In Re Thomas

SUPERIOR COURT CIVIL DIVISION
Washington Unit Case No. 23-CV-04886
65 State Street
Montpelier VT 05602
802-828-2091
www.vermontjudiciary.org

In re: Miriam Thomas

Opinion and Order on Motion to Dismiss

This is an appeal from probate division, No. 333-5-18 Wnpr. On October 2,

2023, the probate division issued a “Consolidated Final Judgment” against former

financial guardian Paul Thomas. In that case, it awarded the Estate of Miriam

Thomas (“Estate”) a reimbursement of $1,013,981, and awarded attorney’s fees to

the Estate, as well as costs to Bruce Thomas and Elizabeth Thomas, beneficiaries of

the Estate. Paul1 appealed that order, and has moved to dismiss for lack of

jurisdiction, lack of standing, and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted. The Estate opposed the dismissal, and the Court heard oral arguments on

the motion. The Court makes the following determinations.

Background

Paul was appointed Miriam’s financial guardian in 2010. In 2016, Bruce and

Elizabeth filed motions to remove Paul under 14 V.S.A. § 3077 and Vt. R. Prob. P.

67. In March 2018, the Probate Division concluded that Paul had breached his

duties as guardian and ordered him to be replaced within 30 days of the order. The

1 For ease of reference and clarity, the Court will employ the first names of the

various persons bearing the Thomas surname.
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order also instructed Paul to submit a final accounting and supporting

documentation, and also prohibited Paul from using Miriam’s resources without

prior approval of the court. The court stated that it would schedule an evidentiary

hearing to determine Paul’s liability, if any, for his deficiencies as guardian. See In

re Guardianship of Miriam H. Thomas, No. OeP184-09 GI, slip op. at 4–10 (Vt.

Super. Ct. Mar. 21, 2018) (Lewis, J.). The court appointed Stephen Ankuda as

successor guardian later in 2018. Id. After Miriam died in April 2019, the court

appointed Ankuda as the administrator of the Estate. At some point, the Estate

was substituted as a party. The record does not clearly show that any objection was

lodged to the substitution.

In 2020, the probate division conducted evidentiary hearings to determine

Paul’s potential liability to the estate. On January 25, 2021, the probate division

issued an order recounting the deficiencies it referenced in its March 2018 order. In

re: Thomas, No 333-5-18 Wnpr, slip op at 1–4 (Vt. Super. Ct. Jan. 25, 2021) (Kilgore,

J.). The probate division made new factual findings about each deficiency, then

concluded that Paul did not meet his burden or showing that his actions as a

fiduciary were reasonable “whether by clear and convincing evidence or a lesser

standard.” Id., ¶ 105. The court noted that, while the accounts for 2010, 2011, and

2012 had been allowed, it found no record that accounts after 2012 had ever been

approved. Id., ¶ 108. The court concluded that Paul’s fees as guardian were neither

reasonable nor supported by documentary evidence, and that his self-dealing was

not made in good faith or on fair terms. Id., ¶¶ 112 and 117.

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The probate division went on to apply 14 V.S.A. § 917 and the Restatement of

the Law—Trusts § 100 & §100, cmt a (3d) to make conclusions about the “damages”

caused by Paul’s breaches of duty and waste. Id., ¶¶ 126–130; 130–143; 145. The

court summarized the grounds for Paul’s liability as: filing documents “late or not

at all,” disobeying court orders, overcharging the estate, engaging in self-dealing

and conflict of interest, failing to maintain adequate records, and misrepresenting

the financial status of the ward’s estate to the court. Id., ¶ 144. The court tabulated

the amount that Paul was ordered to return to the estate to “make whole the ward

or in this case the ward’s estate” at $1,013,981. Id., ¶ 145. Further, the probate

division ordered Paul to reimburse the Estate for attorney’s fees to be determined

later. Id., ¶¶ 147-149.

Paul appealed to this court, which dismissed the matter and vacated the

January 25, 2021 probate order, concluding that the probate division lacked subject-

matter jurisdiction to order compensatory damages in that context. Thomas v.

Thomas, No. 21-CV-00602, slip op. at 3–6 (Vt. Super Ct. Feb. 4, 2022) (Mello, J.).

The civil division reasoned that neither 14 V.S.A. § 3077 nor Vt. R. Prob. P. 67, nor

any statute controlling guardians, gives probate division “the authority to evaluate

damage claims against guardians.” Id. at 2. The court determined that Vt. R. Prob.

