George W. Hendrix v. Secura Insurance

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
January 28, 2020
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2018AP1103 Cir. Ct. No. 2016CV882

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT III

GEORGE W. HENDRIX AND WANDA K. HENDRIX,

PLAINTIFFS-RESPONDENTS,

V.

SECURA INSURANCE, A MUTUAL COMPANY AND 4X CORPORATION,

DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS,

DEDICATED FLEET SERVICES, LLC,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT,

ABC INSURANCE COMPANY AND SYLVIA MATHEWS BURWELL,
SECRETARY OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND
HUMAN SERVICES,

DEFENDANTS.

APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Outagamie County:
MITCHELL J. METROPULOS, Judge. Affirmed.
No. 2018AP1103

Before Stark, P.J., Hruz and Seidl, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3).

¶1 PER CURIAM. George Hendrix suffered injuries when he slipped
and fell on compacted snow in a parking lot that Dedicated Fleet Services, LLC
(“DFS”) leased from 4X Corporation (“4X”).1 Hendrix and his spouse, Wanda
Hendrix, brought claims of common-law negligence and violations of Wisconsin’s
safe place statute2 against both DFS and 4X.3 The circuit court granted summary
judgment to 4X on the ground that 4X lacked notice of the unsafe condition in the
parking lot prior to Hendrix’s accident. The court denied DFS summary judgment,
however, based on its conclusion that there was a disputed issue of material fact as
to whether DFS had such notice.

¶2 DFS now appeals, arguing that: (1) the circuit court erred by
determining that there was a disputed issue of material fact as to whether DFS had
notice of the unsafe condition in the parking lot prior to Hendrix’s accident; and
(2) the court erred by granting summary judgment to 4X. We reject DFS’s first
argument on its merits and conclude that DFS forfeited its second argument by
failing to oppose 4X’s motion for summary judgment below. Accordingly, we
affirm.

1
In this opinion, the term “4X” refers both to 4X Corporation individually and, when in
relation to arguments and litigation joined by 4X Corporation’s insurer, Secura Insurance, a Mutual
Company, to both defendants-respondents.
2
See WIS. STAT. § 101.11 (2017-18). All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the
2017-18 version unless otherwise noted.
3
The other named defendants are not parties to this appeal, and we will not further mention
them in this opinion.

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No. 2018AP1103

BACKGROUND

¶3 The following facts are undisputed for purposes of this appeal. DFS
is a business that reconditions semi-trucks and trailers. In February 2014, it operated
an office and service center in Appleton, Wisconsin, that employed approximately
twenty individuals. The Appleton location’s business premises were leased from
4X.

¶4 According to the terms of the parties’ lease, DFS had “exclusive use”
of a parking lot on the property, although 4X remained “responsible” for “snow
removal” in the lot. To satisfy its snow removal responsibilities, 4X contracted with
Kisser Stone & Garden, LLC (“Kisser”).

¶5 In a deposition, Thomas Benzschawel—a service manager at DFS’s
Appleton location—testified that DFS’s normal procedure following a snowfall was
to contact 4X when it needed an area of the parking lot plowed. 4X would then
contact Kisser, and Kisser would plow the parking lot’s “open areas.” Because
Kisser could not plow between parked semi-trucks or trailers, however, DFS would
need to again notify 4X when parked vehicles were moved “into the shop,” so that
the previously inaccessible areas could be plowed.

¶6 Benzschawel further testified that Kisser provided DFS with “salt, a
spreader, [and] shovels” so that DFS employees could “clean up” the area outside
its office doors. He stated that DFS employees confined their clean-up activities to
the “[e]ntry doors only.”

¶7 Hendrix is an independent contractor “in the business of picking up
repossessed semi tractors.” At his deposition, he testified that on February 19, 2014,
he parked a repossessed semi-tractor in the parking lot of DFS’s Appleton location

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No. 2018AP1103

at approximately 4:15 p.m. He then went into DFS’s office to drop off paperwork
and returned to the vehicle. While attempting to climb into the tractor’s cab, he
slipped and fell on three to four inches of packed snow. Hendrix suffered severe
back injuries as a result of this fall.

