State v. Antonio Acosta

March 26, 2021

Supreme Court

No. 2019-106-C.A.
(P1/13-3393A)

State :

v. :

Antonio Acosta. :

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision
before publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers
are requested to notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme
Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone (401) 222-3258 or
Email opinionanalyst@courts.ri.gov, of any typographical
or other formal errors in order that corrections may be
made before the opinion is published.
Supreme Court

No. 2019-106-C.A.
(P1/13-3393A)

State :

v. :

Antonio Acosta. :

Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and Long, JJ.

OPINION

Justice Robinson, for the Court. The defendant, Antonio Acosta, appeals

following the September 21, 2015 judgment of conviction and commitment entered

against him for one count of first-degree sexual assault and three counts of second-

degree child molestation following a jury trial in Providence County Superior Court.

He contends on appeal that the trial justice clearly erred in denying his motion for a

new trial because he overlooked and misconstrued material evidence such as the

victim’s motive to lie, the implausibility of the victim’s claims, and the “complete

absence of any independent evidence to support these accusations.”

This case came before the Supreme Court pursuant to an order directing the

parties to appear and show cause why the issues raised in this case should not be

-1-
summarily decided. After a close review of the record and careful consideration of

the parties’ arguments, we are satisfied that cause has not been shown and that this

case may be decided at this time.

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the

Superior Court.

I

Facts and Travel

In 2013, Mr. Acosta was charged by indictment with one count of first-degree

sexual assault in violation of G.L. 1956 §§ 11-37-2 and 11-37-3 for “digital vaginal

penetration, by force or coercion” of the victim, Ivy,1 between June 1, 2012 and

September 30, 2012 (Count One). He was also charged by the same indictment with

three counts of second-degree child molestation in violation of §§ 11-37-8.3 and

11-37-8.4 for the following alleged conduct: hand-to-breast sexual contact with a

person fourteen years of age or under between October 16, 2009 and January 3, 2010

(Count Two); hand-to-vagina sexual contact with a person fourteen years of age or

under between October 16, 2009 and January 3, 2010 (Count Three); and hand-to-

1
We note that, at the time of trial, the victim identified as male and went by a
name which was different from the victim’s birth name; but the victim agreed, for
the purposes of the trial, to be referred to by female pronouns and to be called by her
birth name. Accordingly, in this opinion, we will refer to the victim with a female
pseudonym, and we will use female pronouns. In so doing, we intend no disrespect.

-2-
breast sexual contact with a person fourteen years of age or under between June 1,

2011 and September 30, 2011 (Count Four).

A trial ensued over several days in May of 2015. We relate below the salient

aspects of what transpired at that trial.

A

The Testimony of Ivy

The complainant, Ivy, testified that defendant was the boyfriend of her

grandmother, Mildred Silvestre. She added that she had known him all of her life

and that she considered him to be like a grandfather. She testified that she spent

summer vacations and weekends with Ms. Silvestre, and she described her

relationship with Mr. Acosta as “good.” It was her testimony that that relationship

changed when she turned eleven. She stated that, on the night of her eleventh

birthday party in 2008, defendant positioned her on his lap so that she was facing

him and that, when she put her head on his shoulder, “he started grinding his penis

against [her] pelvis area” for a couple of seconds; she added the following: “I think

he heard my grandma coming so he stopped.”2 It was her testimony that her

2
The trial justice cautioned the jury that the testimony with respect to the
incident on the day of Ivy’s eleventh birthday party could only be considered for a
limited purpose because that incident did not form the basis of any of the charges in
the case. He stated that it could not be used to find that Mr. Acosta was a person of
bad character or that he had a criminal propensity. Rather, he stated that it was
admitted only for the purpose of “deciding whether the defendant had the

-3-
grandmother and her grandmother’s sisters were in the kitchen while she and

defendant were in the dining room.