P. 67 was intended “to serve coercive or punitive purposes while a person is still a

fiduciary,” i.e., before removal. Id. at 3. The court also examined the question of

whether 14 V.S.A. § 917 applied in this situation, and concluded that like Vt. R.

Prob. P. 67, section 917 was intended to empower the probate division to regulate a

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guardian’s conduct, and could no longer serve that purpose after Paul had been

removed as guardian and the ward had died. Id. at 4. An appeal followed.

The Vermont Supreme Court determined that the civil division lacked

subject-matter jurisdiction to hear the appeal because the probate division’s order

had not yet determined the attorney’s fee award and, thus, was not a final order

subject to appeal. In re Est. of Thomas, 2022 VT 59, ¶ 15, 217 Vt. 368, 373–74. It

remanded the case to the probate court.

On remand, the probate division issued a Decision on Motions to Dismiss and

Motion for Attorney’s Fees and Costs, in which it concluded that “[a]n ancillary and

incidental power necessary to enforce Paul Thomas’ statutory obligations is to place

a value on the breach of that duty.” In re: Thomas, 333-5-18 Wnpr, slip op. at 2 (Vt.

Super. Ct. Oct 2, 2023) (Kilgore, J.). Further, the probate division determined that

14 V.S.A. § 917 includes not only regulation of estate administrators, but also

applies to guardians, giving the probate division the authority to order a guardian

to pay attorney fees and “losses incurred because of an act or omission.” Id. at 7

(quoting 14 V.S.A. § 917).

In a Consolidated Final Judgment, the probate division referred to the

“damages” that it had determined in the January 25, 2021 “Losses Order” and

added them to its determination of attorney’s fees and costs. In re: Thomas, 333-5-

18 Wnpr, slip op. at 1–2 (Vt. Super. Ct. Oct. 2, 2023) (Kilgore, J.). It clarified,

however, that it had not determined tort claims or awarded damages but, instead,

had determined the sums necessary to make the Estate whole based on the final

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accounting. It also noted that the Consolidated Final Judgment did “not discharge

Paul Thomas as former guardian of the Ward,” and that, following its entry, “the

Ward’s representative may prosecute the bond pursuant to the procedures

contained in 14 V.S.A. § 2108.” Id. at 2. Paul now appeals the October 2, 2023

Consolidated Final Judgment.

Discussion

Paul makes three primary arguments in support of dismissal: lack of subject-

matter jurisdiction, lack of standing, and lack of proper notice. The parties do not

disagree as to the legal standards that the Court should employ to analyze the

motions. The Court will discuss each point in turn.

I. Jurisdiction

Paul asserts that the probate division does not have subject-matter

jurisdiction to award damages under the Vt. R. Prob. P. 67, 14 V.S.A. § 3077 or 14

V.S.A. § 917. No doubt, the probate division has a special jurisdiction that is

limited by statute. In re Proctor, 140 Vt 5, 8 (1981). In the present context, its

powers include the following. “The Probate Division of the Superior Court shall

have supervisory authority over guardians. Any interested person may seek review

of a guardian's proposed or past actions by filing a motion with the court.” 14 V.S.A.

§ 3062(c). “After notice and hearing, the [probate division] may terminate or modify

the guardianship, appoint a successor guardian, or restrict the powers of a

guardian, consistent with the court’s findings and conclusions of law.” 14 V.S.A. §

3077(b). The probate division has jurisdiction to settle the guardian’s account. 14

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V.S.A. § 2602. Guardians, in turn, are required to file annual reports with the

court, including financial accountings. 14 V.S.A. § 3076(a) and (b)(1). In the case of

financial guardianships, “at the termination of the guardianship, the guardian shall

render a final accounting.” 14 V.S.A. § 3076(c). The annual accounts “render and

settle with the court an account of the proceeds and expenditure of his or her ward’s

estate.” 14 V.S.A. § 2921.

“At the expiration of his or her trust, such guardian shall render and settle

with the Probate Division of the Superior Court his or her account of the property of

his or her ward, including the income and proceeds of the sale of his or her personal

and real estate, and pay over and deliver to persons entitled to the same the estate

and effects remaining in his or her hands, or due from him or her on such

settlements.” Id. Within two years of the termination of a guardianship, the ward

or the ward’s legal representatives “may file a motion to reopen the estate for a

reexamination of the account” that the probate division previously allowed. 14

V.S.A. § 2927. The probate court may charge a guardian for using a ward’s funds in

a manner that is not authorized. See Hendee v. Cleaveland, 54 Vt. 142, 150 (1881).

