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ACCEPTED
05-24-01220-CR
FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS
DALLAS, TEXAS
8/20/2025 3:47 PM
RUBEN MORIN
CLERK

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE
FIFTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT DALLAS
FILED IN
5th COURT OF APPEALS
BALENTINE MUNOS § DALLAS, TEXAS
Appellant § 8/20/2025 3:47:00 PM
Ruben Morin
§ Nos. 05-24-01220-CR
Clerk
v. § 05-24-01221-CR &
§ 05-24-01222-CR
THE STATE OF TEXAS §
Appellee §

APPEAL FROM THE 296TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT OF COLLIN COUNTY, TEXAS
THE HONORABLE RICHARD BEACOM, JUDGE PRESIDING

§§§

STATE’S BRIEF

§§§

ORAL ARGUMENT GREG WILLIS
NOT REQUESTED Criminal District Attorney
Collin County, Texas

AMY MURPHY
Chief of Appellate Division
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
Collin County, Texas

ROBERT KOEHL
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
2100 Bloomdale Rd. Ste. 200
McKinney, Texas 75071
Phone: 972-548-4323
Fax: 214-491-4860
State Bar No. 24097948
Corrected Identification of Parties
Appellee, the State of Texas, adopts Appellant’s identification of parties and
counsel, with the following corrections:

Appellate counsel for Appellee, the State of Texas, are Robert Koehl, Amy Murphy,
and Greg Willis, 2100 Bloomdale Rd. Ste. 200 McKinney, TX 75071.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Table of Contents

Corrected Identification of Parties .........................................................................2
Table of Contents .....................................................................................................3
Index of Authorities .................................................................................................5
Statement Regarding Oral Argument..................................................................12
Statement of the Case ............................................................................................12
Statement of the Facts............................................................................................12
Summary of the Argument ...................................................................................19
Argument and Authorities ....................................................................................21
I. Any error in the denial of a directed verdict for aggravated sexual assault was
harmless because the jury acquitted Appellant of the charged offense. ..........21
Additional Facts ..................................................................................................21
Applicable Law ...................................................................................................22
The Error Was Harmless ...................................................................................22
II. The evidence was legally sufficient to sustain Appellant’s conviction for the
lesser-included offense of indecency with a child................................................24
Additional Facts ..................................................................................................24
Applicable Law – Legal Sufficiency ..................................................................25
The Proper Construction of “Genitals” Includes the Entire Pubic Area .....26
The Evidence Was Sufficient .............................................................................29
Appellant Relies on an Erroneous Statutory Construction ............................29
III. The evidence was legally sufficient to sustain Appellant’s conviction for
continuous sexual abuse of a child........................................................................33
Additional Facts ..................................................................................................33
Standard of Review and Applicable Law .........................................................34

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
The Evidence Was Sufficient .............................................................................35
Appellant’s Argument Overlooks the Cumulative Evidence .........................37
IV. Appellant fails to demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel because the
record is silent as to trial counsel’s strategy. .......................................................39
Additional Facts ..................................................................................................39
Standard of Review and Applicable Law .........................................................41
Counsel’s Performance Was Not Deficient ......................................................43
Appellant Cannot Demonstrate Prejudice .......................................................49
V. The denial of a mistrial was within the zone of reasonable disagreement
because Appellant failed to demonstrate a discovery violation. ........................52
Additional Facts ..................................................................................................52
Standard of Review and Applicable Law – Mistrial .......................................53
Applicable Law – Discovery ..............................................................................54
Appellant Failed to Preserve the Issue .............................................................56
Appellant Failed to Develop a Record Sufficient for Review .........................57
The Trial Court Did Not Err Because There Was No Discovery Violation..59
Appellant’s Argument is Meritless....................................................................62
Prayer ......................................................................................................................64
Certificate of Service ..............................................................................................65
Certificate of Compliance......................................................................................65

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Index of Authorities
Page

Cases
Bass v. State,
270 S.W.3d 557 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) .......................................................45
Balsley v. State,
No. 01-10-00560-CR, 2012 WL 3041449
(Tex. App.—Houston July 26, 2012, no pet.)
(mem op., not designated for publication) ...............................................28-31
Baugh v. State,
No. 05-18-00523-CR, 2019 WL 3212135
(Tex. App.—Dallas July 9, 2019, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) ...............................................36-38
Bohannan v. State,
546 S.W.3d 166 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) .......................................................26
Breckenridge v. State,
40 S.W.3d 118 (Tex. App.—San Antonio, 2000, pet. ref’d) ..........................27
Brooks v. State,
323 S.W.3d 893 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) .................................................25, 34
Calvin v. State,
No. 03-09-00629-CR, 2011 WL 1562138
(Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 21, 2011, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) ..............................................22-23
Carmell v. State,
331 S.W.3d 450 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. ref’d) .....................28-31
Clark v. State,
558 S.W.2d 887 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) ...........................................27, 30-31
Clinton v. State,
354 S.W.3d 795 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) .......................................................31

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Index of Authorities (cont’d)

Page

Cases (cont’d)
Compton v. State,
666 S.W.3d 685 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023) ...........................................42-43, 49
Cont’l Heritage Ins. Co. v. State,
683 S.W.3d 407 (Tex. Crim. App. 2024) .......................................................27
Dabney v. State,
492 S.W.3d 309 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) .................................................44-45
David v. State,
663 S.W.3d 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022) .................................................25, 34
De La Paz v. State,
279 S.W.3d 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) .......................................................44
Delrio v. State,
840 S.W.2d 443 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) .......................................................42
Dunham v. State,
666 S.W.3d 477 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023) ...........................................25, 34, 37
Estraca v. State,
No. 13-23-00482-CR, 2025 WL 339173,
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Jan. 30, 2025, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) ....................................................60
Ex parte Raborn,
658 S.W.2d 602 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983) .......................................................42
Fernandez v. State,
No. 14-13-00376-CR, 2015 WL 778482
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 24, 2015, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) ..............................................22-23

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Index of Authorities (cont’d)

Page

Cases (cont’d)
Finley v. State,
No. 05-23-00420-CR, 2024 WL 4969955
(Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 4, 2024, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) ....................................................56
Fisher v. State,
No. 05-19-00851-CR, 2022 WL 2900968
(Tex. App.—Dallas July 22, 2022, pet. ref’d)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) ....................................................44
Foyt v. State,
602 S.W.3d 23 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, pet. ref’d) ..............56
Gallegos v. State,
No. 08-23-00156-CR, 2024 WL 2836597
(Tex. App.—El Paso, June 4, 2024, no pet.)
(mem. op. not designated for publication) ...............................................22-23
Garcia v. State,
614 S.W.3d 749 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019) .......................................................50
Garcia v. State,
57 S.W.3d 436 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) .........................................................46
Garner v. State,
523 S.W.3d 266 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2017, no pet.) ......................................35
Garza v. State,
213 S.W.3d 338 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) .......................................................45
Glover v. State,
496 S.W.3d 812 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d) ............56
Goodspeed v. State,
187 S.W.3d 390 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) .......................................................46

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Index of Authorities (cont’d)

Page

Cases (cont’d)
Guzman v. State,
539 S.W.3d 394 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d) ..............60
Hallman v. State,
--- S.W.3d ---, No. PD-0332-22, 2025 WL 1812902
(Tex. Crim. App. 2025) (not yet published) ...........................54-56, 59, 62-63
Hernandez v. State,
556 S.W.3d 308 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017) .................................................26, 34
Ingerson v. State,
559 S.W.3d 501 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) .......................................................25
Johnson v. State,
624 S.W.3d 579, 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) ...............................................48
Jones v. State,
323 S.W.3d 885 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) .......................................................27
Jones v. State,
850 S.W.2d 236 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1993, no pet.) ........................22-23
Liverman v. State,
470 S.W.3d 831 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) .......................................................31
London v. State,
490 S.W.3d 503 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) .......................................................58
Lopez v. State,
343 S.W.3d 137 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) .................................................41-42
Lopez-Martinez v. State,
No. 05-21-00319-CR, 2022 WL 16706964
(Tex. App.—Dallas Nov. 4, 2022, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) ....................................................37

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Index of Authorities (cont’d)

Page

Cases (cont’d)
Lujan v. State,
626 S.W.2d 854 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1981, pet ref’d) ..........................30
Merritt v. State,
368 S.W.3d 516 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) .................................................25, 37
Meza v. State,
706 S.W.3d 914 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2024, pet. ref’d) ..................................35
Milton v. State,
--- S.W.3d ---, Nos. PD-0282-24 & PD-0283-24, 2025 WL 1812862
(Tex. Crim. App. 2025) (not yet published) ..................................................26
Mitchell v. State,
68 S.W.3d 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) .........................................................43
Minnis v. State,
No. 02-20-00027-CR, 2021 WL 62127
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 7, 2021, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) ....................................................36
Ocon v. State,
284 S.W.3d 880 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) ...........................................53, 62-63
Perez v. State,
No. 05-19-01225-CR, 2021 WL 869636
(Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 9, 2021, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) ....................................................38
Robisheaux v. State,
483 S.W.3d 205 (Tex. App.—Austin 2016, pet. ref’d) ............................49-50

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Index of Authorities (cont’d)

