Loadholt v. Cribb

PREHEARING REPORT

THIS OPINION HAS NO PRECEDENTIAL VALUE.  IT SHOULD NOT BE
CITED OR RELIED ON AS PRECEDENT IN ANY PROCEEDING EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY RULE
239(d)(2), SCACR.

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA

In the Court of Appeals

Orilee Loadholt, Jr.,       
Appellant,

v.

Lane Cribb, Sheriff of Georgetown County,
former Georgetown County Deputy Sheriff Cpl. Charles McLendon (Badge 561)
and three unknown officers of the Georgetown County Sheriff’s Department,       
Repondents.

Appeal from Georgetown County

Court of Common Pleas

Benjamin H. Culbertson, Circuit Court
Judge

Unpublished Opinion No. 2004-UP-238

Submitted January 12, 2004 – Filed April
12, 2004

AFFIRMED

William Isaac Diggs, of Myrtle Beach, for Appellant.

Elizabeth Stuckey Murphy, of Charleston, for Respondents.

PER CURIAM:  Orilee Loadholt, Jr.,
appeals the grant of summary judgment in favor of Lane Cribb, Sheriff of Georgetown
County, former Georgetown County Deputy Sheriff Cpl. Charles McLendon, and three
unknown officers of the Georgetown County Sheriff’s Department (collectively,
“Respondents”) in this action for negligence and malicious prosecution.  We
affirm.

FACTS

On May 16, 1998, Deputy McLendon
initiated a traffic stop of Loadholt, an African-American correctional officer
at the J. Rueben Long Detention Center, while Loadholt was driving to work. 
Loadholt was dressed in his uniform at the time.   Following a request by
Deputy McLendon for assistance, at least three other unknown deputies arrived
on the scene.  All of the deputies on the scene were Caucasian.  The deputies
searched Loadholt and his car and, after finding nothing incriminating, Loadholt
was issued a ticket for careless operation of a vehicle.  The ticket was dismissed
by a magistrate, without a hearing, on July 23, 1998.   

On October 12, 2001, Loadholt filed an
action against Sheriff Cribb, McLendon, and the three unknown deputies, alleging
malicious prosecution and negligence.  According to his complaint, although
Loadholt was cooperative and respectful to McLendon and the other officers during
the stop and search, he was referred to with the use of “racial slurs,” insulted
by being told he was “a disgrace to his uniform,” and verbally assaulted by
all the deputies.  Loadholt alleged the criminal proceedings were instituted
“with malice and without probable cause,” and only because of his race.  Accordingly,
Loadholt alleged Respondents were engaged in malicious prosecution of him. 
Loadholt also alleged that Sheriff Cribb was negligent in failing to properly
train his officers to respect their positions, to not discriminate on the basis
of race, and to arrest only on the existence of probable cause.

Respondents moved for summary judgment,
arguing Loadholt’s claims were governed by the South Carolina Tort Claims Act
(“Tort Claims Act”) [1] and were not timely filed pursuant
to the act.  After Loadholt’s counsel asserted Loadholt had a claim under 42
U.S.C. § 1983, Respondents pointed out that no allegations in Loadholt’s complaint
raised a section 1983 claim.   Loadholt argued the allegations raised in his
complaint supported a cause of action against the sheriff under section 1983. 
Loadholt conceded he could not pursue an action for negligence against Sheriff
Cribb.

In an order dated August 19, 2002, the circuit
court granted Respondents’ request for summary judgment as to both causes of
action.  The court found the Tort Claims Act provided the exclusive remedy for
torts committed by governmental employees, and, thus, Loadholt’s cause of action
for malicious prosecution was subject to the Act’s two-year statute of limitations. 
Because the suit was not filed until three years after the dismissal of Loadholt’s
ticket, the circuit court found the suit was time barred. 