Ivy then testified about an incident which she stated had occurred at

defendant’s home when she was twelve years old. It was her testimony that, while

defendant and others (including Ivy’s grandmother) were playing dominos in the

next room, she was watching television on defendant’s bed. She testified that

defendant came into the bedroom and showed her his band instruments. It was her

testimony that he then kissed her on the lips, pushed her onto the bed, tried to kiss

her again, and touched her breasts and vagina over and under her clothes. She added

that she told him to stop and tried to push him away from her and he replied, “‘[J]ust

let me.’” She further testified that she was embarrassed and that she did not want

her grandmother to find out because her grandmother was suffering from mental

health issues. She also testified that, while this incident was occurring, a woman she

referred to as her aunt walked into the bedroom. She added that defendant then

“acted like he was reaching for something over the bed, over me and he got up.” She

testified that her aunt “just stared” for “a couple of seconds” and then left. She stated

that she did not say anything to her aunt because she did not want her aunt to tell her

grandmother.

opportunity, and disposition towards this witness to sexually assault her on the dates
alleged in the indictment.”

-4-
It was Ivy’s testimony that the next incident occurred in 2011, when she was

thirteen years old. She testified that she was using the computer in her

grandmother’s bedroom while her grandmother and her siblings were outside in the

pool in the backyard. She stated that defendant came into the room, put his hands

under her shirt, and rubbed her breast for “[t]hree seconds, maybe.” She stated that

she told him to stop and he said, “[J]ust let me.” It was her testimony that he stopped

when she heard her grandmother coming up the stairs. She added that, after her

grandmother left the room, defendant gave her about thirty dollars.

According to Ivy’s testimony, the third incident occurred in the Summer of

2012 when she was fourteen years of age. She testified that she was shopping at the

Emerald Square Mall with her grandmother and defendant. She further stated that,

upon returning from the mall to her grandmother’s home, defendant took her out

driving when her grandmother would not do so. She stated that, while she was

driving, he put his hands on her thighs and that, when they were parked in a parking

lot, he rubbed her thigh and “quickly” put his hands under her pants and his fingers

in her vagina. She said it lasted for three or four seconds and that she tried to remove

his hands and threatened to call her grandmother. She stated that he ultimately

stopped when a stranger walked up and got into a van parked next to them. She

acknowledged that she told the police that she was wearing shorts during this

-5-
incident but that, at the time of trial, she remembered that she was wearing “black

loose pants.”

According to Ivy’s testimony, when she was fifteen years old she told her

counselor at her high school what had happened to her. She stated at trial that the

reason she told her counselor what had happened to her was that her grandmother

had had “a little get together” and defendant was there; she added that, as a result of

that encounter, she “kind of got freaked out * * *.” It was her testimony that she

later spoke to someone from the Department of Children, Youth & Families and that

she also gave a statement to the police. She further testified that defendant had never

punished her, “told on [her] for anything that [she had] done,” or done “anything

bad” to her about which she might have been angry (other than the incidents about

which she had just testified).

Ivy was cross-examined at length on her relationship with her family

members, the effect of her sexuality on her relationship with her family members,

her behavioral issues, and whether she was angry with defendant for disclosing

personal information about her when she had asked him not to do so. She was also

questioned at length about inconsistencies between the statement she gave to the

police, her testimony before the grand jury, and her testimony at trial.

Ivy acknowledged during cross-examination that she had told defendant that

she was gay, although she gave conflicting testimony as to whether or not she asked

-6-
him not to disclose that information. However, she testified that she never told

defendant that he was “going to pay for disclosing [her] secret;” she added that she

told her family herself that she was gay. She also acknowledged on cross-

examination that she did return to her grandmother’s house after disclosing the abuse

which she had allegedly suffered, even though she knew that defendant

“frequent[ed]” the home. On redirect examination, she testified that she had told her

grandmother she was gay before she told defendant.

B

The Testimony of Mr. Acosta

The defendant testified through an interpreter that, in December of 2012, he

saw Ivy at a family gathering at her grandmother’s home. He added that, at that

gathering, she told him in a low voice: “[Y]ou are going to pay for what you said.”