¶8 Prior to Hendrix’s fall, the last snowfall recorded in the Appleton area
occurred on February 17, 2014. The following day—i.e., one day before Hendrix’s
fall—Kisser spent three hours plowing the parking lot, and an additional hour
shoveling snow.

¶9 Hendrix and his spouse sued both 4X and DFS, asserting common-law
negligence and safe place claims against each party. In December 2017, DFS
moved for summary judgment on Hendrix’s safe place claim. As grounds, DFS
argued that “it did not retain the requisite control over snow removal” to establish
liability under the safe place statute and that, even if it did, it had “met its obligations
by making the premises as safe as the nature of the business would reasonably
permit.”

¶10 Two months after DFS filed its summary judgment motion, 4X filed
its own motion for summary judgment. In support, 4X argued that both of Hendrix’s
claims against it suffered from a “fatal flaw”—that is, that Hendrix could not offer
any proof that 4X “had actual or constructive notice of the slippery compacted snow
prior to [Hendrix’s] fall.”

¶11 At a hearing, the circuit court denied DFS’s motion for summary
judgment. The court concluded that even if DFS “contract[ed] out” its snow
removal obligations, it still had a duty under the safe place statute “to make sure the
grounds are safe.” Further, the court found there was a disputed issue of material
fact as to whether DFS had satisfied that obligation.

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No. 2018AP1103

¶12 Conversely, the circuit court granted 4X’s motion for summary
judgment on both the safe place and negligence claims. The court concluded that
as the “renter or the leaser of the property,” 4X was “somewhat removed from the
day-to-day obligations with regards to keeping a safe place,” and that it “would not
have had notice [of any snow in the parking lot] given these facts[.]”

¶13 On May 21, 2018, the circuit court entered a written order reflecting
its decisions made at the summary judgment hearing. DFS now appeals from that
order.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶14 We review de novo the grant or denial of summary judgment,
employing the same methodology as the circuit court. Green Spring Farms v.
Kersten, 136 Wis. 2d 304, 314-17, 401 N.W.2d 816 (1987). Summary judgment is
appropriate where “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine
issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a
matter of law.” WIS. STAT. § 802.08(2).

¶15 In reviewing the parties’ submissions, we draw all reasonable factual
inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Pum v. Wisconsin
Physicians Serv. Ins. Corp., 2007 WI App 10, ¶6, 298 Wis. 2d 497, 727 N.W.2d
346 (2006). Whether an inference is reasonable and whether more than one
inference may be drawn are questions of law that we review independently. Id.

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No. 2018AP1103

DISCUSSION

I. Denial of summary judgment to DFS

¶16 DFS first argues that the circuit court erred by denying its motion for
summary judgment on Hendrix’s safe place claim because DFS lacked notice of any
unsafe condition in the parking lot prior to Hendrix’s accident. The safe place
statute requires that “[e]very employer … shall furnish a place of employment
which shall be safe for employees therein and frequenters thereof.” WIS. STAT.
§ 101.11(1). As such, an employer must keep its place of employment “as safe as
the nature of the premises reasonably permits.” Kaufman v. State St. Ltd. P’ship,
187 Wis. 2d 54, 59, 522 N.W.2d 249 (Ct. App. 1994).

¶17 As pertinent here, to be held liable under the safe place statute for an
unsafe condition or defect, an employer must have actual or constructive knowledge
that the unsafe condition or defect exists.4 Kochanski v. Speedway SuperAmerica,
LLC, 2014 WI 72, ¶32, 356 Wis. 2d 1, 850 N.W.2d 160. Likewise, “to be held
liable for negligence, [the defendant] must have had actual or constructive notice of
the condition which caused the plaintiff’s fall.” Wallow v. Zypan, 35 Wis. 2d 195,
200, 150 N.W.2d 329 (1967).

¶18 Constructive notice is a “fiction that attributes knowledge of a fact to
a person ‘as if he had actual notice or knowledge although in fact he did not.’”
Kochanski, 356 Wis. 2d 1, ¶32 (citation omitted). Generally, “constructive notice
is chargeable only where the hazard has existed for a sufficient length of time
to allow the vigilant owner or employer the opportunity to discover and remedy the

4
It is undisputed on appeal that the compacted snow in the parking lot constituted an
unsafe condition.

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No. 2018AP1103

situation.” Id., ¶34. Stated differently, constructive notice may be inferred when
an employer fails to adequately inspect its premises. See Gennrich v. Zurich Am.
Ins. Co., 2010 WI App 117, ¶¶13-14, 329 Wis. 2d 91, 789 N.W.2d 106.