Similarly, Vt. R. Prob. P. 66 governs the procedure for accounts. See Vt. R.

Prob. P. 66(c) (notice of hearing); (d) (form of accounts); (e) (standards for accounts).

Vt. R. Prob. P. 67(b) provides for a procedure for supervision of fiduciaries. The

procedure requires notice to correct deficiencies, as well as a hearing on sanctions in

the event that a fiduciary fails to perform duties as required. Vt. R. Prob. P.

67(b)(1)–(4).

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Paul does not contest the probate division’s jurisdiction to have conducted a

proceeding under Rule 67 to terminate him in accordance with 14 V.S.A. § 3077(b).

Indeed, that is what the court ordered on March 21, 2018. That “Rule 67 Notice and

Order” listed specific deficiencies and ordered Paul to be replaced as financial

guardian. In re Guardianship of Miriam H. Thomas, No. OeP184-09 GI, slip op. at

8 (Vt. Super. Ct. Mar. 21, 2018) (Lewis, J.). He maintains, however, that it can do

nothing more than discharge him and that the remaining hearings were beyond the

court’s authority.

Specifically, he takes issue with the orders that: required him to prepare and

submit a final accounting, id. at 8; ordered him to provide records for 2011-2016, id.

at 9–10; and ordered an evidentiary hearing “to determine the Guardian’s liability,

if any, to the estate resulting from the guardian’s deficiencies,” id. at 10. Likewise,

he challenged the following hearings, which the probate division eventually

conducted in 2020, that resulted in an order finding that Paul had breached his

duties as guardian and owed over $1 million to make the Estate whole.

While Paul is correct that Section 3077 does not expressly authorize a

damages hearing, per se, the Court believes that the probate court’s actions are

better viewed as simply a final accounting and settlement of accounts as allowed by

the statutes outlined above. Certainly, those hearings delved into the alleged

breaches of fiduciary duty and waste associated with Paul’s term as guardian, but

that evidence served primarily to establish the “final accounting” and settlement of

accounts and the losses that were attributable to Paul’s actions. The parties

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protesting Paul’s claimed expenses brought evidence of the disarray of records and

misuse of the ward’s assets. The court assessed the cost of bringing the disarray of

financial records into order. See 14 V.S.A. § 917. Nothing in the probate division’s

2021 order, however, appears to award relief other than the return of funds or the

value of estate property and records that the court determined Paul did not use or

maintain properly. As a result, the remedy was of an entirely restitutionary nature.

In its later Consolidated Final Judgment, the probate division made just that

point. It clarified that its January 25, 2021 Findings and Order—which it called a

“Losses Order”—had not decided any tort claims but, rather, had determined losses

that Paul’s misconduct caused in the context of the final accounting and discharge

process. In re: Thomas, No. 333-5-18 Wnpr, slip op. at 1, n.1 (Vt. Super. Ct. Oct 2,

2023) (Kilgore, J.). It concluded that determining such losses are a necessary part

of its duties and that it is “[a]n ancillary and incidental power necessary to enforce

Paul Thomas’ statutory obligations.” In re: Thomas, No. 333-5-18 Wnpr, slip op. at

2 (Vt. Super. Ct. Oct 2, 2023) (Kilgore, J.); see In re Prudenzano’s Will, 116 Vt. 55,

63 (1949).

The probate division further grounded its authority in 14 V.S.A. § 917, since

guardianships are “other matters within the court’s jurisdiction.” In re: Thomas,

No. 333-5-18 Wnpr, slip op. at 2 (Vt. Super. Ct. Oct 2, 2023) (Kilgore, J.). Section

917 provides as follows:

The Probate Division of the Superior Court shall regulate
the conduct of persons appearing in proceedings or
involved in the administration of estates or other matters

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within the court's jurisdiction. When it appears to the court
that a person has failed to comply with procedures required
by law or the Rules of Probate Procedure, or that an estate
is not being promptly and properly administered, or that a
fiduciary is incapable or unsuitable to discharge the trust,
the court may give notice of the complaint or omission
together with a notice to correct the deficiency or complaint
within a specified period of time or cause the party to
appear and answer the matter. Notice shall be given as
provided by the Rules of Probate Procedure. The court may
restrain a person from performing specified acts or the
exercise of any powers or discharge of any duties of office,
or make any other order to secure proper performance of
duty. It may exercise the powers of contempt; tax costs,
including surcharge; order a party to pay to other parties
the amount of reasonable expenses, including reasonable
attorney's fees, or losses incurred because of an act or
omission; and remove or suspend a fiduciary.

