State v. Craig L. Miller

COURT OF APPEALS
DECISION NOTICE
DATED AND FILED This opinion is subject to further editing. If
published, the official version will appear in
the bound volume of the Official Reports.
July 18, 2019
A party may file with the Supreme Court a
Sheila T. Reiff petition to review an adverse decision by the
Clerk of Court of Appeals Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10
and RULE 809.62.

Appeal No. 2018AP2161-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2017CF1940

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS
DISTRICT IV

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

V.

CRAIG L. MILLER,

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for Dane
County: JILL KAROFSKY, Judge. Affirmed.

¶1 FITZPATRICK, J.1 Craig Miller appeals a judgment of conviction
and an order denying postconviction relief entered by the Dane County Circuit
Court. Miller was convicted of one count of disorderly conduct as a domestic

1
This appeal is decided by one judge pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 752.31(2)(f) (2017-18).
All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2017-18 version unless otherwise noted.
No. 2018AP2161-CR

abuse incident, and as a repeater, pursuant to his guilty plea to that charge. Miller
filed a postconviction motion to withdraw his plea alleging that the plea was not
entered knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Following an evidentiary
hearing, the circuit court denied Miller’s postconviction motion. The circuit
court’s order is affirmed based on my conclusion that Miller has failed to show
that his plea was unknowing, unintelligent, and involuntary.

BACKGROUND

¶2 The following facts are undisputed.

¶3 Miller was charged with one count of substantial battery in violation
of WIS. STAT. § 940.19(2), as a domestic abuse incident, and as a repeater; and one
count of disorderly conduct in violation of WIS. STAT. § 947.01(1), also as a
domestic abuse incident, and as a repeater. Miller and the State negotiated a plea
agreement, pursuant to which Miller pled guilty to the disorderly conduct count,
and the substantial battery count was dismissed.

¶4 Miller completed and signed a plea questionnaire/waiver of rights
form on which he checked boxes indicating that he was not currently receiving
treatment for a mental illness, and that he had not taken any medication within the
previous 24 hours. Miller also checked boxes on that form indicating that he
understood the charges and understood that, by entering the plea, he was waiving
various enumerated constitutional rights of his own free will.

¶5 The circuit court conducted a plea colloquy during which the court
asked, and Miller answered, as follows among other questions and answers. The
circuit court asked Miller whether he understood everything on the plea
questionnaire/waiver of rights form, and whether the information on the form was

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No. 2018AP2161-CR

true and accurate, and Miller answered yes to both questions. The circuit court
asked whether trial counsel was able to answer any questions Miller had about the
plea, and Miller answered yes. Miller further stated that he understood the
constitutional rights he was waiving by entering a plea. The circuit court asked
whether Miller had any questions about his constitutional rights, and Miller said
no.

¶6 Miller pled guilty to the one count of disorderly conduct described
earlier. The circuit court found that Miller entered his plea knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily. The circuit court accepted the plea, found Miller
guilty, and proceeded immediately to sentencing. Consistent with the joint
recommendation of the parties, the circuit court imposed a bifurcated sentence of
two years, consisting of one year of initial confinement and one year of extended
supervision.

¶7 Miller filed a motion for postconviction relief contending that he
was entitled to withdraw his plea as a matter of right because the plea was not
entered knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Miller alleged in the motion that
the plea was a “product of duress, produced by his medical/psychological
condition and medication.” Medical records attached to the motion indicate that
Miller has a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia.2 The medical records
additionally indicate that, in the time leading up to his plea, Miller’s judgment had
gone from “intact” to “good” to “fair.”

2
This opinion will sometimes refer to Miller’s diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia as
his mental illness, as Miller does in his briefing in this court.

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No. 2018AP2161-CR

¶8 The circuit court conducted an evidentiary hearing at which Miller
testified that he was being treated for mental illness and taking medication while
he was in jail prior to sentencing. Miller testified that he heard “voices,” could not
focus, and felt “helpless and hopeless.” When asked why he accepted the plea
offer, Miller stated, “I had no—what else was I going to do?” Miller testified that
he “felt trapped” and “[figuratively] threw [his] hands up.”