He stated that he did not “pay attention” and thought of it as “a kid’s thing” because

he had not “done anything.” It was his testimony that it was two weeks later that he

learned that the police were looking for him. He then testified that, with respect to

what Ivy had been referring to in her statement to him at the December 2012

gathering, about three months earlier she had told him that she was “[t]ranssexual”

and “gay” and she told him not to tell her grandmother. He added that she told him

that it was a “secret * * *.”

-7-
The defendant further stated that the incident which purportedly occurred

when Ivy was on his lap was “not true.” With respect to the first charged incident,

which allegedly occurred at his home, he denied that it occurred; and he added that

he “didn’t have time for that. I was taking care of my people and the doors were all

open.” When asked about the second charged incident when Ivy was on the

computer at her grandmother’s home, he denied that the incident occurred and stated

that he would “never do something like that.” He added: “I have granddaughters

that are her age. I would never want -- I have respect for them, I would never want

anyone to abuse them.” With respect to the third charged incident which allegedly

occurred when he had taken Ivy driving, it was his testimony that Ivy’s accusation

was not true. He added that, contrary to Ivy’s testimony, a friend of Ivy’s had

accompanied them to the mall.

On redirect examination, he stated that he thought that Ivy’s comment at the

holiday gathering was due to the fact that she had asked him not to say anything

about what she had told him about her sexuality and gender identity and “she knew

that her grandmother already knew and I think that she thought that I had * * * [told

her grandmother] [t]hat she was gay.”

-8-
C

The Testimony of Mildred Silvestre

Ms. Silvestre testified through an interpreter. She stated that she had been

romantically involved with defendant from 1995 to 1998 and that they remained

friends. Her testimony varied from Ivy’s with respect to some details—as illustrated

by her testimony that Ivy only spent weekends at her home, but did not spend

summers there. She also testified, with respect to the first charged incident, that Ivy

was at defendant’s apartment only once and that defendant called Ms. Silvestre after

that visit to report that Ivy had “change[d] all the drawers” and hid his jewelry.3 She

further stated, with respect to Ivy’s testimony about the second charged incident, that

she did not have a pool but that children had played in a “kiddy pool” at her house.

She also denied having any memory of a time when Ivy was on the computer upstairs

at her home while defendant was with her. It was also her testimony, with respect

to the third charged incident, that a friend of Ivy’s had gone to the Emerald Square

Mall with them and that, on the way home, Ivy asked defendant to take her driving.

She stated that she learned that Ivy was “gay or transgender” from Ivy’s mother.

3
In contrast, Ivy testified that, on the day in question, she did not do anything
with respect to the drawers in defendant’s bedroom.

-9-
D

The Verdict, the Motion for a New Trial, and Sentencing

During deliberations the jury sent the court a question asking why Ivy’s aunt

did not receive a subpoena. The trial justice responded by telling the jury that it was

obliged to decide the case based on the evidence presented; he added that the jury

“should not speculate as to why something was not commented upon or presented

to you.” The jury then posed a second question about Ms. Silvestre’s testimony,

with which question the trial justice “struggled” because he was “not sure what [the

jury was] seeking.” The trial justice advised the jury that it could not hear additional

testimony, but the trial justice stated that the jury could have portions of the trial

testimony read back upon request. The jury then requested to have certain portions

of Ms. Silvestre’s testimony read back.

Ultimately, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on all four counts. The

defendant filed a timely motion for a new trial. On June 8, 2015, a hearing was held

on defendant’s motion. At the close of that hearing, the trial justice delivered a

bench decision denying the motion for a new trial.4

On September 11, 2015, defendant was sentenced to serve fifteen years at the

Adult Correctional Institutions on all four counts, to run concurrently, and he was

4
For a more detailed discussion of the trial justice’s decision denying the
motion for a new trial, see infra.

- 10 -
ordered to register as a sex offender.5 The defendant filed a timely appeal to this

Court.