Page

Cases (cont’d)
Ruiz v. State,
Nos. 14-23-00857-CR & 14-23-00859-CR, 2025 WL 1634787
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 10, 2025, no pet. h.)
(mem op., not designated for publication) .....................................................57
Salcido v. State,
No. 07-10-00170-CR, 2011 WL 847010
(Tex. App.—Amarillo Mar. 11, 2011, pet ref’d)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) ..............................................28-31
Stafford v. State,
813 S.W.2d 503 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) .................................................45, 48
State v. Gonzalez,
855 S.W.2d 692 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) .......................................................54
State v. Heath,
696 S.W.3d 677 (Tex. Crim. App. 2024) ......................................54-56, 59-63
State v. Morales,
253 S.W.3d 686 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (en banc) .......................................42
State v. Vasilas,
187 S.W.3d 486 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) .......................................................32
Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 688 (1984) ......................................................................41-43, 48-51
Taylor v. State,
630 S.W.3d 262 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2020, no pet.) ............................22-23
Thompson v. State,
9 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) ...............................................42, 45-46
Thrift v. State,
176 S.W.3d 221 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) .......................................................50

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Index of Authorities (cont’d)

Page

Cases (cont’d)
Tuazon v. State,
661 S.W.3d 178 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2023, no pet.) ................................26, 38
Valadez v. State,
663 S.W.3d 133 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022) .......................................................44
Vaughn v. State,
931 S.W.2d 564 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) .......................................................43
Walker v. State,
594 S.W.3d 330, 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) .........................................26-27
Watkins v. State,
619 S.W.3d 265 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) .................................................54-56
Wilson v. State,
71 S.W.3d 346 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) .........................................................56
Wishert v. State,
654 S.W.3d 317 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2022, pet. ref’d) ...............................37

Statutes/Rules
Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 38.07 ...................................................................26, 29, 35
Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 38.37 ...............................................................................39
Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 39.14 ..........................................................................54-63
Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.023 .....................................................................................32
Tex. Penal Code § 21.01 ....................................................................................27, 32
Tex. Penal Code § 21.02 .....................................................................................34-35
Tex. Penal Code § 21.11 ...............................................................................26, 28-32
Tex. Penal Code § 21.16 ....................................................................................30, 32
Tex. Penal Code § 22.01 ..........................................................................................49
Tex. Penal Code § 22.012 ........................................................................................49
Tex. R. Evid. 404 ....................................................................................39-40, 44-45

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Statement Regarding Oral Argument
The State does not request oral argument.

Statement of the Case
Appellant was charged by indictment with aggravated sexual assault of a

child, continuous sexual abuse of a child, and indecency with a child by contact.1

CR 1: 15; CR 2: 14; CR 3: 11; 3 RR 28-30. A Collin County jury found Appellant

guilty of the lesser-included offense of indecency with a child by contact in the

aggravated sexual assault case. 5 RR 93-94. The jury found him guilty as charged

in the remaining continuous sexual abuse and indecency by contact cases. Id. at 94.

The jury sentenced Appellant to 26 years’ confinement for the continuous sexual

abuse conviction and two years’ confinement for each of the indecency convictions.

Id. at 127. The trial court ordered that the sentences run concurrently.

Statement of the Facts
Appellant sexually abused his granddaughter NM and her half-sister DS.

Their mother (hereinafter Mother) was married to Appellant’s son (NM’s father)

until February 2015. 3 RR 53, 56. When Mother separated from NM’s father, NM

1
“CR 1” refers to 05-24-01220-CR / 296-83511-2023 / Aggravated Sexual Assault / DS
“CR 2” refers to 05-24-01221-CR / 296-83512-2023 / Continuous Sexual Abuse / NM
“CR 3” refers to 05-24-01222-CR / 296-83513-2023 / Indecency by Contact / NM
12

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
was four years old and DS was approximately nine. See id. at 53, 107, 127, 140.

Afterwards, NM and DS would continue to stay at Appellant’s house on alternating

weekends when NM’s father would have visitation. Id. at 54-56. Appellant owned

a house and some property in a rural portion of McKinney, and numerous members

of his family stayed at his house and other places on this property. Id. at 48-51, 97,

230-40. Many of the adults had drug and alcohol problems. Id. at 52, 55-57, 236-

37.

Appellant Abuses DS

Even though DS was not related to Appellant by blood, she still viewed him

as her grandfather, and he had long been the provider for their family. See 3 RR 51,

100. During one of the weekend visitations in 2015, Appellant sexually abused her.

See id. at 101-13. DS would typically stay in NM’s father’s room during these visits.

Id. at 104-05. She was sitting in the bed and using her tablet computer. Id. at 104,

109. Appellant came over to her, moved her tablet away, and touched her breast

with his hand. Id. at 104, 109. Then he moved his hand down into her pants and

touched her on her vaginal area with his hand and fingers. Id. at 104-05, 110-12.

While moving his palm and fingers back and forth, he started kissing her. Id. at 112-

13. Afterwards, he told her that if she ever told anyone about this, she would go to

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
jail. Id. at 113. DS stopped visiting Appellant’s house in summer 2015 because she

was not related to Appellant or his son. Id. at 54, 56, 115.

Appellant Abuses NM

Appellant began abusing NM around 2017, when NM was six or seven years

old. See 3 RR 150. The first time he abused her, it was during the summertime. Id.

at 157, 219. She was on a computer watching YouTube videos when he called her

into his room. Id. at 151. He asked her to lock the door behind her. He was naked.

Id. at 158. He undressed her, picked her up by the armpits, and put her on the bed.

Id. at 152, 158. While she was sitting on the bed with her legs hanging off, he stood

in front of her and began rubbing her breasts. Id. at 152-53, 159-60. Then he moved

his hands around to her back, glided them down her back, and moved to her vagina.

Id. at 152-53, 160-61. At that point, he started rubbing up and down on her vagina

with his palm and his fingers. Id. at 152-53, 161-62. Afterwards, he instructed her

to go get a shower. Id. at 153, 163.

This happened again on at least three other occasions. 3 RR 164 (NM

remembers four specific incidents), 225 (same). It did not happen on every visit, but

only on those visitations where NM’s father was not at home. See id. at 164, 182.

On either the second or third time Appellant abused her, NM tried to wiggle away,

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
but he pushed her down on the bed and told her to stop moving—then he continued

to touch her vagina. Id. at 174-76. One of the earlier incidents ended when NM’s

cousin knocked on the door while Appellant was touching her. Id. at 172-74.

In one instance, Appellant was wearing a towel when the abuse began, and he

threatened to “make it worse” if NM ever told anyone. Id. at 170-71, 178, 180. In

the last abuse incident, Appellant asked her to touch his naked penis. Id. at 166, 173.

So she touched his penis with her hand before he began touching her vagina. Id. at

167-70. The abuse stopped sometime after the summer was over. Id. at 177. Later,

NM suspected Appellant was abusing one of her little cousins because the cousin

would sometimes be in Appellant’s room taking a shower. Id. at 191.

Appellant’s Inappropriate Conduct Towards MM

Around that same time, there was an incident where Appellant exhibited

inappropriate sexual conduct towards NM’s older cousin MM. MM was 11 or 12

when this incident occurred. 3 RR 242. She had just finished doing her hair and

making a sandwich. Id. at 245. Appellant came into the room made a comment

about how he did not have a girlfriend. Id. at 246, 249-50; 4 RR 161. MM replied,

“It’s okay, Grandpa, I don’t have a boyfriend.” 3 RR 246, 249-50; 4 RR 161.

Appellant responded by telling MM that he was going to teach her how to kiss boys.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
3 RR 246, 250. So he sat down next to her, took her hand, and started kissing and

licking it. Id. at 246, 251. Then he put his hand on her shoulder, and started kissing

and licking her ear. Id. at 246, 254-55. She got up and left the room. Id. at 246.

Appellant instructed her not to tell anyone about it. Id. at 246.

MM retreated to her room and called her brother to tell him what had

happened. 3 RR 257. He told her to call their mother, so she did. Id. at 258-59.

MM’s mother told her to get out of the house and come to her place on the family

property. Id. at 259. So MM fled Appellant’s house and ran home to her mother’s

house, which was at another location on the family’s property. Id. at 261. When

she got home, her mother told her to keep quiet about what happened otherwise

Appellant would end up in prison. Id. at 261-63. Nevertheless, MM’s brother told

one of his teachers at school what happened, and the teacher reported it to CPS. Id.

at 268. The family instructed MM to lie to CPS and deny the abuse, which she did

in a 2019 forensic interview. Id. at 269-70.

DS’s Outcry

DS finally outcried in October 2020 when she was 14 years old,

approximately five years after the abuse. 3 RR 58-59, 62, 117. Mother was watching

a sexual abuse awareness video on YouTube and told DS that if anything ever

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
happened to her, she would need to tell. Id. at 115. DS told her what Appellant had

done to her, despite being terrified that she would go to jail in accordance with

Appellant’s threat. Id. at 116. Mother called CPS, but the case was subsequently

closed. Id. at 60.

MM’s and NM’s Outcries

After DS’s outcry, NM’s parents changed their visitation agreement so that

all visitation between NM and her father would occur at public places—never at

Appellant’s house. 3 RR 63. But Appellant would still be at some of these

visitations. Id. at 193-94. The last visitation between NM and her father took place

in February 2023. Id. at 67. Around that time, MM called Mother “out of the blue”

to say that she had moved out of the house because of what Appellant had done to

her. Id. at 71. NM later learned of DS’s outcry from Mother. 3 RR 199. This led

NM to tell DS about what Appellant had done to her. Id. at 118, 201-02. DS

instructed NM to tell Mother. Id. at 119, 203.

Just before a visitation in April 2023 was scheduled to occur, NM asked

Mother if Appellant was going to be at the visitation. 3 RR 68. Mother responded

that he probably would be, since he had been at the last couple. Id. NM responded

that she did not want to go if Appellant was there, and then she outcried. Id. at 69.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Mother took DS, NM, and MM to the Collin County Sheriff’s Office on April

29, 2023. 3 RR 69, 73, 87-88. All three children were then forensically interviewed

at the Collin County Children’s Advocacy Center. Id. at 74. All three children made

outcries. 4 RR 98, 102.