¶9 The circuit court made the following germane findings at the end of
the postconviction hearing. Miller’s medical records indicated that he was
“coherent” and that his judgment was “fair” six days prior to the plea hearing.
Miller was “stressed” and “very frustrated” at the time of his plea. There was
nothing in the record regarding Miller’s competency or the possibility of Miller
pleading not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect (NGI).3 There was no
evidence regarding the symptoms or treatment of paranoid schizophrenia or how a
diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia would have affected Miller’s plea.
Additionally, there was no evidence regarding the side effects of the medication
Miller was taking and no evidence regarding the severity of Miller’s diagnosis.
There was also no evidence showing that a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia
affects a person’s ability to act voluntarily. Based on those findings, the circuit
court determined that Miller had not carried his burden and denied the motion for
postconviction relief.

3
Pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 971.15(1), a defendant may enter a plea that he or she is not
responsible for their criminal conduct because, at the time of the conduct and as a result of a
mental disease or defect, the defendant lacked substantial capacity to appreciate either the
wrongfulness of his or her conduct or conform his or her conduct to the requirements of the law.
This type of plea is known in Wisconsin law as an “NGI” plea. State v. Magett, 2014 WI 67, ¶1,
355 Wis. 2d 617, 850 N.W.2d 42.

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No. 2018AP2161-CR

¶10 Miller appeals.

¶11 I refer to additional pertinent facts in the following discussion.

DISCUSSION

¶12 Miller argues that he is entitled to withdraw his plea to the disorderly
conduct count because his diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia caused the plea to
not be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. I conclude that Miller has failed to
establish that his mental illness or medication caused his plea to be unknowing,
unintelligent, and involuntary. Accordingly, Miller has not met his burden to
show by clear and convincing evidence that plea withdrawal is necessary to
correct a manifest injustice.

I. Plea Withdrawal After Sentencing and Standard of Review.

¶13 “To withdraw a guilty plea after sentencing, a defendant must show
by clear and convincing evidence that a refusal to allow withdrawal of the plea
would result in manifest injustice ….” State v. Dillard, 2014 WI 123, ¶36, 358
Wis. 2d 543, 859 N.W.2d 44. “The ‘manifest injustice’ test requires a defendant
to show ‘a serious flaw in the fundamental integrity of the plea.’” State v.
Thomas, 2000 WI 13, ¶16, 232 Wis. 2d 714, 605 N.W.2d 836 (quoting State v.
Nawrocke, 193 Wis. 2d 373, 379, 534 N.W.2d 624 (Ct. App. 1995)). A defendant
can establish that a manifest injustice occurred by showing that the plea was not
entered knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Dillard, 358 Wis. 2d 543, ¶37;
see also State v. Burton, 2013 WI 61, ¶73, 349 Wis. 2d 1, 832 N.W.2d 611
(“Waiving constitutional rights must be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary acts
‘done with sufficient awareness of the relevant circumstances and likely
consequences.’” (quoting Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970)). If a

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No. 2018AP2161-CR

guilty plea is not entered knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily, the defendant is
entitled to withdrawal of the plea “as a matter of right because such a plea
‘violates fundamental due process.’” State v. Finley, 2016 WI 63, ¶13, 370 Wis.
2d 402, 882 N.W.2d 761 (quoting State v. Brown, 2006 WI 100, ¶19, 293 Wis. 2d
594, 716 N.W.2d 906).

¶14 A defendant may show that his or her plea was not knowingly,
intelligently, and voluntarily entered under one of two lines of cases: (1) the
Bangert line of cases, State v. Bangert, 131 Wis. 2d 246, 389 N.W.2d 12 (1986),
when the plea colloquy itself is defective; or (2) the Nelson/Bentley line of cases,
Nelson v. State, 54 Wis. 2d 489, 195 N.W.2d 629 (1972), and State v. Bentley,
201 Wis. 2d 303, 548 N.W.2d 50 (1996), that applies when “some factor extrinsic
to the plea colloquy, like ineffective assistance of counsel or coercion, renders a
plea infirm.” State v. Howell, 2007 WI 75, ¶¶2, 74, 301 Wis. 2d 350, 734 N.W.2d
48. Miller seeks withdrawal of his plea under the Nelson/Bentley line of cases.
Under that line of cases, the burden is on the defendant to show that the plea was
not entered knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. State v. Hoppe, 2009 WI 41,
¶60, 317 Wis. 2d 161, 765 N.W.2d 794.