¶19 The question of whether an employer was negligent in its duty to
inspect its premises is a question of fact to be determined by a jury. Id. Still, a
plaintiff must provide more than “[s]peculation as to how long the unsafe condition
existed and what reasonable inspection would entail” to survive summary judgment.
Kochanski, 356 Wis. 2d 1, ¶36.

¶20 Here, DFS contends that Hendrix “provided no evidence as to the
length of time the condition of compacted snow existed.” It therefore reasons that
any inference that it had constructive notice of the unsafe condition would be
“purely speculative,” and the circuit court should have granted it summary judgment
under Kochanski. We are not persuaded.

¶21 As indicated, it is undisputed that two days prior to Hendrix’s fall
there was an accumulation of snow in the parking lot. It is further uncontested that
this snowfall required Kisser to spend multiple hours removing snow the following
day. In addition, Benzschawel testified that while Kisser was able to initially plow
open areas of the parking lot following a snowfall, it was unable to clear snow
between parked trucks. Accordingly, the twenty DFS employees who worked on
the premises were available to monitor the lot and alert 4X when Kisser could return
to finish clearing the area. Finally, Hendrix testified that he slipped on three to four
inches of compacted snow in the parking lot.

¶22 Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to Hendrix, as we
must, we conclude that it is reasonable to infer that DFS failed, for at least an entire
day, to follow its established snow removal procedures. More specifically, the

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No. 2018AP1103

evidence allows for a reasonable inference that DFS failed to inspect the parking lot
and alert 4X that the areas between parking spaces needed to be cleared of snow.
Consequently, we conclude the circuit court did not err in denying DFS summary
judgment on the ground that there was a disputed issue of material fact as to whether
DFS had constructive notice of the compacted snow in the parking lot.

II. Grant of summary judgment to 4X

¶23 In the alternative, DFS argues that the circuit court erred by granting
summary judgment to 4X because: (1) as the owner of the parking lot, 4X had a
nondelegable duty to maintain it; and (2) there is a disputed issue of material fact as
to whether 4X had constructive notice of the compacted snow before Hendrix’s fall.5
Therefore, DFS asks that we reverse the court’s judgment in favor of 4X and remand
for the case to proceed to trial with both 4X and DFS as defendants.

¶24 We decline to address DFS’s arguments on their merits. Instead,
because we agree with 4X that DFS made a strategic decision to avoid raising its
arguments against 4X’s motion before the circuit court, we deem those arguments
forfeited.

¶25 One of the purposes of the forfeiture rule is to prevent “attorneys from
‘sandbagging’ opposing counsel by failing to object to an error for strategic reasons
and later claiming that the error is grounds for reversal.” State v. Ndina, 2009 WI
21, ¶30, 315 Wis. 2d 653, 761 N.W.2d 612 (citation omitted). This rationale applies
when one co-defendant fails to oppose a summary judgment motion filed by another

5
Hendrix’s response brief advances a number of similar arguments as to why the circuit
court’s grant of summary judgment to 4X was in error. Hendrix did not file a cross-appeal,
however, and so we will not consider these arguments. See WIS. STAT. RULE 809.10(2)(b).

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No. 2018AP1103

co-defendant. See Precision Erecting, Inc. v. M & I Marshall & Ilsley Bank, 224
Wis. 2d 288, 306-09, 592 N.W.2d 5 (Ct. App. 1998).