14 V.S.A. § 917 (emphasis added).

This court previously ruled that Section 3077 and Rule 67 do not provide for a

procedure and damages order such as the one at issue here. It further concluded

that, even if section 917 applies to guardians, despite its location in the code, it is

geared toward regulating the behavior of a fiduciary rather than encompassing

equitable awards to aggrieved parties “after a fiduciary has been removed and is no

longer subject to the probate courts’ regulatory powers,” especially because the

probate court stated that the damages were compensatory rather than regulatory.

See Thomas v. Thomas, No. 21-CV-00602, slip op. at 4 (Vt. Super. Ct. Feb. 4, 2022)

(Mello, J.).

Upon closer examination of the record and briefing of the parties in this

appeal, though, while having been “removed” as beneficiary, Paul had not formally

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been “discharged” by the probate court. The guardianship statutes, thus, still

required a final accounting and clearly empowered the probate division to decide

whether the fiduciary’s account was allowed. The probate division had ordered Paul

to prepare the final accounting and to prepare financial records for previous years.

That conclusion is made plain in the Consolidated Final Judgment, in which the

probate division noted that Paul had not yet been discharged.

Accordingly, the 2018 order falls under the Section 3077 authority to modify

the guardianship and restrict Paul as guardian, and to order him to prepare a final

accounting. It also falls with the probate court’s authority under Section 917.2

While inartfully structured as a decision on damages resulting from breaches, the

probate division’s January 25, 2021 order essentially made findings regarding the

guardian’s use of the ward’s estate’s assets and determined that over $1 million of

them were not allowed, i.e., fell outside of the allowable use of the resources under

the guardian’s authority.

2 In accordance with 14 V.S.A. § 917, the probate court ordered Paul to pay for

losses to the ward’s estate incurred by his improper use of or failure to maintain the
ward’s property. The order also charged Paul for the reasonable restorative costs
incurred by the need for the successor guardian to put the estate’s records in order
due to the disarray that Paul caused. Paul argues that section 917 applies to
executors and administrators, in accordance with the manner in which it is codified.
The Court concludes, however, that it applies to guardians insofar as they account
for and dispose of a ward’s estate. 14 V.S.A. § 2793 (“A guardian shall account for
and dispose of the personal estate of his or her ward, as administrators account for
and dispose of personal estate in the settlement of estates.”).

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Though lending some confusion to the statutory scheme, 14 V.S.A. § 2108

does not fully support Paul’s view as to the scope of the probate court’s authority.

Under Section 2108, a person claiming to be injured by a breach of the condition of a

bond given to the probate division “may file a motion for permission to prosecute the

bond and shall give a bond to the adverse party to the satisfaction of the Probate

Division of the Superior Court, on the condition that he or she will prosecute it to

effect and pay the costs awarded if recovery is not obtained.” 14 V.S.A. § 2108(1).

After the probate division grants permission to prosecute the bond, the applicant

then files the documentation with the writ with the Superior Court [Civil Division],

and the applicant is then deemed to be the prosecutor of the bond. 14 V.S.A. §

2108(4). The prosecutor must assign and set forth the breaches of the bond

condition, and the Superior Court then renders judgment “as on default” for the

penalty of the bond in favor of the probate division and against the defendants. 14

V.S.A. § 2108(4)–(5). If the defendants object, they plead a denial. 14 V.S.A. §

2108(6). “On trial, if the issue on the plea or demurrer is found in favor of the

plaintiff, judgment shall be rendered for the penalty of the bond, as provided in

subdivision (5) of this section, and the prosecutor shall recover against the

defendants entering the plea or demurrer the costs of the action, and have execution

for them in his or her own name.” 14 V.S.A. § 2108(7).