¶15 “Whether a defendant’s plea was entered knowingly, intelligently,
and voluntarily is a question of constitutional fact.” Dillard, 358 Wis. 2d 543,
¶38. This court upholds the circuit court’s findings of historical fact unless those
are clearly erroneous. Id. Miller does not argue that the circuit court’s findings of
fact were clearly erroneous. Rather, Miller challenges the conclusions the circuit
court drew from those factual findings. This court reviews de novo whether the
facts demonstrate that the plea was not entered knowingly, intelligently, and
voluntarily. Id.

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No. 2018AP2161-CR

II. Miller Has Not Met His Burden to Show That His Plea Was Not
Entered Knowingly, Intelligently, and Voluntarily.

¶16 In this court, Miller admits that his diagnosis of paranoid
schizophrenia did not “interfere[] with his ability to understand what was
happening at the plea hearing ….” In other words, Miller concedes that his plea
was entered knowingly, and that he understood the charge he was pleading to and
the consequences of his plea. In spite of this concession, Miller contends that he is
entitled to withdraw his plea because it “was a product of duress rather than a
voluntary and intelligent choice,” and “his ability to make sound decisions, such as
whether [to waive his constitutional rights], was compromised by his condition.”
He asserts that the record sufficiently demonstrates that his mental illness “was
responsible for his deteriorating judgment and insight,” and “the compulsive force
of paranoid schizophrenia … caused him to enter his plea of guilty.”

¶17 I agree with the circuit court and conclude that the evidence Miller
presented at the postconviction hearing is insufficient to establish that his mental
illness caused his plea to be entered unknowingly, unintelligently, and
involuntarily. Miller did not demonstrate that he did not know or understand the
consequences of his plea and, as mentioned, his briefing in this court concedes that
point. Additionally, Miller did not present any evidence showing that his mental
illness or his medication compromised his ability to make intelligent decisions and
act voluntarily. There is no evidence in the record that Miller’s mental illness or
his medication caused duress or acted as a “compulsive force.” The testimony at
the postconviction hearing does not provide a basis from which to conclude that
Miller’s mental illness or his medication caused him to enter his plea
unknowingly, unintelligently, and involuntarily.

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No. 2018AP2161-CR

¶18 Miller makes a number of counterarguments, most of which are
premised upon conclusory assertions that his mental illness “overcame his
intention to take the case to trial” and caused him to enter his plea unknowingly,
unintelligently, and involuntarily. I reject these arguments.

¶19 As previously stated, the circuit court’s findings are premised in part
on a lack of expert testimony from Miller regarding how the symptoms of Miller’s
mental illness, and the side effects of his medication, might have affected his
ability to enter a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary plea. Miller attempts to
circumvent the lack of expert medical testimony in two ways. First, Miller
contends that “[a]lthough there was no expert testimony, there was no testimony
or evidence offered by the state to dispute the medical records.” This argument
fails because “[t]he burden at a Nelson/Bentley evidentiary hearing is on the
defendant.” Hoppe, 317 Wis. 2d 161, ¶60. Although Miller’s medical records
indicate a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia, the circuit court found that those
records do not contain any information about the symptoms of paranoid
schizophrenia or the side effects of the medication Miller was taking. The medical
records do not establish that Miller’s mental illness caused him duress, and that he
could not make decisions of his own free will. It was Miller’s burden to
demonstrate that the entry of his plea was unknowing, unintelligent, and
involuntary, and his medical records are insufficient to meet that burden.