¶26 In Precision Erecting, a subcontractor brought an action against the
owner of a foundry to recover unpaid bills for work on a renovation project. Id. at
293. The owner then brought a third-party action against its project coordinator,
suppliers, and subcontractors in an effort to limit its liability for unpaid project
expenses. Id. at 293-94. The owner moved for summary judgment against its
project coordinator. Id. at 294. One of the third-party defendants, Nambe
Mills, Inc., failed to oppose that motion but then attempted to challenge the circuit
court’s grant of the motion on appeal. Id. We concluded that Nambe had forfeited
that argument, explaining:

Nambe could have appealed the summary judgment finding
[the project coordinator] to be a general contractor had it not
waived[6] that right. Nambe, as a named party, had every
right to appear and object to the summary judgment
motion …. [R]eview would have been available to Nambe
had it objected and lost. But, it cannot lie in the weeds during
the initial summary judgment motion only to make its attack
after the fact.

Id. at 306-07.

¶27 As in Precision Erecting, so too here. DFS undisputedly knew that
4X had moved the circuit court for summary judgment on the issue of notice. DFS
chose, however, not to oppose that motion. Nor did it, at any point in the litigation,
file a cross-claim against 4X. We agree with 4X that the record supports a

6
Forfeiture of the right to appellate review occurs when a party fails to make a timely
assertion of a right. See State v. Ndina, 2009 WI 21, ¶30, 315 Wis. 2d 653, 761 N.W.2d 612.
Although the word “waived” was used in Precision Erecting, Inc. v. M & I Marshall & Ilsley
Bank, 224 Wis. 2d 288, 306, 592 N.W.2d 5 (Ct. App. 1998), the more precise term in this context
is forfeiture. See Ndina, 315 Wis. 2d 653, ¶¶29-30.

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No. 2018AP1103

determination that this decision was strategic—DFS decided to avoid developing
evidence or presenting an argument that there was factual distinction between 4X
and DFS because it hoped that the court would adopt and apply 4X’s arguments to
its own summary judgment motion.

¶28 Indeed, on appeal DFS asserts that 4X’s motion for summary
judgment was made “on behalf of both” 4X and DFS. The record, however, belies
this assertion. 4X’s motion was explicitly filed on behalf of “the defendants, Secura
Insurance, a Mutual Company, and 4X Corporation.” Moreover, 4X’s brief in
support of its motion pointed out that DFS’s normal procedure was to contact 4X
when snow needed to be removed from the parking lot. 4X then represented that it
received no such notice on the day Hendrix fell, despite the fact that snow was
undisputedly on the parking lot. In essence, this argument asserted that DFS failed
to inspect the parking lot in accordance with its normal procedures, which, as
discussed, may constitute constructive notice. DFS could have, but chose not to,
respond to that argument.

¶29 We further agree with 4X that even if DFS feared that opposing 4X’s
motion would have compromised its own motion, it had a ready solution. That is,
DFS could have supported 4X’s motion to the extent that it believed Hendrix failed
to establish constructive notice of the compacted snow as to both DFS and 4X, while
also arguing in the alternative that if DFS had sufficient notice, then so too did 4X.

¶30 Such an alternative argument is hardly novel. In fact, DFS structures
its arguments on appeal in exactly that manner. Thus, we conclude that DFS could
have made the argument it now presents on appeal before the circuit court, but it
chose instead to “lie in the weeds” and make its “attack after the fact.” See Precision

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No. 2018AP1103

Erecting, 224 Wis. 2d at 307. We therefore deem DFS to have forfeited its
arguments regarding the propriety of the court’s grant of summary judgment to 4X.

¶31 DFS also presents an additional, although cursory, argument that
reversal is warranted due to the court’s “confusion of pertinent facts.” Namely, DFS
points to the fact that the circuit court briefly mischaracterized the roles of 4X and
DFS during the summary judgment hearing by mistakenly referring to the wrong
parties as lessor and lessee. We reject this “confusion” argument, as the court’s
error was immediately brought to its attention and addressed:

THE COURT: Yes, so I [did] get them mixed up. But
Dedicated Fleet is actually the business on the premises itself
that rents from 4X, right?

[DFS’s Counsel]: Right. But there is still a representative
of 4X on the premises.

THE COURT: Okay. So, even with that clarification, I
would still find consistent with my ruling that 4X would not
have notice of this hazard, and I will grant summary
judgment on their behalf.

Consequently, we conclude that, contrary to DFS’s assertion, the court was well
aware of DFS’s and 4X’s respective roles at the hearing.

By the Court.—Order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT. RULE
809.23(1)(b)5.

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