Mina Lopez v. Scott Marshall

VERMONT SUPREME COURT Case No. 24-AP-355
109 State Street
Montpelier VT 05609-0801
802-828-4774
www.vermontjudiciary.org

Note: In the case title, an asterisk (*) indicates an appellant and a double asterisk (**) indicates a cross-
appellant. Decisions of a three-justice panel are not to be considered as precedent before any tribunal.

ENTRY ORDER

JUNE TERM, 2025

Mina Lopez* v. Scott Marshall } APPEALED FROM:
} Superior Court, Windham Unit,
} Family Division
} CASE NO. 165-9-19 Wmdm
Trial Judge: Elizabeth D. Mann

In the above-entitled cause, the Clerk will enter:

Mother appeals pro se from the trial court’s denial of her request to modify parental
rights and responsibilities (PRR) and parent-child contact (PCC). We affirm.

The parties divorced in 2021. They are the parents of a minor child. Pursuant to their
agreement, they share legal PRR and mother has primary physical rights and responsibilities. In
August 2024, father moved to enforce PCC, alleging that mother unilaterally cut off his contact
with the parties’ child. Mother responded to the motion and also moved to modify PRR and
PCC. Mother indicated that she cut off father’s PCC because father was facilitating the child’s
contact with maternal grandparents, which mother opposed.

The court held a hearing on the parties’ motions in November 2024. At the conclusion of
the hearing, the court granted father’s motion to enforce PCC. It found no basis to disturb the
existing PCC order. The court subsequently issued an entry order denying mother’s motion to
modify PRR and PCC. The court found that mother failed to establish a real, substantial, or
unanticipated change of circumstances that would warrant modifying the existing order under 15
V.S.A. § 668. The evidence did not support reducing father’s PCC time nor did it establish any
basis upon which contact with the child’s maternal grandparents should be limited or prohibited.
The court found that father had been a loving and supportive parent and that the maternal
grandparents had similarly been loving and supportive grandparents. The court noted that, at the
hearing, mother expressed hope about moving to Canada or Japan. She did not identify a date
for such a move, which would be dependent on selling her condominium. The court accordingly
found that mother did not have a concrete plan in place for a move. It added that any such plan
would violate the current parenting plan and would require modification of the existing PRR and
PCC order. The court directed that the current parenting plan continue in full force and effect
unless and until modified by court order. This appeal followed.

In her brief, mother provides her version of events. She complains about the outcome of
the hearing. She suggests that the hearing was unfair and that the judge was biased against her.
She reiterates her complaints about the child’s maternal grandparents and the child’s contact with
them. Mother challenges the credibility of witnesses at the hearing. She expresses other
opinions that do not directly relate to the order on appeal. She reiterates that she would like to
relocate.

Mother fails to demonstrate any error. The trial court has discretion in determining if
there has been a real, substantial, and unanticipated change in circumstances sufficient to modify
an existing order. Wener v. Wener, 2016 VT 109, ¶ 17, 203 Vt. 582. As long as the court
“applied the correct legal standards, we will uphold the court’s factual findings unless they are
clearly erroneous and will affirm its legal conclusions if supported by the findings.” Vance v.
Locke, 2022 VT 23, ¶ 11, 216 Vt. 423. The court’s decision here is supported by its findings,
which are in turn supported by the record. See Quinones v. Bouffard, 2017 VT 103, ¶ 10, 206
Vt. 66 (recognizing that “court’s factual findings must stand unless, viewing the record in the
light most favorable to the prevailing party and excluding the effect of modifying evidence, there
is no credible evidence to support the findings” (quotation omitted)). Mother’s disagreement
with the result does not demonstrate an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Meyncke v. Meyncke,
2009 VT 84, ¶ 15, 186 Vt. 571 (explaining that arguments amounting to nothing more than
disagreement with court’s reasoning and conclusion do not make out case for abuse of
discretion).

Mother’s remaining arguments are equally unpersuasive. She fails to establish that the
hearing was unfair or that the court was biased against her. See Klein v. Klein, 153 Vt. 551, 554
(1990) (recognizing that trial judge accorded presumption “of honesty and integrity with burden
on the moving party to show otherwise in the circumstances of the case” (quotation omitted)).
Her disagreement with the result does not demonstrate bias. See Ball v. Melsur Corp., 161 Vt.
35, 45 (1993) (explaining that “bias or prejudice must be clearly established by the record” and
that “contrary rulings alone, no matter how numerous or erroneous, do not suffice to show
prejudice or bias”), abrogated on other grounds by Demag v. Better Power Equip., Inc., 2014 VT
78, 197 Vt. 176. While mother contends that the court should have credited her position,
determinations regarding the weight of the evidence or the credibility of witnesses are strictly
within the trial court’s purview, and we will not revisit them on appeal. Mullin v. Phelps, 162
Vt. 250, 261 (1994). We have considered all of mother’s arguments and find them all without
merit. The court did not err in denying mother’s motion to modify and granting father’s motion
to enforce.

Affirmed.

BY THE COURT:

Harold E. Eaton, Jr., Associate Justice

Karen R. Carroll, Associate Justice

Nancy J. Waples, Associate Justice

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