II

Standard of Review

When we review the decision of a trial justice on a motion for a new trial,

“[w]e accord great deference * * * because a trial justice, being present during all

phases of the trial, is in an especially good position to evaluate the facts and to judge

the credibility of the witnesses.” State v. Alexis, 185 A.3d 526, 537 (R.I. 2018)

(quoting State v. Adams, 161 A.3d 1182, 1200 (R.I. 2017)). “If the trial justice has

articulated adequate grounds for denying the motion, his or her decision is entitled

to great weight and will not be overturned by this Court unless he or she has

overlooked or misconceived material evidence or was otherwise clearly wrong.”

State v. Grantley, 149 A.3d 124, 131 (R.I. 2016) (quoting State v. Florez, 138 A.3d

789, 793 (R.I. 2016)).

III

Analysis

On appeal, defendant contends that the trial justice erred in denying his motion

for a new trial because the weight of the evidence did not support the verdict.

5
The judgment of conviction and commitment was entered on the electronic
docket on September 11, 2015, but it was not signed by the clerk and the trial justice
until September 21, 2015.

- 11 -
Specifically, he avers that the trial justice overlooked and misconstrued material

evidence when he “overlooked [Ivy’s] motive to lie—her anger over his having

violated her confidence—as well as evidence that showed that her poor relationship

with Mr. Acosta started only after” he violated her confidence. The defendant

further posits that the trial justice erred in failing to consider the implausibility of

Ivy’s claims and the “complete absence of any independent evidence to support these

accusations.”

“[W]hen a trial justice is presented with a motion for a new trial based on the

weight of the evidence, he or she acts as a thirteenth juror and exercises independent

judgment on the credibility of witnesses and on the weight of the evidence.” State

v. Gumkowski, 223 A.3d 321, 328 (R.I. 2020) (quoting State v. Johnson, 199 A.3d

1046, 1050-51 (R.I. 2019)). The trial justice must conduct a multi-step “analytical

process when passing upon a motion for a new trial.” State v. DiCarlo, 987 A.2d

867, 870 (R.I. 2010). “The trial justice must consider the evidence in light of the

jury charge, then independently assess the credibility of the witnesses and the weight

of the evidence, and also ultimately determine whether he or she would have reached

a result different from that reached by the jury.” Gumkowski, 223 A.3d at 328

(quoting Johnson, 199 A.3d at 1051). “If, after conducting this independent review,

the trial justice agrees with the jury’s verdict or if the evidence is such that reasonable

- 12 -
minds could differ as to the outcome, the motion for a new trial should be denied.”

Id. (quoting Johnson, 199 A.3d at 1051).

Additionally, “we have indicated that the ‘record should reflect a few

sentences of the justice’s reasoning on each point.’” DiCarlo, 987 A.2d at 870

(quoting State v. Banach, 648 A.2d 1363, 1367 (R.I. 1994)). “In providing his or

her rationale, the trial justice is not required to ‘refer to all the evidence supporting

the decision; rather, he or she need only cite evidence sufficient to allow this [C]ourt

to discern whether the justice has applied the appropriate standards.’” State v.

Greenslit, 135 A.3d 1192, 1198 (R.I. 2016) (emphasis in original) (quoting State v.

Robat, 49 A.3d 58, 71 (R.I. 2012)).

The trial justice in this case properly applied the analysis that must be carried

out in dealing with a motion for a new trial, and he provided a thorough discussion

of his reasoning at each step. He began his decision by reviewing the evidence

provided in the case, and he specifically mentioned the nature of the sexual assault

charges before the jury. See Gumkowski, 223 A.3d at 328.