Appellant was charged with aggravated sexual assault of a child for abusing

DS. He was charged with continuous sexual abuse of a child for his repeated

touching of NM’s genitals and the incident where he forced her to touch his penis.

He was charged with indecency with a child by contact for touching NM’s breast.

At trial, Appellant testified. He claimed that there were many CPS and law

enforcement calls out to his residence to investigate various family members, but the

calls were never about him. 4 RR 154. He denied abusing DS. Id. at 156, 159. He

denied abusing NM. Id. at 159-60. He admitted to having the conversation with

MM where he complained about not having a girlfriend and she responded that she

did not have a boyfriend. Id. at 161. But he denied anything sexual happening. Id.

at 162.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Summary of the Argument

Reply to Appellant’s First Issue

In his first issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by denying his

motion for a directed verdict in the aggravated sexual assault case because the

evidence was insufficient to prove penetration. He argues that the evidence only

proved that he touched, rather than penetrated, DS’s genital area. The trial court’s

denial was harmless because the jury acquitted Appellant of aggravated sexual

assault of a child.

Reply to Appellant’s Second Issue

In his second issue, Appellant argues that the term “genitals” does not include

the pubic area, so touching DS “where the hair grows” immediately above the flaps

of her vagina was legally insufficient to show that he touched “any part” of her

genitals. Multiple courts have properly construed the phrase “any part of the

genitals” to encompass the entire pubic area.

Reply to Appellant’s Third Issue

In his third issue, Appellant argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to

prove the 30-day duration element for continuous sexual abuse of a child. Evidence

showed that Appellant abused NM on four different occasions during custody

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
visitations that only occurred on alternating weekends. Evidence also showed the

abuse began in the summer and ended after summer was over.

Reply to Appellant’s Fourth Issue

In his fourth issue, Appellant claims that trial counsel was constitutionally

ineffective for allowing MM to testify without objection regarding extraneous

conduct. The testimony was admissible. Even if it were not, the record is silent on

trial counsel’s strategy, and it is clear that the decision to permit the testimony was

intentional—it was not an oversight. The decision is not so outrageous that it

constitutes deficient performance as a matter of law. Appellant cannot demonstrate

prejudice.

Reply to Appellant’s Fifth Issue

In his fifth issue, Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by

denying his motion for a mistrial after he alleged a discovery violation. The issue is

unpreserved because Appellant’s motion was untimely. He failed to develop a

sufficient record for this Court to determine whether a discovery violation actually

occurred. He failed to demonstrate a discovery violation to the trial court. He also

failed to demonstrate incurable prejudice.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Argument and Authorities

I. Any error in the denial of a directed verdict for aggravated sexual assault was
harmless because the jury acquitted Appellant of the charged offense.
In his first issue, Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by

denying his motion for a directed verdict in the aggravated sexual assault case.

Appellant’s Br. 20. Specifically, he argues that there was no evidence of penetration

to prove the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child. Id. Any error in the

denial of the directed verdict was harmless because the jury acquitted Appellant of

aggravated sexual assault of a child and convicted him of the lesser-included offense

of indecency with a child by contact.

Additional Facts

Appellant was charged with aggravated sexual assault of a child for abusing

DS. See 3 RR 28. After the State rested at trial, Appellant motioned for a directed

verdict because inter alia the evidence did not prove penetration. 4 RR 120-21. The

trial court denied the motion. Id. at 121. At the close of trial, the jury acquitted

Appellant of the charged offense but convicted him of the lesser-included offense of

indecency with a child by contact. 5 RR 93-94.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Applicable Law

The erroneous denial of a directed verdict on a particular offense is harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt when the jury acquits the defendant of that offense and

convicts the defendant on a lesser-included offense instead. Taylor v. State, 630

S.W.3d 262, 263 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2020, no pet.) (citing Jones v. State, 850

S.W.2d 236, 239 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1993, no pet.)) (“Any error in failing to

grant a directed verdict on a particular offense is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt

when the jury did not find the defendant guilty of that offense.”); see also Gallegos

v. State, No. 08-23-00156-CR, 2024 WL 2836597, at *3 (Tex. App.—El Paso, June

4, 2024, no pet.) (mem. op. not designated for publication); Fernandez v. State, No.

14-13-00376-CR, 2015 WL 778482, at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb.

24, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Calvin v. State, No.

03-09-00629-CR, 2011 WL 1562138, at *7 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 21, 2011, no

pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

The Error Was Harmless

Appellant argues, as he did before the trial court, that the State failed to present

sufficient evidence to prove penetration as required to convict him of aggravated

sexual assault of a child. Appellant’s Br. 20; 4 RR 121. The jury apparently agreed

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
and convicted him of the lesser-included offense of indecency with a child by contact

instead. 5 RR 93-94.

Because the jury did not find Appellant guilty of aggravated sexual assault of

a child, the trial court’s denial of a directed verdict on that offense was harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt. Taylor, 630 S.W.3d at 263; Jones, 850 S.W.2d at 239;

Gallegos, 2024 WL 2836597 at *3; Fernandez, 2015 WL 778482 at *7; Calvin, 2011

WL 1562138 at *7. The fact that the jury went on to convict him of a lesser-included

offense does not render the denial harmful. Calvin, 2011 WL 1562138 at *7.

Accordingly, this Court should overrule Appellant’s first issue and affirm the trial

court’s judgment in Cause No. 05-24-01220-CR.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
II. The evidence was legally sufficient to sustain Appellant’s conviction for the
lesser-included offense of indecency with a child.
In his second issue, Appellant argues that the evidence was legally insufficient

to support a conviction for the lesser-included offense of indecency with a child by

contact in the aggravated sexual assault case with DS. Appellant’s Br. 20-21.2

Specifically, he argues that touching the pubic area does not constitute touching “any

part of the genitals.” Id. at 21. Accordingly, he claims that DS’s testimony that

Appellant touched her on the skin where the “hair grows” directly above her vagina

was legally insufficient to prove the offense. Id. Appellant’s proposed construction

of the term “genitals” contradicts the rulings of prior courts that have considered and

rejected his position. Appellant fails to address these adverse decisions.

Additional Facts

When DS testified about the abuse, she first described Appellant’s contact

with her genitals as “not where the flaps are, but, like, towards the top part.” 3 RR

104-05. She also described him as touching her on “[t]he part where like hair grows,

but not where the flaps are.” Id. at 111. She also stated that she could feel on her

2
Appellant erroneously mislabels his second issue as his third issue in the argument section of his
brief. Appellant’s Br. 20.
24

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
vagina where his hand was. Id. at 112. She later clarified that the touch was on the

skin immediately above the vagina. Id. at 142.

Applicable Law – Legal Sufficiency3

Evidence is legally sufficient if a rational trier of fact could have found each

element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. David v. State, 663 S.W.3d 673,

678 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022). In reviewing legal sufficiency, this Court examines all

of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Dunham v. State, 666

S.W.3d 477, 482 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023). Each fact need not point directly and

independently to guilt, as long as the cumulative force of all the incriminating

circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction. Id. The fact-finder is the

exclusive judge of the credibility/weight of the evidence and may draw any

reasonable inference from the evidence. David, 663 S.W.3d at 678. This Court does

not re-evaluate the weight or credibility of the evidence or substitute its judgment

3
Appellant provides this Court with an erroneous statement of the law by incorporating portions
of the defunct factual sufficiency standard that the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals abolished
fifteen years ago. See Appellant’s Br. 16-19; Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 812 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010) (abolishing factual sufficiency). He also erroneously invites the court to consider
“alternative reasonable hypotheses” when reviewing sufficiency. Appellant’s Br. 24. The Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals has long rejected this type of analysis. See Ingerson v. State, 559
S.W.3d 501, 509 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (“Focusing on other reasonable explanations for evidence
improperly applies the abrogated reasonable-alternative-hypothesis construct.”); Merritt v. State,
368 S.W.3d, 516, 527 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (to analyze reasonable alternative hypothesis
erroneously repudiates the jury’s prerogative to choose between conflicting theories of the case).

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
for that of the fact-finder. Tuazon v. State, 661 S.W.3d 178, 181 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2023, no pet.) (citing Bohannan v. State, 546 S.W.3d 166, 178 (Tex. Crim. App.

2017)).

This Court measures legal sufficiency by comparing the evidence to the

offense’s elements under a “hypothetically correct jury charge” which accurately

sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not increase the State’s burden,

and adequately describes the offense. Hernandez v. State, 556 S.W.3d 308, 312

(Tex. Crim. App. 2017). A person commits indecency with a child by contact if,

with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desires of any person, he touches any part

of the child’s genitals. Tex. Penal Code §§ 21.11(a)(1) & (c)(1). A child victim’s

testimony alone is sufficient to support a conviction for indecency with a child. Tex.

Code Crim. Pro. art. 38.07.

The Proper Construction of “Genitals” Includes the Entire Pubic Area

Evidence’s legal sufficiency sometimes depends on the meaning of the statute

under which a defendant is prosecuted. Milton v. State, --- S.W.3d ---, Nos. PD-

0282-24 & PD-0283-24, 2025 WL 1812862, *2 (Tex. Crim. App. 2025) (not yet

published) (citing Walker v. State, 594 S.W.3d 330, 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020)).

