recorded phone calls
supports the circuit court’s finding that Ford encouraged T.U.H. to ensure that the
witnesses did not testify or did not inculpate Ford in the shooting. Among other
things, Ford told T.U.H. that it was “great” that A.D.H. had told police that she
could not remember what had happened on the night of the shooting, and that
other witnesses could do the same at the upcoming preliminary hearing. Ford told
T.U.H. that witnesses could “plead the fifth” and “answer nothing.”

¶20 Although one inference that could have been drawn from the
evidence of T.J.H.’s homelessness may have been that T.U.H. had no way to
contact T.J.H. to convey Ford’s message, we do not agree with Ford that that was
the only reasonable inference the circuit court could have drawn. Rather, we
conclude that the inference that the court did draw—that Ford had the opportunity
to influence whether T.J.H. appeared at trial—was also reasonable. The court
could have reasonably inferred that, as his mother, T.U.H. would have had the
ability to contact T.J.H. by some means, regardless of his homelessness.

¶21 Nor are we persuaded that the statement by Ford that his attorney
believed it would be better for Ford if T.J.H. appeared at trial, together with
T.J.H.’s subsequent failure to appear, leads to the necessary finding that Ford had
no ability to influence T.J.H.’s actions. As the State points out, Ford did not make

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No. 2020AP829-CR

an unambiguous statement that he wanted T.J.H. to appear and testify at this trial.
Rather, he related what he purported to be his attorney’s theory that the State
would be able to introduce T.J.H.’s statement even if T.J.H. did not appear, after
which Ford said, “Now I don’t … know what to do.” It undermines Ford’s
argument that he does not point to an unequivocal statement that he made to
T.U.H. that T.J.H. should appear for trial. The circuit court was not required to
find on these facts that Ford had no ability to influence T.J.H.’s actions.

¶22 Second, Ford contends that there were no facts to support the circuit
court’s finding that Ford intended to dissuade T.J.H. from testifying at trial. Ford
argues that he would have had every reason to want T.J.H. to appear at trial so that
he could exercise his right of confrontation, believing that T.J.H.’s statements
would be admitted into evidence if T.J.H. failed to appear.

¶23 We disagree with Ford’s contention that there was no supporting
evidence for the circuit court’s finding that Ford intended to cause T.J.H. not to
testify at trial. The court relied on Ford’s complaints about witnesses speaking to
police, his references to the option for witnesses to “plead the fifth” or deny
remembering the events, and his statements such as the possibility that the State
would have no witnesses, together with consideration of the tone of voices on the
phone calls, in finding that Ford’s intent was to dissuade T.J.H. from testifying.
For all these reasons, we have no basis to disturb the court’s finding.

¶24 In sum, based on the circuit court’s factual findings, which Ford has
not shown are clearly erroneous, we conclude that the State established by a
preponderance of the evidence that Ford caused T.J.H. not to testify at trial and
that Ford intended to prevent T.J.H. from testifying.

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No. 2020AP829-CR

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT. RULE
809.23(1)(b)5. (2019-20).

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