Section 2108 can certainly be used to prosecute independent torts or to seek

compensatory or punitive damages that might go beyond the restitutionary

authority of the probate court. It might also be used, as in this case, to prosecute a

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claim seeking to collect from a guardian who has been deemed to owe money to the

ward through the final accounting done by the probate court but has failed to repay

those sums.

Given that process, it follows that the findings of the probate court as to the

losses caused by Paul’s actions fall within the probate division’s authority to order a

final accounting, determine whether Paul’s expenditures were allowed, and require

Paul to return the Estate assets to the Estate.3 To the extent that Paul cannot pay

the amount due, the representative of the Estate may pursue the Section 2108

procedure and request permission to prosecute the bond.

Additionally, allowing the probate court to settle accounts and make

determinations as to losses caused by a guardian also serves the practical and

efficient administration of guardianships. The Vermont Supreme Court has held

that the probate division acted within its jurisdictional limits when it determined

the title of an account in dispute within the context of an estate proceeding, when it

“further[ed] the sound, practical, and efficient administration of estates. In re Est.

of Piche, 166 Vt. 479, 484 (1997) (“We agree with the executor in this case that the

3 The archaic and outmoded appellate process that follows probate court

determinations also lends confusion to the admittedly awkward statutory scheme.
If a prosecution is sought against a guardian who did not appeal from a final
accounting determination or who lost in the civil division contesting such
accounting, liability and amounts owed might well have preclusive effect in a
Section 2108 collection action in the civil division. Where, as here, the accounting is
being contested and is subject to a de-novo determination by this Court, it makes
the most sense that the determination of the final accounting be undertaken in the
first instance.
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probate court has jurisdiction to determine title to personal property; to find

otherwise would deprive the probate court of the ability to function efficiently and

effectively and result in many contested cases having hearings in the superior court

before the settlement of the estate could proceed. We decline to complicate the

probate process by precluding the probate court from deciding matters that are

necessary and incidental to the effective administration of estates.”).

In this case, hearing evidence of alleged malfeasance—whatever the

nomenclature used—was incidental and ancillary to determining which expenses

and uses of the ward’s estate were and were not allowed. The proceedings in the

probate division had already been prolonged for other reasons, including removal of

the proceeding to a different unit, and it would have delayed the matter even more

to adjudicate tort claims in the civil division before making the final accounting.

The probate division’s 2018 order already found that Paul’s acts and omissions were

sufficient to justify his removal as guardian, and the losses that were the subject of

the 2020 hearings stemmed directly from those deficiencies. Paul’s suggestion that

the accounting cannot be assessed or finalized unless the Estate first prosecutes an

action in the civil division, is antithetical to the fair and logical administration of

guardianships.

Paul’s remaining arguments against that approach are weighty but do not

counsel a different result. Paul contends that when Miriam died, the guardianship

ended, and the probate division’s role of supervising the guardian ended. If at the

time of her death, Miriam possessed tort claims against Paul for breach of fiduciary

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duty, he maintains that the Estate should have pursued those claims in the civil

division in accordance with Vermont’s survival statutes and case law. See 14 V.S.A.

§§ 1451–1453; Est. of Kuhling by Kuhling v. Glaze, 2018 VT 75, ¶¶ 12-16, 208 Vt.

273, 280–82.

The fact that the Estate potentially could bring tort claims in the civil

division, however, does not exempt a guardian from completing his duty to submit

his final accounting in the probate division and does not suggest that the probate

court cannot make that final accounting and take account of what losses were

caused to the ward by the guardian’s conduct as guardian. There is nothing in the

probate statutes to suggest that upon a ward’s death, the guardian’s duties cease

with regard to a final accounting. Indeed, as noted above, Paul was not discharged

by the probate court.

Paul further argues that he should be afforded the full panoply of rights of a

litigant in civil court and that Section 2108 is the correct procedural vehicle for such

a claim. He asserts that the conduct cited by the probate court sounds in tort and

that he should have the right to defend those claims in the civil division, with the

Estate bearing the burden of proof and with full discovery.

The Court believes, however, that–first and foremost–a guardian is a

fiduciary and has fundamental duties to the ward and the probate court. Part of

those duties entail submitting to a final accounting and bearing the burden of

showing that his actions met his fiduciary duties to the usually quite vulnerable

ward. Under the circumstances of this case, the work of the probate court did not

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assess tort damages but determined the losses suffered by the ward and ascertained

the guardian’s final accounting. It concluded that certain expenditures and uses of

the ward’s property were not consistent with Paul’s duties as guardian and that

those expenses and uses should not be allowed.