When, as here, an appellant presents a statutory construction argument as the

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
cornerstone of a legal sufficiency claim, this Court first interprets the statute, then

determines whether the appellant’s conduct constitutes an offense under the statute

as interpreted. Walker, 594 S.W.3d at 336. In such cases, this Court must interpret

a statute’s text in accordance with its plain meaning unless the text is ambiguous or

leads to an absurd result that the legislature could not have possibly intended. Cont’l

Heritage Ins. Co. v. State, 683 S.W.3d 407, 411 (Tex. Crim. App. 2024). This Court

also considers any prior judicial construction of the statute’s text. Jones v. State,

323 S.W.3d 885, 888 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). A prior judicial construction is the

law unless the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals overrules it. Id. at 888-89.

The statutory term at issue in the instant case is “genitals.” The term is not

statutorily defined. See Tex. Penal Code § 21.01. But the term has acquired an

established legal meaning from prior judicial constructions. See Breckenridge v.

State, 40 S.W.3d 118, 123 (Tex. App.—San Antonio, 2000 pet. ref’d).

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals analyzed the term in Clark v. State, 558

S.W.2d 887 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977). There, an appellant argued that the term only

included the vagina and no other part of a female’s genital area. Id. at 889. The

Texas Court of Criminal Appeals rejected that argument since the statute prohibits

touching “any part” of the genitals, which includes more than just the vagina. Id.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals specifically stated that the definition also

includes the vulva. Id.

The Fort Worth court later determined that the term encompasses the entire

genital area and pubic hair. Carmell v. State, 331 S.W.3d 450, 460 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2010, pet. ref’d) (touching “pubic hair” or “genital area” sufficient to

establish contact with “genitals” for the purpose of § 21.11). Other Texas courts

have similarly determined that the term “genitals” includes the entire pubic area.

Balsley v. State, No. 01-10-00560-CR, 2012 WL 3041449, at *6 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] July 26, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication)

(“We add that the evidence was also sufficient to establish that he touched any part

of [the victim’s] genitals by touching her pubic hair.”); Salcido v. State, No. 07-10-

00170-CR, 2011 WL 847010, at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Mar. 11, 2011, pet ref’d)

(mem. op., not designated for publication) (touching pubic hair is sufficient to prove

indecency because “[t]he pubic area is part of the vulva”).

As such, the proper construction of “any part of a child’s genitals” includes

the entire genital area and pubic hair. Accordingly, touching any part of a child’s

pubic area is sufficient to establish the element of touching a child’s genitals under

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Tex. Penal Code § 21.11. Carmell, 331 S.W.3d at 460; Balsley, 2012 WL 3041449

at *6; Salcido, 2011 WL 847010 at *3

The Evidence Was Sufficient

In the present case, DS testified to the abuse. Specifically, she stated that

Appellant put his hand under her pants on top of her underwear. Id. at 111-12. She

described the exact location on her body as “where like hair grows” and just “above

where the flaps are” on her vagina. Id. at 104-05, 111. She later described the

location as being the skin immediately above her vagina. Id. at 141-42. This was

sufficient to show sexual contact.4 See Carmell, 331 S.W.3d at 460 (“genitals”

encompasses the “pubic hair” and “genital area” for purposes of the statute); Balsley,

2012 WL 3041449 at *6; Salcido, 2011 WL 847010 at *3. Accordingly, her

testimony alone was sufficient for the jury to find him guilty beyond a reasonable

doubt. Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 38.07 (child victim’s testimony alone is sufficient).

Appellant Relies on an Erroneous Statutory Construction

Appellant claims that the evidence was insufficient, arguing that the pubic

area is not “any part of the genitals.” Appellant’s Br. 20-21. To support his faulty

4
Appellant’s argument on this issue is limited to whether the area he touched was “any part of the
genitals.” Appellant’s Br. 20-21. Accordingly, the State limits its discussion of the evidence’s
sufficiency to this element of the offense.
29

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
construction of the term “genitals,” he relies on: (1) the San Antonio court’s decision

in Lujan v. State, 626 S.W.2d 854, 859 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1981, pet. ref’d);

and (2) the definition of “intimate parts” in the unlawful disclosure of intimate visual

material statute at Tex. Penal Code § 21.16. Id. at 21.

Appellant relies on the San Antonio court’s decision Lujan for the proposition

that “[t]he genitalia as defined by Texas courts encompasses the vulva along with

the vagina” and does not include the pubic area. Appellant’s Br. 21. His reliance is

misplaced because Lujan did not limit the definition of “genitals,” but rather

recognized that the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals noted in Clark that it included

more than just the vagina. Lujan, 626 S.W.2d at 858-59. Nothing in Lujan suggests

excluding the pubic area from the definition of “genitals” for the purpose of § 21.11.

Indeed, stating that the definition encompasses more than just the vagina (and

specifically includes the vulva) does not necessarily limit the definition. Further, the

Amarillo Court later determined (after consulting Gray’s Anatomy of the Human

Body) that the “pubic area is part of the vulva.” Salcido, 2011 WL 847010 at *3.

Lujan simply does not support Appellant’s argument—particularly in light of

subsequent case law that recognizes the entire pubic area as part of the genitals. See

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Carmell, 331 S.W.3d at 460; Balsley, 2012 WL 3041449 at *6; Salcido, 2011 WL

847010 at *3.

Appellant also argues that the legislature’s listing of both “naked genitals”

and “pubic area” as “intimate parts” in the unlawful disclosure statute indicates a

legislative intent to exclude the pubic area from the definition of “genitals.” Id. This

argument misapplies the canons of statutory construction. Ordinarily, a court only

looks to the wording of other statutes when the language at bar is ambiguous, it has

not acquired a particular meaning, or imposing its plain meaning would lead to an

absurd result. See Liverman v. State, 470 S.W.3d 831, 836 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015);

Clinton v. State, 354 S.W.3d 795, 800 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “Genitals” is not an

ambiguous word that requires this Court to discern its meaning based on how other

statutes use it. The term has already acquired an established legal meaning. See

Clark, 558 S.W.2d at 889, Carmell, 331 S.W.3d at 460; Salcido, 2011 WL 847010

at *3. That legal meaning, for the purpose of § 21.11, includes the entire genital area

and anything covered by pubic hair. See Carmell, 331 S.W.3d at 460; Balsley, 2012

WL 3041449 at *6; Salcido, 2011 WL 847010 at *3. So this Court need not consider

other statutes to determine which body parts the term encompasses.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Even if the Court were to consider the unlawful disclosure statute, the mere

listing of “naked genitals” and “pubic area” as “intimate parts” in the unlawful

disclosure statute does not suggest that the legislature intended to exclude the pubic

area from “any part of the genitals” in the indecency statute. See generally, Tex.

Gov’t Code § 311.023 (consideration of legislative intent). The unlawful disclosure

statute criminalizes the disclosure of visual material depicting a person’s “intimate

parts.” See Tex. Penal Code § 21.16(b). It does not purport to define “genitals.” If

the legislature wanted to define “genitals,” it would have amended § 21.01 or 21.11.

See State v. Vasilas, 187 S.W.3d 486, 489 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (if the legislature

enacted something different than intended, it would amend the statute). It would not

bury the definition in a questionable reading of an unrelated statute.

Because the proper definition of “genitals” encompasses the entire pubic area,

and the evidence established that Appellant touched DS’s pubic area, the evidence

was legally sufficient. This Court should overrule Appellant’s second issue and

affirm the trial court’s judgment in Cause No. 05-24-01220-CR.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
III. The evidence was legally sufficient to sustain Appellant’s conviction for
continuous sexual abuse of a child.
In his third issue, Appellant argues that the evidence was legally insufficient

to support his conviction for continuous sexual abuse of a child against NM.

Appellant’s Br. 21-26. Specifically, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to

show that the abuse incidents occurred over a period of 30 days or more. Id. at 25-

26. The evidence was sufficient because NM’s and Mother’s combined testimony

gave the jury sufficient benchmarks from which to infer without speculation that the

first and last incidents were 30 or more days apart.

Additional Facts

Mother testified that she left NM’s father in 2015, when NM was

approximately four years old. 3 RR 53. Afterwards, NM would do visitations at

Appellant’s house on alternating weekends for the next five years until DS’s outcry.

Id. at 56, 63. NM testified that Appellant began abusing her when she was six or

seven years old (around 2017). Id. at 154. Appellant touched NM on her vagina

with his hand while naked on at least four occasions during her weekend visitations.

Id. at 151-82, 225. These instances of abuse only occurred on visitations where

NM’s father was not home. Id. at 164, 182. They began in the summertime, but

ended at some point after summer was over. Id. at 157, 177, 219-20.
33

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Standard of Review and Applicable Law

Evidence is legally sufficient if a rational jury could have found each element

of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt, considering all properly and improperly

admitted evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Dunham, 666 S.W.3d

at 482; David, 663 S.W.3d at 678; Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 766. When reviewing

legal sufficiency, this Court defers to the jury’s role as the sole judge of the

evidence’s weight/credibility and the jury’s right to draw any reasonable inferences

that the evidence supports. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899; David, 663 S.W.3d at 678.

When the record supports conflicting inferences, this Court presumes the jury

resolved any conflicts in favor of the verdict, and defers to that determination.

Dunham, 666 S.W.3d at 482. This Court compares the evidence to the offense’s

elements under a “hypothetically correct jury charge” that sets out the law as

authorized by the indictment without increasing the State’s burden of proof or

restricting the theories of liability, while adequately describing the offense.

Hernandez, 556 S.W.3d at 312.