He then began independently assessing the credibility of the witnesses and the

weight of the evidence. See id. He stated that he had considered the testimony of

all three witnesses. Then he went on to note that “any fact finder be it the judge or

a jury, from weighing and sifting and deciding whether this testimony can be

accepted or rejected is certainly I think going to consider th[e] circumstances, age,

- 13 -
appearance and demeanor and those things going on in this young person’s

life * * *.” The trial justice stated that there was “no question that [Ivy] was

thoroughly and vigorously cross-examined,” and he stated that he was not

overlooking that cross-examination; he specifically mentioned the inconsistent

reports given by Ivy to the police and the grand jury. He further mentioned Ivy’s

manifesting what he described as signs of “displeasure, frustration, sort of really

didn’t want to be here at the time, attitude” during cross-examination. Then he stated

as follows:

“[T]his is a case of sexual assault and child molestation of
a person between the age of 11 and 14 who was molested
as a female, who now has a male gender identification,
who is struggling through the estrangement with family
members she [formerly] had a great relationship with, in
light of that and considering that, this Court believes that
the detail with respect to the various incidences [sic] was
sufficient and the Court finds her testimony to be
reasonably and sufficiently credible in light of her age
under these unique circumstances * * *.”

After conducting his independent assessment of the credibility of the

witnesses and the weight of the evidence, the trial justice went on to state that, in his

opinion, “reasonable minds could differ as to what the verdict should be * * *.” For

that reason, he denied defendant’s motion for a new trial. See Gumkowski, 223 A.3d

at 328.

After careful consideration, we are unable to perceive reversible error in the

trial justice’s analysis of the motion for a new trial or in his conclusion that the

- 14 -
motion should be denied; this was a close and troubling case which rested entirely

upon the credibility of Ivy and defendant, but we can discern no reversible error on

the part of the conscientious trial justice.

The defendant takes issue with the following statement by the trial justice with

respect to Ivy’s motive to lie: “There was an exploration of no apparent motive in

this case. She seemed to get along with everybody until these events started to

unfold. So certainly no motive to be considered with respect to her testimony.”

However, it is clear from the record that the trial justice went on to state that Ivy’s

“struggles with her gender identity issue and lack of acceptance of that by family

members including her grandmother” were explored at trial and may potentially

have constituted a reason to testify as she did; he further mentioned the fact that,

according to defendant, Ivy had invited him to her fifteenth birthday party as an issue

to be considered when addressing her reliability and trustworthiness. In summary,

this Court does not perceive any reversible error on the part of the trial justice; he

certainly did not, as defendant contends, overlook the evidence of Ivy’s potential

motive for testifying as she did or the evidence that her poor relationship with Mr.

Acosta started only after he allegedly violated her confidence.

The defendant further contends that the trial justice overlooked the lack of

independent evidence in the case. In this respect, we would simply note that there

is no requirement of independent corroboration for sex offense cases. See

- 15 -
§ 11-37-11; State v. Rathbun, 184 A.3d 211, 218 (R.I. 2018) (“This Court has

explicitly eliminated any requirement of independent corroboration for sex-offense

cases because the corroboration requirement arbitrarily singles out victims of sex

offenses as a class whose credibility is immediately suspect; [b]y its adoption of

[§] 11-37-11, the General Assembly has rejected this concept as a discredited

anachronism * * *.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).

For these reasons, this Court is satisfied that the trial justice in this case

properly carried out the detailed analysis that must be carried out when passing upon

a motion for a new trial and supportably concluded that the motion should be denied.

We are further of the opinion that the trial justice did not overlook or misconceive

material evidence in this case and did not commit any clear error. See Grantley, 149

A.3d at 131. Accordingly, giving great deference to the decision of the trial justice

on the defendant’s motion for a new trial, we affirm that decision. See id.

IV

Conclusion

Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court. We remand the

record to that tribunal.

- 16 -
STATE OF RHODE ISLAND
SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE
Licht Judicial Complex
250 Benefit Street
Providence, RI 02903

OPINION COVER SHEET

Title of Case State v. Antonio Acosta.

SU-2019-106-C.A.
Case Number
(P1/13-3393A)

Date Opinion Filed March 26, 2021

Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and
Justices
Long, JJ.

Written By Associate Justice William P. Robinson III

Source of Appeal Providence County Superior Court

Judicial Officer from Lower Court Associate Justice Daniel A. Procaccini

For State:

Mariana E. Ormonde
Department of Attorney General
Attorney(s) on Appeal
For Defendant:

Kara J. Maguire
Office of the Public Defender

SU-CMS-02A (revised June 2020)