Adam Resing v. the State of Texas

Affirmed and Opinion Filed August 27, 2024

In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-23-00459-CR

ADAM JON RESING, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 366th Judicial District Court
Collin County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 366-82677-2022

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Partida-Kipness, Pedersen, III, and Carlyle
Opinion by Justice Pedersen, III
A jury found appellant Adam Jon Resing guilty of Invasive Visual Recording.

The trial court assessed his punishment at two years’ confinement, suspended for

five years of community supervision. In two issues, appellant challenges the trial

court’s judgment, arguing that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s

verdict and that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting two videos found

on appellant’s personal computer. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Background

The events at issue occurred in a McKinney Hobby Lobby store on August 3,

2019. The complainant, nineteen-year-old Alyssa Gigley (Alyssa), was standing in

line with her mother, Hannah Gigley (Hannah), waiting to check out their purchases.

Constance Woods was also a customer at Hobby Lobby. Woods approached Hannah

and told her that, while standing in line at the next checkout register, Woods had

seen a man take a video or a picture after putting his phone under Alyssa’s skirt.1

Woods testified that her eye was caught by a man in the next checkout lane

crouching down behind the young girl. Initially she thought he must have dropped

something, but as she watched, he laid his phone on top of a book—or “something

like a book”—and reached forward, putting the phone under the girl’s skirt. Woods

could tell the phone’s camera was on, because she could see images moving on the

screen as he moved the phone. And she could see the touchscreen; it was pointed

upward. Woods could not tell whether there was a light on the phone indicating that

he was recording images. She was approximately five feet away from the man as she

watched him.

Woods identified appellant as the man she had seen. She said that while he

had the phone under the girl’s clothes, he “just kept looking around.” As he did, he

made eye contact with Woods and then immediately got up and walked away toward

the back of the store.

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After Woods told Hannah what she had seen, Hannah called for the store

manager. The group did not see appellant, so they waited together at the front of the

store, knowing he would need to leave that way. Minutes later, when he did approach

the front of the store, Hannah demanded to see his phone.2 Appellant “turn[ed] beet

red and he shook his head and said, ‘I don’t like this.’” The he ran out of the store,

followed by Hannah and the store manager.

During Woods’s testimony, the jury watched the store’s security recordings,

which indicated appellant was in the store less than five minutes. The recording

showed appellant arriving. Woods identified the Gigleys standing in the checkout

line and then identified appellant coming up behind them approximately one minute

after he walked into the store. The video showed him crouch down twice and then

get up and walk toward the back of the store. Minutes later, a camera showed him

running toward the exit. As he ran through the interior doorway into the lobby, he

threw down some kind of printed material.

The police issued a press release that included a picture of appellant from the

security video. They received tips identifying appellant, and he was arrested on

August 15, 2019. Police obtained warrants to inspect his phone and computer. They

1
Alyssa was wearing what witnesses call a “romper.” She described it at trial as “a very loose romper.”
And she testified that if someone had a camera looking up under it, “it would have around the same effect
as a dress being that it is so flowy.”
2
Appellant’s brief calls the group “an angry mob” and “a heated mob.” The only testimony is less
dramatic. Woods testified the group had questions, but no one was yelling. Hannah did concede that she
was not calm.
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were unable to get into his phone, which was password protected. They did extract

two brief “up-skirt videos” from the computer, which data indicated were taken in

the DFW area in 2017.

The jury found appellant guilty of Invasive Visual Recording. The judge

assessed his punishment at two years’ confinement, suspended for five years of

community service. This appeal followed.

Discussion

We address appellant’s two issues in turn.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

In his first issue, appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support

the jury’s guilty verdict. Specifically, he contends that the State failed to produce

any evidence that appellant recorded the complainant. We review appellant’s

challenge by examining the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to

determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319

(1979). We may not evaluate the weight of the evidence or replace the factfinder’s

judgment with our own. Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex. Crim. App.