A person commits continuous sexual abuse of a child if: (1) during a period

of 30 or more days; (2) the actor commits two or more acts of sexual abuse; (3) the

actor is 17 or older; and (4) the victim is younger than 14. Tex. Penal Code 21.02(b).

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Indecency with a child by contact is an act of sexual abuse that will support a

continuous sexual abuse of a child charge. Id. at § 21.02(c)(2). The child victim’s

testimony alone is sufficient to support a conviction for continuous sexual abuse of

a child. Garner v. State, 523 S.W.3d 266, 271 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2017, no pet.);

Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 38.07.

To determine whether the evidence is sufficient to prove that the offense

occurred over a period of 30 or more days, this Court considers benchmarks in the

child’s testimony, such as the number of abuses and the victim’s age when the abuses

occurred. Meza v. State, 706 S.W.3d 914, 922 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2024, pet. ref’d).

The Evidence Was Sufficient

The sole contested element in Appellant’s third issue is duration: whether the

State proved that the first and last abuse incidents were more than 30 days apart.

Appellant’s Br. 21-26. In the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational jury could

easily infer that more than thirty days elapsed between the first and last incidents

based on Mother’s and NM’s combined testimony.

Initially, the jury could reasonably infer that the four instances of abuse were

separated by at least two weeks each. Mother testified that NM’s visitations only

occurred every other weekend. 3 RR 56. This means that at least two weeks

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
separated each visitation. NM then testified to four distinct instances of abuse that

occurred on visitations when her father was not present. Id. at 164, 182, 225.

Separating the four instances of abuse by two weeks between each incident, the

abuse would have gone on for at least 60 days. Accordingly, there would be well

more than 30 days between the first and last incidents of abuse. Baugh v. State, No.

05-18-00523-CR, 2019 WL 3212135, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 9, 2019, no

pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (reasonable to infer minimum of 60

days from four abuse instances separated by at least two weeks each). As such,

NM’s and Mother’s combined testimony sufficiently proved the duration element.5

Additionally, NM testified that the first instance occurred in the summertime.

3 RR 157, 219.6 She then testified that it was no longer summertime when the last

abuse incident occurred. Id. at 177, 220 (“It was no longer summer, but I don’t

know, like, if it was winter, like, maybe like September or something like that.”).

5
The record reflects that NM’s father was frequently absent and the abuse only occurred when he
was not present. See 3 RR 149, 164, 181-82. But there is no testimony as to which visitations he
actually missed. The abuse would occur over a 60-day period if it was on four consecutive
visitations. It would be much longer if father’s absence were interspersed among the visitations.
Accordingly, the testimony established a minimum of 60 days.
6
Texas courts have recognized that “summer” in the parlance of a child means the three months
that school is out from June to August. See Minnis v. State, No. 02-20-00027-CR, 2021 WL 62127,
at *6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 7, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
36

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
This also supports the reasonable inference that the abuse incidents were more than

30 days apart. Wishert v. State, 654 S.W.3d 317, 329 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2022,

pet. ref’d) (evidence sufficient when abuse began in summer and continued into

school year); see also Lopez-Martinez v. State, No. 05-21-00319-CR, 2022 WL

16706964, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Nov. 4, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication) (sufficient when acts occur in different seasons).

Considered as a whole, the evidence was sufficient for a rational jury to

conclude that the first and last abuse incidents were more than 60 days apart, which

is far more than the 30 days necessary to convict Appellant. See Baugh, 2019 WL

3212135 at *3. For these reasons, this Court should overrule Appellant’s third issue

and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Appellant’s Argument Overlooks the Cumulative Evidence

Appellant’s argument focuses on NM’s inability to testify to a specific

timeframe. Appellant’s Br. 25-26. But the issue is not whether NM’s testimony

alone could establish the 30-day timeframe. The issue whether all of the evidence

combined could do so. Dunham, 666 S.W.3d at 482 (focus is on cumulative force

of evidence); Merritt, 368 S.W.3d at 526 (eschewing a “divide-and-conquer”

approach to sufficiency review). NM’s testimony of four distinct instances during

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
visitation weekends combined with Mother’s testimony that visitation only occurred

every other weekend was sufficient to prove more than 30 days between the first and

last incident. See 3 RR 53-56, 164, 225; Baugh, 2019 WL 3212135 at *3.

Appellant also argues that “[t]he uncertainty surrounding [NM]’s testimony

and her inability to remember factual details of the incidents support conclusions

reached by speculation.” Appellant’s Br. 26. This argument invites the Court to re-

evaluate the weight and credibility of NM’s testimony, which this Court does not

do. Tuazon, 661 S.W.3d at 181. NM testified about the four acts of abuse that she

could clearly recall. 3 RR 151-82. The jury was well aware of her inability to recall

certain details. Indeed, she was a 13-year-old child testifying about events that

occurred when she was six or seven. Id. at 144, 154. Nevertheless, the jury chose

to convict, indicating they believed her testimony. Perez v. State, No. 05-19-01225-

CR, 2021 WL 869636, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 9, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.,

not designated for publication) (“. . . by returning a guilty verdict, we must infer that

the jury believed [the victim’s] testimony regarding [the appellant’s] sexual abuse.”).

This Court should overrule Appellant’s third issue, affirm the trial court’s judgment

in Cause No. 05-24-01221-CR, and decline Appellant’s implied invitation to second-

guess the jury.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
IV. Appellant fails to demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel because the
record is silent as to trial counsel’s strategy.
In his fourth issue, Appellant argues that his counsel was constitutionally

deficient for not objecting to extraneous offense evidence. The evidence was

admissible. The record is silent on counsel’s strategy. Appellant cannot overcome

the presumption that counsel’s decision to permit evidence without objection was

tactical, and part of a sound legal strategy. Appellant cannot show prejudice.

Additional Facts

In its initial written notice of extraneous offenses, the State announced its

intent to introduce nearly two dozen extraneous matters, including evidence that

Appellant “kissed [MM] on her mouth when she was under seventeen years of age”

during its case in chief. CR 1: 49-51; CR 2: 48-50; CR 3: 47-49. Prior to opening

statements, the trial court held a hearing on the State’s extraneous evidence proffers.

3 RR 5-22. During this hearing, the State abandoned its intent to introduce evidence

of Appellant’s conduct towards MM under Article 38.37. Id. at 7 (abandoning

“Subsection J”). The State proceeded to proffer evidence of Appellant’s improper

conduct towards MM under Rule 404(b) instead. 3 RR 11-22. MM testified at this

hearing that Appellant exhibited inappropriate conduct towards her when she was

11 or 12 years old. Id. at 14, 16. She was in the living room when Appellant started
39

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
saying that he did not have a girlfriend. Id. at 14, 16, 19. MM told him that she did

not have a boyfriend either. Id. at 14, 17, 19-20. So Appellant responded that he

wanted to “teach” MM “how to kiss a boy.” Id. at 17, 20. He proceeded to kiss and

lick her on her hand and ear. Id. at 15-17, 20. Afterwards, he instructed her not to

tell anyone. Id. at 16, 21. At the end of the hearing, the trial court accepted the

proffer and agreed to hear any argument on Rule 404(b) at a later time. Id. at 21-22.

MM later testified before the jury, and described the same events as she had

described in the hearing. Id. at 230-70. When MM testified, Appellant did not assert

an objection under Rule 404. Instead, he attempted to discredit MM during cross-

examination by insinuating her testimony contradicted earlier versions of the events:

Appellant: Okay. And you’d agree that in 2019 you stated, I guess --
so to clarify, yesterday when you were testifying, you were saying that
he began kissing the back of your hand and licking the back of your
hand, and then he went up to your cheek or ear –

MM: No, I did not say that. I said that he went to the back of my hand.
He stopped. Went to my ear.

Appellant: Okay. So he was kissing and licking the back of your hand?

MM: Yes.

Appellant: And then he was kissing and licking your ear?

MM: Yes.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Appellant: And do you remember in the 2019 forensic interview that
you were not describing it as the back of your hand, and you were
describing it as your arm and kind of pointing in this area?

MM: Again, I was 13 years old. I had just been through a traumatic
event, and it was scary for me to go against my family. And I -- I --
especially going through trauma like that, I had blackouts, like I’d black
out from my trauma because I had been through so much. I forget where
I am for at least ten seconds because of my PTSD. So I don’t recall most
information because it was super traumatic for me.

Appellant: That makes it hard to keep your story straight then, right?

MM: I mean, you remember something that happened five years ago,
maybe six, and tell me how you -- tell me about it in detail right up here.

4 RR 70-71. He also tried to discredit her by pointing out that she wants to get the

other children away from Appellant, she brought a note to her interview, and her

mother accused her of lying. Id. at 64-70.

Appellant later testified and admitted to the conversation where he told MM

that he did not have a girlfriend and she responded, “It’s okay grandpa. I don’t have

a boyfriend.” Id. at 161-62. But he denied anything sexual happening. Id. at 162-

64.

Standard of Review and Applicable Law

A criminal defendant enjoys a Sixth Amendment right to the effective

assistance of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 688, 694 (1984); Lopez v.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142-44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Assistance is ineffective

when: (1) counsel’s performance is deficient; and (2) the deficient performance

prejudices the defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 674; Compton v. State, 666 S.W.3d

685, 714 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023).

Courts determine whether a defendant has received effective assistance by the

totality of the representation, rather than isolated acts or omissions of trial counsel.

See Ex parte Raborn, 658 S.W.2d 602, 605 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). It is the

defendant’s burden to prove ineffective assistance by a preponderance of the

evidence. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Courts

presume that trial counsel made all significant decisions in the exercise of reasonable

professional judgment. See Delrio v. State, 840 S.W.2d 443, 447 (Tex. Crim. App.