The court also found Loadholt’s complaint did not
allege facts that would support a cause of action under section 1983.  The court
noted the complaint did not mention section 1983, nor did it allege that any
of Loadholt’s federal rights were violated.   Loadholt appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

An appellate court reviews the grant of a summary
judgment motion under the same standard applied by the trial court under Rule
56(c), SCRCP.  Fisher v. Stevens, 355 S.C. 290, 294, 584 S.E.2d 149,
151 (Ct. App. 2003) (citing Baughman v. American Tel. & Tel. Co.,
306 S.C. 101, 410 S.E.2d 537 (1991)).  Rule 56(c) provides summary judgment
is appropriate when “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and .
. . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”  Rule 56(c),
SCRCP.  In determining whether triable issues of fact exist such as will preclude
summary judgment, the evidence and all inferences which can be reasonably drawn
therefrom must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. 
McNair v. Rainsford, 330 S.C. 332, 341, 499 S.E.2d 488, 493 (Ct. App.
1998).

LAW/ANALYSIS

I. Tort Claims Act

A.

Loadholt argues the circuit court erred by applying
the limitations period contained in the Tort Claims Act to his cause of action
for malicious prosecution because the Respondents’ actions fell within an exception
to the Tort Claims Act.  Thus, he argues the three-year statute of limitations
provided by S.C. Code Ann. § 15-3-530 (Supp. 2003) applied and the circuit court
erred in granting summary judgment.  We disagree.

The Tort Claims Act provides the “exclusive
civil remedy available for any tort committed by a governmental entity, its
employees, or its agents except as provided in Section 15-78-70(b).”  S.C. Code
Ann. § 15-78-20(b) (Supp. 2003) (emphasis added).  Section 15-78-70(b) provides
an exception for certain actions on the part of the state employee:

Nothing in this chapter may be construed to give an employee
of a governmental entity immunity from suit and liability if it is proved that
the employee’s conduct was not within the scope of his official duties or that
it constituted actual fraud, actual malice, intent to harm, or a crime involving
moral turpitude.

S.C. Code Ann. § 15-78-70(b) (Supp. 2003).  There is a two-year
statute of limitations period for actions brought pursuant to the Tort Claims
Act.  S.C. Code Ann. § 15-78-110 (Supp. 2003) (providing that with the exception
of persons under a disability as provided for in Section 15-3-40, “. . . any
action brought pursuant to this chapter is forever barred unless an action is
commenced within two years after the date the loss was or should have been discovered”). 

At the summary judgment hearing, Respondents argued
Loadholt’s claims fell within the purview of the Tort Claims Act and, as such,
the action was governed by the two-year limitations period contained therein. 
Considering the ticket was issued on May 16, 1998, dismissed on July 23, 1998,
and Loadholt’s suit was not initiated until October 12, 2001, more than three
years later, the claims did not fall within the time period allotted by the
Tort Claims Act.  Accordingly, Respondents asserted the claims were time barred.
 Loadholt did not contest that more than three years elapsed from the
time the ticket was dismissed until the action was filed.  However, Loadholt
asserted he did not know the ticket had been dismissed until October 16, 1998. 
He argued a question of fact was raised as to this issue, and a jury should
have determined whether the action was filed before the appropriate limitations
period expired.

The evidence presented at the summary judgment hearing included
affidavits by McLendon and Cribb wherein they denied any wrongdoing in the performance
of their duties.  In his affidavit, McLendon stated that on the date of the
incident, he saw Loadholt “tearing down the road going real fast.”  According
to McLendon, Loadholt did not stop for his blue light, so McLendon summoned
other officers to the scene for assistance.   McLendon estimated Loadholt’s
speed at the time to have been between sixty and sixty-five miles per hour in
a thirty-five per hour zone.  McLendon averred that no racial slurs were used
by any of the officers. 

Loadholt’s deposition was also submitted at the hearing. 
Although Loadholt stated in his deposition that the officers were rude to him
during the stop and search, Loadholt never testified to any malicious behavior
and did not mention anything regarding racial slurs.

Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to Loadholt,
there was no evidence that the officers’ actions fell within the exception to
the Tort Claims Act.  Because the Tort Claims Act provides the “exclusive” remedy
for torts committed by governmental employees, unless an exception applies,
the statute of limitations contained within the act will apply.  See
Joubert v. South Carolina Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 341 S.C. 176, 185, 534
S.E.2d 1, 5 (Ct. App. 2000) (holding that because nothing in Section 15-78-70(b)
references a limitations period, as part of the Tort Claims Act, it is still
subject to the Tort Claims Act’s two-year statute of limitations).  Accordingly,
the circuit court did not err in finding Loadholt’s action fell within the purview
of the Tort Claims Act and the applicable two-year statute of limitations applied.   

B.

Turning to the claim of malicious prosecution, one element
necessary to maintain an action for malicious prosecution is that the judicial
proceedings be terminated in the plaintiff’s favor.  Jordan v. Deese,
317 S.C. 260, 261-62, 452 S.E.2d 838, 839 (1995); 52 Am. Jur. 2d Malicious
Prosecution §28 (2000).  Thus, the cause of action does not accrue, and
the statute of limitations does not begin to run, until after the proceedings
are terminated in the plaintiff’s favor.  Loadholt’s ticket was dismissed July
23, 1998, and thus the cause of action for malicious prosecution accrued on
that date.  Loadholt alleged: he discovered the dismissal in October 1998; the
cause of action did not accrue until that time; and his October 12, 2001, complaint
was timely filed pursuant to the general three-year statute of limitations. 
Regardless of which date you refer to, Loadholt clearly filed his action three
years after the accrual and outside the Tort Claims Act’s two-year statute of
limitations. 

Because Loadholt’s cause of action fell within the Tort Claims
Act and was brought more than three years after it accrued, we find the circuit
court did not err in determining Loadholt’s claim was time barred.  Accordingly,
summary judgment on his claim of malicious prosecution was proper. 

II.              
42 U.S.C. § 1983

Loadholt also contends the circuit court erred in finding
that the complaint did not assert a cause of action under section 1983.  He
asserts that while he “inartfully couched his second cause of action in terms
of negligence,” he actually alleged Sheriff Cribb violated his civil rights,
thus supporting an action pursuant to section 1983.  We disagree.

Section 42 U.S.C. 1983 provides liability for persons
who, acting under color of state law, deprive United States citizens of the
rights, privileges or immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the
United States.  See Banks v. Med. Univ. of South Carolina, 314
S.C. 376, 382, 444 S.E.2d 519, 522 (1994).  The limitations period for actions
brought pursuant to section 1983 is adopted from a state court’s statute governing
an analogous cause of action.  See Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S.
261, 271 (1985) (holding that courts must adopt a “personal injury” statute
of limitations period in state court in section 1983 actions).  In South Carolina,
the general three-year limitations period for personal injury actions found
in S.C. Code Ann. § 15-3-530(5) (Supp. 2003) would apply.

Loadholt’s cause of action for negligence against
Sheriff Cribb alleged that the sheriff was negligent in failing to train his
officers: (1) not to abuse their authority, (2) to refrain from discriminating
on the basis of race; (3) to make arrests only upon the issuance of probable
cause; and (4) to not use race as an element of probable cause.   Loadholt further
alleged in his complaint that as a result of the sheriff’s failure to properly
train his deputies, he suffered emotional distress and deserved damages. 

The trial court found not only that Loadholt did
not mention 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in his complaint, but that he also failed to allege
facts sufficient to support a cause of action thereunder.  We agree.  Loadholt
has not alleged that any federal right has been violated by the Respondents. 
Accordingly, he has failed to properly plead a cause of action under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983. 

CONCLUSION

Therefore, based on the above reasoning, the circuit
court’s grant of summary judgment is

AFFIRMED.

GOOLSBY and ANDERSON, JJ.,  and CURETON, AJ., concur.

[1] S.C. Code Ann. §§ 15-78-10 et. seq. (Supp.
2003).