1999). Instead, we defer to the jury’s responsibility “to fairly resolve conflicts in

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts

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to ultimate facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)

(quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19).3

Appellant’s indictment charged him with Invasive Visual Recording, alleging

that he did:

then and there, with intent to invade the privacy of Alyssa Gigley,
hereafter styled the complainant, and without the consent of the
complainant, record by electronic means a visual image of the genitals,
pubic area, anus, and buttocks of the complainant, and the complainant
had a reasonable expectation of privacy that the genitals, pubic area,
anus, and buttocks of the complainant were not subject to public view.
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.15(b)(1). The indictment tracked section 21.15’s

language with a single change: according to the statute, a violation can occur if the

image is recorded, broadcast, or transmitted; the State charged appellant only with

recording the image.

Appellant argues that there is no evidence that he recorded the complainant.

He points to Woods’s testimony that she could not see from her vantage point

whether a light indicated the phone was recording. And the police who investigated

the event did not locate a recording of the complainant on appellant’s phone or

computer.

3
This standard speaks to the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Appellant also argues the evidence is
factually insufficient to support the verdict, but our courts have not recognized a claim for factual
sufficiency of the evidence since 2010. See Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)
([T]he Jackson v. Virginia legal-sufficiency standard is the only standard that a reviewing court should
apply in determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support each element of a criminal offense that
the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.).
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But juries are permitted to make reasonable inferences from the evidence

presented at trial. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d at 14. Indeed, circumstantial evidence

is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and

circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt. Id. at 13. We

conclude that the following evidence, direct and circumstantial, could support the

jury’s conclusion that appellant did in fact record the complainant:

 The store’s security video established that appellant entered the store and,
within approximately one minute, he was standing and then crouching behind
the complainant, although neither the recording nor testimony suggested he
had a purchase to make in the checkout area.

 Woods testified that—from approximately five feet away—she saw appellant
crouch down behind the complainant, place his phone on some type of printed
material, and reach forward to place the phone under the complainant’s
clothing. The touch screen was facing up, and Woods was able to see images
on the screen as appellant moved the phone.

 While appellant held the phone forward under the complainant’s romper, he
was looking around. When Woods made eye contact with appellant, he
quickly got up and walked away toward the back of the store.

 When faced with questions from the people involved and the store manager,
appellant ran out of the store. The security video shows him discarding some
kind of printed material as he runs through the interior doorway.

Given this evidence, a rational juror could have inferred that appellant was

recording complainant as he held his phone under her clothes and looked around;

indeed, a rational juror could have concluded that was the only reasonable inference

that could be drawn from his conduct. Although appellant had placed himself in the

line for checkout soon after entering the store, he hurriedly left that area after making

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eye contact with Woods; and faced with questions about his conduct, he raced out

of the store. It is well settled that evidence of flight evinces a consciousness of guilt.

Fentis v. State, 582 S.W.2d 779, 780–781 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976). Although

appellant asserts that he did not flee from police, the manager was an authority figure

within the store, and appellant did not wait for the police to arrive. A rational juror

could have viewed both appellant’s hurried departure from the checkout area and his

flight from the store as circumstantial evidence of his guilt.

After examining the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we

conclude that a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that

appellant did record the complainant. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. Despite the

inability of the State to produce the actual recording, the evidence was legally

sufficient to support the jury’s verdict. See Vazquez v. State, No. 05-16-01122-CR,

2017 WL 1710583, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 3, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication).

We overrule appellant’s first issue.

Admission of Extraneous Offenses

In his second issue, appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion by

admitting two videos extracted from his computer by the police. The videos are

approximately three and nine seconds in length. They were created two years before

the incident at Hobby Lobby and appear to show the same kind of up-skirt recording

at issue in this appeal. In a two-part, relatively lengthy hearing on their admissibility,

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appellant argued that the videos were inadmissible character or “bad act” evidence,

offered to show appellant’s propensity to commit this offense. See TEX. R. EVID.