¶20 Second, Miller asserts that any expert testimony “would have been
speculative at best” because the expert would not have “examined [] Miller at the
relevant time.” Instead, Miller “provided his own firsthand account of how his …
condition affected him.” Miller does not develop an argument that he was
qualified to give an expert opinion about how his mental illness or medication
affected his ability to make voluntary decisions, and his proffered interpretation of

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No. 2018AP2161-CR

his medical records is purely speculative. See State v. Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d 627,
646, 492 N.W.2d 633 (Ct. App. 1992) (court of appeals may decline to review
undeveloped arguments supported only by general statements). Miller’s testimony
mentioned only some of his own thoughts at the time of the plea hearing, and
Miller has not cited to any authority holding that such a showing is sufficient as a
matter of law under the Nelson/Bentley line of cases. See id. (“Arguments
unsupported by references to legal authority will not be considered.”).

¶21 Miller also argues that he has provided a plausible explanation for
his inaccurate responses on the plea questionnaire/waiver of rights form and at the
plea hearing, citing to State v. Basley, 2006 WI App 253, ¶18, 298 Wis. 2d 232,
726 N.W.2d 671. However, the argument goes nowhere because Basley supports
only the proposition that a defendant who provides a plausible explanation for
false responses given during a plea colloquy is entitled to an evidentiary hearing
on his or her plea withdrawal motion. Basley, 298 Wis. 2d 232, ¶18. Here, Miller
received an evidentiary hearing on his postconviction motion, and it remained his
burden to show by clear and convincing evidence that plea withdrawal is
necessary to correct a manifest injustice, but he did not do so.

¶22 Miller next points to the fact that his medical records indicate that
his judgment went from “intact” to “good” to “fair.” Miller asserts that these
assessments of his judgment demonstrate that his “mental state was impaired at the
time he made the decision to accept the [S]tate’s offer ….” For the same reasons
as I have already discussed, this contention rests on speculation and conjecture.
As the circuit court stated, there is no evidence concerning what an assessment of
“intact,” “good,” or “fair” judgment means. Contrary to Miller’s assertion, there is
no evidence in the record showing that an assessment of “fair” means that a
person’s judgment is “impaired” such that he or she can not make decisions

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No. 2018AP2161-CR

knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Miller asserts that, “[a]lthough there is
no expert testimony in the record to further explain these notations, the record of
the notations themselves indicates a worsening condition.” Miller does not cite to
any factual basis in the record to support this assertion, and I need not consider it
further.

¶23 Miller additionally asserts that his “feeling that no one was helping
him” is “consistent with a person suffering the effects of a mental illness like
schizophrenia.” Once again, I reject this argument because Miller did not present
any evidence regarding the effects of a paranoid schizophrenia diagnosis on an
individual’s ability to make knowing, intelligent, and voluntary decisions beyond
his own conclusory assertion.

¶24 Miller also contends that, had he “responded in court on the day of
the plea hearing in a manner that was consistent with his medical records, it is
unlikely that the court would have accepted his plea.” One hardly knows what to
say about this argument. It says so little yet assumes so much. In any event,
Miller has disclaimed any argument that the circuit court’s plea colloquy was
defective.

¶25 Finally, Miller argues that while “[s]elf-imposed duress does not
render a plea involuntary,” see State v. Goyette, 2006 WI App 178, ¶¶29-30, 296
Wis. 2d 359, 722 N.W.2d 731, the effects of paranoid schizophrenia are “arguably
more akin to forces that compel.” Like many of Miller’s arguments, this argument
fails because Miller has not provided any evidence concerning the effects of his
mental illness or medication on his ability to make a knowing, intelligent, and
voluntary choice. Even though Miller’s mental illness is not self-imposed, it does
not follow that his plea was, therefore, involuntary.

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No. 2018AP2161-CR

¶26 Simply put, I have no basis from which to conclude that Miller’s
mental illness or medication caused duress or compelled him to enter his plea.
Because Miller has not met his burden to show that the plea was not entered
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily, I affirm the judgment of conviction and
the order denying postconviction relief.

CONCLUSION

¶27 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment and order of the circuit
court are affirmed.

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.
RULE 809.23(1)(b)4.

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