1992). An ineffectiveness allegation must overcome the strong presumption that

counsel’s conduct was constitutionally adequate, within the wide range of

reasonably professional assistance, and was the result of sound trial strategy or

tactical decision. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689; State v. Morales, 253 S.W.3d 686,

696 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (en banc). An ineffective assistance claim must be

firmly founded in the record to overcome this presumption. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at

814.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Counsel’s Performance Was Not Deficient

Appellant cannot satisfy the first prong of Strickland by demonstrating

deficient performance. Performance is deficient when counsel made such serious

errors as to not be functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.

Compton, 666 S.W.3d at 714. In other words, counsel’s actions do not meet the

objective norms for professional conduct. Mitchell v. State, 68 S.W.3d 640, 642

(Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Here, the record does not demonstrate deficient

performance because: (1) the disputed testimony was admissible; and (2) the record

is silent regarding trial counsel’s strategy.

1. The Disputed Evidence Was Admissible

Counsel cannot be ineffective by failing to make a meritless objection.

Compton, 666 S.W.3d at 731. Allegations of deficient performance for failing to

object require an appellant to demonstrate: (1) the evidence was inadmissible, and

(2) the objection would have been granted. See Ortiz v. State, 93 S.W.3d 79, 93

(Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Essentially, he must prove that the trial court would have

erred by overruling the objection. Vaughn v. State, 931 S.W.2d 564, 566 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1996).

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Here, MM’s testimony was admissible. Rule 404(b) permits the admission of

extraneous conduct for numerous purposes, including rebuttal of defensive theories

presented in opening statements. Tex. R. Evid. 404(b)(2); Valadez v. State, 663

S.W.3d 133, 141 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022); Dabney v. State, 492 S.W.3d 309, 317

(Tex. Crim. App. 2016); De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 343 (Tex. Crim. App.

2009).

The trial court accepted the State’s proffer of extraneous conduct evidence in

a hearing outside the jury’s presence, but held off on hearing any arguments

regarding Rule 404(b) until later. 3 RR 21. This suggests that the trial court believed

the evidence may be admissible for rebuttal, since that basis would require analysis

of the opening statements and cross-examinations, neither of which had occurred yet

at this point in the trial. See Dabney, 492 S.W.3d at 317; De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at

343; Fisher v. State, No. 05-19-00851-CR, 2022 WL 2900968, at *8 (Tex. App.—

Dallas July 22, 2022, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Indeed,

MM’s testimony would have been admissible to rebut the portion of the defensive

theory that claimed NM’s and DS’s outcries were fabricated for Mother to get

custody of NM. See 3 RR 40-41. After all, MM’s claims were separate from NM’s

and DS’s, so their existence would rebut the notion that the children fabricated

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
claims to assist Mother with a custody dispute. See Bass v. State, 270 S.W.3d 557,

563 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (extraneous offense admissible to rebut fabrication).

Appellant argues that the MM’s testimony was inadmissible because it

differed from the anticipated testimony described in the notice, meaning the State

failed to satisfy Rule 404(b)’s notice requirement. Appellant’s Br. 31. But

extraneous conduct offered for rebuttal purposes under Rule 404(b) is exempt from

the notice requirement. See Dabney, 492 S.W.3d at 317. As such, Appellant cannot

show either that the evidence was inadmissible or that any objection would have

been sustained.

2. The Record is Silent Regarding Trial Counsel’s Strategy

Even if the testimony were inadmissible, permitting inadmissible testimony

without objection can be a strategic move that is part of a sound trial strategy.

Stafford v. State, 813 S.W.2d 503, 508 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). The record is silent

on why he permitted MM to testify without objection, so this Court cannot speculate

on counsel’s motives. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814. But it is clear from the

record that the decision was strategic—it was not an oversight.

A silent record ordinarily cannot defeat the strong presumption of effective

assistance of counsel. See Garza v. State, 213 S.W.3d 338, 348 (Tex. Crim. App.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
2007); Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813-14. In the absence of direct evidence of trial

counsel’s reasons for the challenged conduct, this Court will assume a strategic

motivation if any can be imagined. Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d 436, 440 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2001). Unless trial counsel has had an opportunity to explain his decisions, the

challenged conduct must be “so outrageous that no competent attorney would have

engaged in it” for this Court to find deficient performance. Goodspeed v. State, 187

S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

Here, the record is silent as to why trial counsel allowed MM to testify without

objection. But the record demonstrates that he did not simply fail to object—rather,

the decision to permit MM’s testimony appears intentional. Trial counsel spent a

considerable portion of his opening statement telling the jury about MM’s outcry,

arguing that MM fabricated her allegations in an effort to get away from her mother

Amanda and Appellant’s family. 3 RR 41-42. Specifically, he stated:

Now, at that same time those things I just described to you are
happening, there’s another storm. There’s another storm brewing in
this house, and that involves [MM]. You guys are going to hear from
[MM]. She is Amanda’s daughter. I’m going to tell you, she hates her
mom so much.

Her mom also has problems, problems with drugs, problems with
alcohol, problems with the people she associated with and let into her
house. So there were different points where Amanda and [MM], they
would live with [Appellant]. Then they had their own place just down
46

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
the street. Then [MM] would get removed from the home, back and
forth. Sometimes she would be living with her dad, be living with her
mom, be living with grandpa, be living with different people.

But one thing was crystal clear the entire time: [MM] wanted out of that
house. She wanted away from Amanda. She wanted away from the
Munos family. And you’re going to hear that she’s been making up
allegations to try to accomplish that for years. You’re going to hear
some of those are probably true from the physical abuse, things that
happened when she was younger, some of the things that happened with
her mother’s drug use. Those were true and those were problems.

But she kept getting re-placed with her mom because her mom would
get clean. Her mom would demonstrate to CPS that she could give care
for this child again.

And for [MM], things would kind of intensify, every time she would
make an allegation, it would build, it would be like a snowball, keep
increasing. At some point she has to get removed. Right? At some point
she has to -- this has to end.

And just like [NM], [Mother], [MM] got what she wanted after these
allegations. She went to live with her father. She has not had to live
with Amanda since.

Id. As seen in the above quote, Appellant’s trial counsel told the jury in his opening

statement that they were “going to hear from MM.” See id. So it is reasonable to

infer from the record that permitting her testimony without objection was not an

oversight—it was intentional.

When cross-examining MM, trial counsel built on his opening-statement

claim that she fabricated her allegation to get away from Appellant’s family. 4 RR
47

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
61 (MM did not like her mother and wanted to live with someone else), 63-64 (MM

wanted to get away from Appellant’s family), 73 (allegation resulted in removal

from the family). He sought to discredit her. Id. at 65 (her mother believed she was

a liar), 71 (suggesting her story changed since her first forensic interview). And he

used the fact that MM brought a handwritten note to her 2023 forensic interview to

imply that she had a nefarious agenda. Id. at 66-67, 69-70. This further suggests

that permitting her to testify without objection was intentional and strategic.

Appellant argues that objections to extraneous conduct testimony are

“standard practice.” Appellant’s Br. 31-32. But he offers no legal authority for this

claim, or for the implied notion that deviation from this alleged “standard practice”

satisfies Strickland as a matter of law. See id. Instead, he merely asserts the

conclusory claim that “the record supports that [trial counsel] was not functioning

as the counsel Appellant is guaranteed under the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 32.

Based on the record, Appellant cannot show that there was no plausible

professional reason for trial counsel to permit MM to testify without objection. See

Stafford, 813 S.W.2d at 508 (permitting testimony can be strategic). As such the

record does not firmly demonstrate performance below an objective standard of

reasonableness. See Johnson v. State, 624 S.W.3d 579, 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021).

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Accordingly, Appellant cannot rebut the presumption of competent representation

and satisfy the first prong of Strickland.

Appellant Cannot Demonstrate Prejudice

Even if trial counsel’s representation were deficient, Appellant cannot satisfy

the second prong of Strickland by demonstrating prejudice. Strickland, 466 U.S. at

694. Deficient performance is prejudicial when there is a reasonable probability (i.e.

“sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome”) that, but for the lawyer’s

errors, the proceeding would have ended differently. Compton, 666 S.W.3d at 714.

Here, there is no reasonable probability that, but for MM’s testimony, the

outcome would have been different. Initially, any prejudice in admitting an

extraneous act is limited when the extraneous conduct is not as egregious as the

charged conduct. See Robisheaux v. State, 483 S.W.3d 205, 220 (Tex. App.—Austin

2016, pet. ref’d). MM testified that Appellant licked and kissed her on her hand and

ear. 3 RR 251-55. This conduct would have only constituted the Class C

misdemeanor of assault offensive contact at the time of the occurrence.7 See Tex.

Penal Code § 22.01(a)(3).

7
Under a more recent statute, the conduct may constitute a Class A Misdemeanor Indecent Assault.
See Tex. Penal Code § 22.012(a)(4). This is still far less egregious than the charged conduct.
49

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
A single instance of a misdemeanor assault is significantly less egregious than

any of the charged offenses. Accordingly, any prejudice would be minimal at the

outset. See Robisheaux, 483 S.W.3d at 220.

Further, the trial court gave the jury a limiting instruction, stating:

The defendant is on trial solely on the charge contained in the
indictment. In reference to evidence, if any, that the defendant has
previously participated in recent transactions or acts, other than but
similar to that which is charged in the indictment in this case, you are
instructed that you cannot consider such other transactions or acts, if
any, for any purpose unless you find and believe beyond a reasonable
doubt that the defendant participated in such transactions or committed
such acts, if any. Even then, you cannot convict the defendant solely
because you believe he committed similar acts, other than the ones for
which he is on trial.