404(b)(1). The State argued primarily that the videos were offered to rebut a

defensive theory, i.e., whether appellant actually made a recording. In the end the

trial court admitted the videos pursuant to Rule 404(b)(2), instructing the jury that:

During the trial, you heard evidence that the defendant may have
committed wrongful acts not charged in the indictment. You are not to
consider that evidence at all unless you find, beyond a reasonable doubt,
that the defendant did, in fact, commit the wrongful act. Those of you
who believe the defendant did the wrongful act may consider it.

Even if you do find that the defendant committed a wrongful act, you
may consider this evidence only for the limited purpose of determining
the motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,
absence of mistake, or accident, or to rebut a defense theory, if any, in
connection with the offenses alleged against the defendant in the
indictment. You may not consider this evidence to prove that the
defendant is a bad person and for this reason was likely to commit the
charged offense. In other words, you should consider this evidence only
for the specific, limited purposes described above. To consider this
evidence for any other purpose would be improper.

See TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(2). We review a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of

extraneous offenses under an abuse-of-discretion standard. De La Paz v. State, 279

S.W.3d 336, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

Appellant contends that (1) the trial court expanded the scope of possible

grounds of exceptions to the rule beyond what the State had argued, (2) the videos

were not similar enough to the conduct charged here to qualify under Rule

404(b)(2)’s exceptions, and (3) the jury could not have concluded—as the instruction

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required—that appellant had recorded the earlier videos, because the State offered

no evidence that he had.

We note at the outset a threshold concern with admission of these videos when

the State had no evidence that appellant had recorded them. The State responds that

the “bad act” at issue was actually not recording the extraneous videos, but merely

possession of them. But if that is so, how does this evidence rebut the defensive

theory that appellant did not record the complainant?

Nevertheless, even if we assume—without deciding—that the extraneous

videos were improperly admitted, we conclude that any error was not harmful. Our

rules of appellate procedure direct that a nonconstitutional error that does not affect

substantial rights must be disregarded. TEX. R. APP. PRO. 44.2(b). “[T]he evidence

of a defendant’s guilt is a factor to be considered in any thorough harm analysis.”

Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 358 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We also consider “the

character of the alleged error and how it might be considered in connection with

other evidence in the case.” Id. at 359. Without reliance on the extraneous videos,

we have concluded that ample evidence supported the jury’s finding of guilt in this

case.4 The most significant evidence in that analysis is eyewitness testimony

4
A legal sufficiency review of the evidence “evaluate[s] all of the evidence in the record, both direct
and circumstantial, whether admissible or inadmissible.” Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 740 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1999). However, in identifying evidence above that supported the jury’s finding that appellant did in
fact record the complainant, we did not list these videos, because we are not persuaded that they would
have helped convince the jury of that fact.

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describing the conduct of appellant in crouching behind the complainant, reaching

forward, and placing his phone face up under her clothing. According to the witness,

the phone was on and appellant was looking around while he held the phone aimed

under the complainant’s clothes. The jury could reasonably have concluded that the

only possible reason for appellant to act as he did was to obtain a recording of what

the camera was viewing. In contrast, the seconds-long extraneous videos lacked

context and connection to appellant compared to the eyewitness testimony.

Our review of the record as a whole gives us a fair assurance that admission

of these extraneous videos did not influence the jury or would had have but a slight

effect. See Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). The trial

court did not abuse its discretion by admitting them. We overrule appellant’s second

issue.

Conclusion

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

230459f.u05 /Bill Pedersen, III//
BILL PEDERSEN, III
Do Not Publish JUSTICE
TEX. R. APP. P. 47

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Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT

ADAM JON RESING, Appellant On Appeal from the 366th Judicial
District Court, Collin County, Texas
No. 05-23-00459-CR V. Trial Court Cause No. 366-82677-
2022.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Opinion delivered by Justice
Pedersen, III. Justices Partida-
Kipness and Carlyle participating.

Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

It is ORDERED that appellee the State of Texas recover its costs of this
appeal from appellant Adam Jon Resing.

Judgment entered this 27th day of August, 2024.

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