Annual accounts and a final accounting are duties that are clearly laid out in

the statutes and should have been known to him as guardian. The burden to

account for expenses and use of the ward’s property was properly placed on Paul as

guardian, unlike in a tort action in the civil division, in which the Estate would

have had the burden of proof as plaintiff. Lastly, as noted above, the relief afforded

by the probate court was restitutionary in nature and falls within the traditional

powers of the chancery courts, of which our probate courts are the descendants. See

4 V.S.A. § 219; see also Manley v. Brattleboro Tr. Co., 116 Vt. 460, 463 (1951)

(jurisdiction of probate courts is not original, but is limited and special, and probate

courts have general equity powers to apply in accordance with the statutes

conferring their jurisdiction).

As a result, the Court concludes that the actions taken by the probate court

towards Paul were within, at least, the outer sphere of its jurisdiction.4

4
Additionally, the Court notes that Paul can obtain discovery in the civil division,
and has a right to claim a jury trial on matters so triable. His statement of
questions on appeal makes such a claim.
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II. Standing

Paul argues next that the Estate lacks standing to prosecute a Rule 67

proceeding after the death of the ward. Paul contends that “[a] guardianship

proceeding is not an action that survives death under §§ 1451 or 1452.” Motion to

Dismiss at 11. This argument incorrectly presumes that the evidentiary

proceedings from 2020, after Miriam’s death, occurred pursuant to Rule 67. The

Rule 67 proceeding, however, culminated in the 2018 order that removed Paul as

guardian, restricted his activities with regard to the ward’s estate, and most

crucially, ordered him to submit a final accounting. That order also indicated that

an evidentiary hearing to determine liability, if any, would be scheduled. A final

accounting and settlement of account must still occur in the event of a ward’s death,

and it is only logical that the surviving guardian—Attorney Ankuda—would

participate in such procedures. Both the Estate and Attorney Ankuda as successor

guardian would be “interested persons” under the probate statutes for such a

proceeding. 14 V.S.A. §§ 3061 &3062(c); see Vt. R. Prob. P. 17 & 18.

III. Lack of Notice

Paul contends that the Estate never filed a proper pleading to commence a

petition with respect to the liability hearing and that he had insufficient notice of

the supposed deficiencies in the accountings. The Court disagrees. The purported

“liability” hearing was never a separate action—it followed from an order that

removed Paul as guardian and required him to produce a final accounting. A

guardian is expressly required to submit accounts to probate division, which has

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authority to allow or reject the accounts, and to order the restitution for claimed

expenses that are not allowed. See 14 V.S.A. § 917 (probate division may “order a

party to pay … losses incurred because of an act or omission”); see also 4 V.S.A. §

219 (“The powers and jurisdiction of the courts that were previously vested in the

courts of chancery are vested in the Superior Court. Superior, Environmental, and

Probate judges have the powers of a chancellor in passing upon all civil matters

that may come before them.”). The same applies to the final accounting. In none of

those proceedings would a guardian have the right to a separately filed “complaint,”

as Paul uses the term.

Nor can Paul realistically claim lack of notice as to the substance of the

allegations against him that were determined by the probate court. First, Paul

made no such claim in the probate court. Second, the Thomas siblings filed

objections to Paul’s accountings, the probate court set hearings on whether to allow

the accountings for specific years, allowed a significant period of discovery as to the

issues as to those years, ordered Paul to produce all items supporting his use of the

ward’s funds and compensation to himself during those periods, and held a lengthy

evidentiary hearing on the issues spanning approximately six days. The Court sees

no viable claim for lack of notice lack or lack of proper process regarding the probate

court’s assessment of Paul’s conduct, the attendant losses that resulted to the ward,

and the restitutionary amounts needed to make the ward and her Estate whole.

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Conclusion

The arguments and countervailing legal arguments in this action are

significant, and the statutes and Rules at play do not point to a definitive result.

Nonetheless, in light of the foregoing considerations, the Court believes the

interpretations offered in opposition to the motion to dismiss have greater weight.

On those bases, the motion to dismiss is denied.

Electronically signed on Tuesday, January 28, 2025, per V.R.E.F. 9(d).

_______________________
Timothy B. Tomasi
Superior Court Judge

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