You are instructed that if there is any testimony before you in this case
regarding the defendant having committed offenses other than the
offenses alleged against him in the indictment in this case, you cannot
consider said testimony for any purpose unless you find and believe
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed such other
offenses, if any were committed, and even then you may only consider
the same in determining the motive, opportunity, intent, preparation,
plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or accident or, but to
rebut a defense theory, if any, in connection with the offense alleged
against him in the indictment in this case, and for no other purpose.

5 RR 42-43. The jury presumptively followed these instructions. Garcia v. State,

614 S.W.3d 749, 757 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019); Thrift v. State, 176 S.W.3d 221, 224

(Tex. Crim. App. 2005). A jury instruction from the trial court minimizes the risk

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
that a jury may make an impermissible inference from extraneous conduct. Lane v.

State, 933 S.W.2d 504, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Appellant does not rebut the

presumption that the jury followed the trial court’s instruction. Appellant does not

demonstrate that the outcome would have been different absent MM’s testimony.

As such, he does not show prejudice and has not met the second prong of Strickland.

MM’s testimony was admissible as rebuttal evidence. Even if her testimony

were not admissible, the record is silent on trial counsel’s exact reason for letting

MM testify without objection. But it is clear from the record that his decision was

not an oversight—it was intentional and strategic. Accordingly, Appellant cannot

show deficient performance to satisfy the first prong of Strickland.

The extraneous matters were far less egregious than the charged conduct and

the trial court provided a limiting instruction. Thus, Appellant cannot show a

reasonable probability that MM’s testimony affected the trial’s outcome—meaning

he cannot show prejudice to satisfy the second prong of Strickland.

For these reasons, this Court should overrule Appellant’s fourth issue and

affirm the trial court’s judgments in all three cases.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
V. The denial of a mistrial was within the zone of reasonable disagreement
because Appellant failed to demonstrate a discovery violation.
In his fifth issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by denying a

mistrial when the State was unable to produce written notes that MM took with her

to her forensic interview. Appellant’s Br. 32-33. Appellant failed to preserve his

issue with a timely objection. He failed to develop a record sufficient for this Court

to determine whether there was a discovery violation. He failed to demonstrate a

discovery violation to the trial court. And he failed to demonstrate the incurable

prejudice necessary to justify a mistrial.

Additional Facts

When MM underwent her second forensic interview, she took a handwritten

note with her to ensure that she covered everything that she wanted to disclose. 4

RR 64, 66-67, 69-70. The forensic interviewer read this note aloud on recording of

the forensic interview. Id. at 124. Forensic interview supervisor McKenzie

McIntosh interviewed NM and reviewed recordings of DS’s and MM’s interviews.

Id. at 22. Appellant asked to review the note prior to trial. Id. at 123-24.

Appellant tried to use the note in a Rule 702 hearing to exclude Ms.

McIntosh’s testimony, alleging that allowing MM to bring the note violated standard

protocol. Id. at 35-43. He then cross-examined MM regarding both the note’s
52

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
existence and content before the jury. Id. at 66-70. He also cross-examined Ms.

McIntosh about the note as well. Id. at 112-13.

After the State rested its case-in-chief, and the trial court denied multiple

directed verdict motions, Appellant requested a mistrial claiming that the State had

a duty to provide a copy of MM’s note to the defense. Id. at 123-24. The State

responded that the contents were disclosed via the audio recording of the forensic

interviewer reading the note aloud. Id. at 124. The State also responded that the

note is not in the State’s possession: having checked with the investigating agency

and the Children’s Advocacy Center. Id. at 124-26. MM also no longer had the

note. Id. at 64, 127-28. Appellant claimed that the State had an “affirmative duty”

to successfully track down the note and produce it for his inspection. See id. at 125.

He also argued that “[t]here’s no way to know whether it was read accurately into—

on video by the forensic interviewer.” Id. The trial court denied Appellant’s request

for a mistrial. Id. at 128.

Standard of Review and Applicable Law – Mistrial

This Court reviews a trial court’s denial of a motion for mistrial for an abuse

of discretion. Ocon v. State, 284 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). This

Court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling,

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
considers only the arguments before the trial court at the time of the ruling, and will

uphold the ruling if it falls within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. This

Court may not “substitute its judgment for that of the trial court, but rather must

decide whether the trial court’s decision was arbitrary or unreasonable.” State v.

Gonzalez, 855 S.W.2d 692, 695 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).

A mistrial halts proceedings when error is so prejudicial that further

expenditure of time and expense would be wasteful and futile. Hallman v. State, ---

S.W.3d ---, No. PD-0332-22, 2025 WL 1812902, at *5 (Tex. Crim. App. 2025) (not

yet published). So a trial court may declare a mistrial “if an impartial verdict cannot

be reached, or if a verdict of conviction could be reached but would have to be

reversed on appeal due to an obvious procedural error.” Id. Whether an error

justifies a mistrial depends on “the peculiar facts and circumstances of each case.”

Id. Mistrial is only necessary in extreme circumstances where the prejudice is

incurable. Id.

Applicable Law – Discovery

Under Texas law, on the defendant’s request, the State must produce and

permit the inspection/duplication of any relevant inculpatory evidence in the State’s

possession as soon as is practicable. See Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 39.14(a); Watkins

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
v. State, 619 S.W.3d 265, 277-78 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021). If the State fails to comply

with this requirement, the trial court has discretion to exclude the evidence. State

v. Heath, 696 S.W.3d 677, 709 (Tex. Crim. App. 2024). The State must disclose

any exculpatory, mitigating, or impeaching information or evidence regardless of

whether the defense has made any request. Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 39.14(h). If

the State fails to comply with this free-standing duty, the remedy may include a new

trial if the omission causes sufficient harm. Hallman, 2025 WL 1812902 at *15.

The State presents the following table to illustrate key differences between

paragraphs (a) and (h) of Article 39.14:

Article 39.14(a) Article 39.14(h)

Evidence in the State’s Evidence or Information in
What is Discoverable
Possession the State’s Possession
Inculpatory (Does Not Tend to Exculpatory, Mitigating,
Character Rendering
Negate Guilt or Mitigate Impeaching, Tends to Negate
Discoverability
Punishment) Guilt or Reduce Punishment
Triggering Requirement Defense Request Free-Standing
Produce and Permit Inspection
Action Required of the
and Electronic Duplication/ Disclosure
State
Copying of the Evidence
As Soon as Practicable After
Timeframe None
Receiving a Timely Request

Trial Court’s Discretion Up To Trial Court’s Discretion Up
Remedy For Violation
Exclusion To Mistrial

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
See Tex. Code Crim. Pro. arts. 39.14(a) & (h); Heath, 696 S.W.3d at 703-08;

Watkins, 619 S.W.3d at 277-78; see also Hallman, 2025 WL 1812902, at *15 (trial

court has discretion to deny mistrial for paragraph (h) violation if omission has no

substantial or injurious effect).

Appellant Failed to Preserve the Issue

As an initial matter, Appellant has forfeited any complaint about article 39.14

by failing to make a timely objection. Article 39.14 complaints are subject to

preservation requirements. Glover v. State, 496 S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d); Finley v. State, No. 05-23-00420-CR, 2024

WL 4969955, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 4, 2024, no pet.) (mem op., not

designated for publication). A party must make a complaint as soon as the grounds

become apparent—as soon as the defense knows or should know that an error has

occurred. Foyt v. State, 602 S.W.3d 23, 49–50 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2020, pet. ref’d). Even prior to the Michael Morton Act, defendants were required

to raise any Brady complaints as soon as the grounds for the complaint became

apparent. See Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

Here Appellant did not object when he first learned about MM’s note, which

ostensibly occurred when he reviewed the forensic interview recording. See 4 RR

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
124. He requested the note before trial. See Id. at 123-24. But he did not object

before or during the State’s case-in-chief about the absence of the note. Indeed, he

confronted Ms. McIntosh about it when trying to exclude her testimony in a Rule

702 hearing. 4 RR 35-39, 43-44, 52. He then cross-examined MM about it, and even

relied on some of the note’s contents during cross-examination. Id. at 64, 69-70. He

later used it to cross-examine Ms. McIntosh before the jury. Id. at 112-13. He did

not raise his complaint to the trial court until after the State had rested. Id. at 123.

By failing to raise his objection in a timely manner, Appellant forfeited any

complaint about article 39.14. See Ruiz v. State, Nos. 14-23-00857-CR & 14-23-

00859-CR, 2025 WL 1634787, at *9-10 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 10,

2025, no pet. h.) (mem op., not designated for publication) (Michael Morton

complaint forfeited when appellant did not raise it until day after State introduced

the evidence). Accordingly, this Court should overrule Appellant’s fifth issue as

unpreserved.

Appellant Failed to Develop a Record Sufficient for Review

Additionally, it is not possible for this Court to review Appellant’s claims

because he failed to develop a sufficient record to show whether there was an Article

39.14 violation. That is, Appellant failed to include the content of the note (as read

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
on the recording) into the appellate record. An appellant bears the burden of

developing a sufficient record in the trial court to resolve any issues presented.

London v. State, 490 S.W.3d 503, 508 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016).

Here, MM’s note was lost, but the forensic interviewer read the note during

the forensic interview recording. 4 RR 124. Appellant speculates (as he did before

the trial court) that the forensic interviewer may not have read the note in its entirety

and some unread portion may contain exculpatory, mitigating, or impeaching

information. Id. at 125; Appellant’s Br. 33. But he did not develop the record to

substantiate or refute this speculation. Appellant did not admit the recording or

proffer the note’s contents (as read in the recording), so this Court does not know

the note’s contents and therefore cannot determine if anything falls under Article

39.14(h) or if the interviewer’s reading seemed incomplete. Appellant did not ask

MM whether the interviewer’s reading was incomplete. See 4 RR 62-73. Appellant

did not call the interviewer to testify on the recording’s completeness.

In short, Appellant presents nothing for this Court to review because the note’s

contents are not in the appellate record.8 He speculates that MM’s note may have

8
The only contents that can be gleaned from the record are the portions that Appellant challenged
MM with in cross-examination: her mother’s drug use, NM’s father’s alcoholism, concerns about
the physical safety of the children still in the house, and an allegation that both Appellant and
NM’s father were abusing one of the other children. 4 RR 67.
58

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
contained discoverable information, but he made no effort to ensure that this Court

could determine from the record whether that speculation has any merit. So the

record is insufficient for this Court to make such a determination. Accordingly, this

Court should overrule his fifth issue and affirm the trial court’s judgment in all three

cases.

The Trial Court Did Not Err Because There Was No Discovery Violation

Even if the issue were preserved and the record were properly developed, the

trial court’s denial of the mistrial was easily within the zone of reasonable

disagreement. If the State had failed to produce any requested evidence in its

possession for inspection, the trial court would have been free to exclude such

evidence. Heath, 696 S.W.3d at 709. If the State failed to disclose any exculpatory,

mitigating, or impeaching evidence or information in its possession, then a mistrial

may have been appropriate if the omission was harmful. Hallman, 2025 WL

1812902 at *15. But Appellant was unable to demonstrate either to the trial court.

1. The Note Was Not in the State’s Possession

Initially, Appellant failed to show that the evidence he sought was even in the

State’s possession. Evidence must be in the State’s possession for either paragraph

(a) or (h) to impose a discovery requirement. Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 39.14(a) &

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
(h). If evidence is not in the State’s possession because it has been lost or destroyed,

then a mistrial or dismissal is justified only if: (a) it was actually exculpatory; or (b)

it was potentially exculpatory and the defendant proves the State lost the evidence

in bad faith. Guzman v. State, 539 S.W.3d 394, 401 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2017, pet. ref’d); Estraca v. State, No. 13-23-00482-CR, 2025 WL 339173, at *6

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Jan. 30, 2025, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for

publication).

Here, neither the prosecutor, investigating agency, nor the Children’s

Advocacy Center had MM’s note. 4 RR 126-27. Neither did MM. Id. at 64, 127-

28. Appellant cannot show that it was actually exculpatory, and he made no effort

to show any bad faith in the note’s loss. Moreover, the State negated any notion of

bad faith by outlining its efforts to find the note to the trial court. Id. at 125-28.

Accordingly, the State’s inability to produce the note would not justify a mistrial or

dismissal. Guzman, 539 S.W.3d at 401; Estraca, 2025 WL 339173 at *6.

2. The State Disclosed the Discoverable Information in Accordance with 39.14(h)

Additionally, the State fulfilled its discovery duties. The existence of the note

itself was discoverable information under Article 39.14(h) because the mere fact that

MM brought a note to the interview could be used to impeach both MM and Ms.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
McIntosh. See Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 39.14(h). Under Article 39.14(h), the State

could fulfill its discovery requirements by disclosing this to Appellant. See id. And

the State did just that. The State disclosed the note’s existence and the note’s

contents (as contained on the recording) to Appellant, and he used it to impeach both

MM and Ms. McIntosh. 4 RR 66-70, 112-13. So there was no discovery violation.

Appellant’s argument to the trial court erroneously blended portions of

paragraphs (a) and (h) of Article 39.14 in an effort to render the State’s disclosure

inadequate. He essentially argued that the State needed to permit his inspection of

MM’s note per paragraph (a) on the basis that it may contain discoverable

information under paragraph (h). See 4 RR 124.9 This argument did not comport

with the statute. If there was exculpatory, mitigating, or impeaching evidence, then

mere disclosure would suffice. See Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 39.14(h). The State

would not need to permit inspection unless it intended to offer the evidence for

admission. See id. at 39.14(a). Accordingly, he failed to demonstrate an error.

9
Appellant also claimed that the State had “an affirmative duty to seek out and get” the missing
note under Heath. 4 RR 125. But the “affirmative duty” language he cherry-picked from Heath
was part of the Court’s analysis of the phrase “as soon as practicable” in paragraph (a). Heath,
696 S.W.3d at 701. The actual language in the case was “once a discovery item is requested, the
State now has an affirmative duty to search for the item and produce it to the defendant in a timely
manner.” Id. (emphasis added). This section of Heath is wholly inapplicable to an analysis of
paragraph (h) because paragraph (h) does not contain the “once a discovery item is requested”
language. See Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 39.14(h).
61

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
For a mistrial to be appropriate, there needs to be: (1) an error; and (2)

incurable prejudice. See Ocon, 284 S.W.3d at 884. Appellant failed to demonstrate

either to the trial court. Without an error, there is nothing upon which to base a

mistrial. See id. (mistrial appropriate for incurable errors). And without sufficient

harm, a mistrial would be inappropriate even if there had been a discovery violation.

Hallman, 2025 WL 1812902 at *15. Accordingly, the trial court was well within

the zone of reasonable disagreement when it denied his mistrial request.

Appellant’s Argument is Meritless

Appellant now reasserts his trial court arguments on appeal. Appellant’s Br.

33. As he did before the trial court, Appellant speculates that MM’s note may have

contained discoverable information. Id. But the record is not sufficiently developed

to support this speculation.

As he did before the trial court, Appellant claims that mere disclosure is not

sufficient, and he was entitled to physical inspection of the note MM brought to her

forensic interview. Id. This argument fails because physical inspection is only

required under paragraph (a) for admissibility, whereas mere disclosure satisfies

paragraph (h). See Tex. Code Crim. Pro. art. 39.14(a) & (h); see also Heath, 696

S.W.3d at 709.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
As he did before the trial court, Appellant cherry-picks the “affirmative duty”

language from Heath—a case which analyzed paragraph (a)—in an effort to

fabricate a violation of paragraph (h). Appellant’s Br. 33. This argument fails

because statutory language at issue in Heath does not exist in paragraph (h).

Finally, in his arguments to the trial court, Appellant made no effort to

demonstrate the “incurable” prejudice necessary to justify a mistrial. 4 RR 124-27;

see also Hallman, 2025 WL 1812902 at *5 (mistrial denied when 39.14 violation

caused no substantial harm). Appellate review of a mistrial decision is limited to the

arguments presented at the trial court. Ocon, 284 S.W.3d at 884. So Appellant has

no argument to present here regarding harm or prejudice. Id. Instead, Appellant

merely reiterates his speculation that there may have been some exculpatory

information in MM’s note. Appellant’s Br. 33. A mistrial requires error and

incurable prejudice, not speculation that there might have been an error with no

showing of prejudice.

For all of these reasons, this Court should overrule Appellant’s fifth issue and

affirm the trial court’s judgments in all three cases.

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Prayer
Appellant’s trial was without harmful error.

WHEREFORE PREMISES CONSIDERED, the State respectfully requests

that this Court overrule Appellant’s issues and affirm the trial court’s judgments in

all three cases.

Dated: August 20, 2025.

Respectfully submitted,

GREG WILLIS
Criminal District Attorney
Collin County, Texas

AMY MURPHY
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
Chief – Appellate Division

____________________________
ROBERT LINUS KOEHL
State Bar No. 24097948
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
Appellate Division
Collin County, Texas
2100 Bloomdale Rd, Ste. 200,
McKinney, Texas 75071
972-548-3804
rkoehl@co.collin.tx.us

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Certificate of Service
The State has e-served Lara Bracamonte Davila, counsel for the Appellant,

through the eFileTexas.gov filing system on the 20th day of August, 2025.

____________________________

ROBERT KOEHL
State Bar No. 24097948
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
Collin County, Texas

Certificate of Compliance
This brief complies with the word limitations in Tex. R. App. P. 9.4(i)(2). In

reliance on the word count provided by the computer program used to draft this brief,

the undersigned attorney certifies that this brief contains 11,701 words.

_ ___________________________

ROBERT KOEHL
Assistant Criminal District Attorney
Collin County, Texas
State Bar No. 24097948

Cause Nos. 05-24-01220-CR through 05-24-01222-CR; Balentine Munos v. State of Texas; In
the 5th Court of Appeals, State of Texas

STATE’S BRIEF
Automated Certificate of eService
This automated certificate of service was created by the efiling system.
The filer served this document via email generated by the efiling system
on the date and to the persons listed below. The rules governing
certificates of service have not changed. Filers must still provide a
certificate of service that complies with all applicable rules.

Robert Koehl
Bar No. 24097948
rkoehl@co.collin.tx.us
Envelope ID: 104634637
Filing Code Description: Brief Not Requesting Oral Argument
Filing Description: State's Brief
Status as of 8/20/2025 3:53 PM CST

Case Contacts

Name BarNumber Email TimestampSubmitted Status

Lara Bracamonte Davila 24051662 bracamontelaw@gmail.com 8/20/2025 3:47:00 PM SENT

Robert Koehl 24097948 rkoehl@co.collin.tx.us 8/20/2025 3:47:00 PM SENT

Megan Parker megan.bracamontelaw@gmail.com 8/20/2025 3:47:00 PM SENT

DA Appeals DAappeals@co.collin.tx.us 8/20/2025 3:47:00 PM SENT

Balentine Munos v. the State of Texas

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