In re B.M. In re A.M. In re N.M.

Supreme Court

In re B.M. : No. 2022-142-Appeal.
(P 18-4948)

In re A.M. : No. 2022-143-Appeal.
(P 18-1856)

In re N.M. : No. 2022-144-Appeal.
(P 18-1855)

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision
before publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers
are requested to notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme
Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone (401) 222-3258 or
Email opinionanalyst@courts.ri.gov, of any typographical
or other formal errors in order that corrections may be
made before the opinion is published.
Supreme Court

In re B.M. : No. 2022-142-Appeal.
(P 18-4948)

In re A.M. : No. 2022-143-Appeal.
(P 18-1856)

In re N.M. : No. 2022-144-Appeal.
(P 18-1855)

Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and Long, JJ.

OPINION

Justice Long, for the Court. The respondent father, Michael M. (father or

respondent),1 appeals from a decree of the Family Court, issued pursuant to G.L.

1956 § 15-7-7(a)(3), that terminated his parental rights to his three sons: B.M., A.M.,

and N.M. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the decree of the

Family Court.

Facts and Procedural History

On March 23, 2018, the Department of Children, Youth, and Families

(DCYF) filed a petition in Family Court to terminate the parental rights of

respondent and the biological mother, Marina M., to N.M. and A.M. based on one

1
To protect the identities of the children, this opinion uses the respondent father’s
first name and last initial only. We intend no disrespect.

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ground of unfitness: that the children had been placed in the care of DCYF for at

least twelve months without a substantial probability that they could return to

respondent or Marina M. within a reasonable period of time. 2 On October 5, 2018,

DCYF filed a petition in Family Court to terminate the parental rights of respondent

and the biological mother, Mariah T., to B.M. based on two independent grounds of

unfitness: (1) that the child had been placed in the care of DCYF for at least twelve

months without a substantial probability that he could return to respondent or Mariah

T. within a reasonable period of time; and (2) that the parents had abandoned or

deserted the child.3

The chief judge of the Family Court held a bench trial on DCYF’s termination

petitions over the course of seven days between July 24, 2020, and

September 10, 2021, during which he admitted twenty-two exhibits and heard

testimony from respondent; the DCYF caseworkers assigned to work with the

family; John Parsons, Ph.D., who conducted respondent’s psychological and

parent-child evaluation; Cheryl Raposa, N.M. and A.M.’s in-home clinical therapist;

Amanda Duarte-Azevedo, respondent’s case manager at Community Care Alliance

(CCA); Wesley Cruz, a caseworker at Northern Rhode Island Visitation Center

2
A.M. and N.M.’s mother, Marina M., consented to a voluntary termination of her
parental rights on November 5, 2018.
3
The Family Court defaulted B.M.’s mother, Mariah T., on February 25, 2019, and
entered a decree terminating her parental rights on March 11, 2019.

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(NRIVC), a visitation program affiliated with CCA; Kelli Li, a program manager at

NRIVC; and N.M. and A.M. in the form of in camera interviews. A summary of

the testimony and documentary evidence before the Family Court follows.

Marina M. gave birth to N.M. and A.M. on July 31, 2008, and

September 10, 2009, respectively. They lived with respondent and their mother until

the two separated in 2014 and respondent subsequently assumed primary childcare

responsibilities. On March 13, 2015, DCYF filed a dependency and neglect petition

in Family Court and removed N.M. from the custody of both parents after N.M.

alleged that respondent physically abused him; DCYF placed N.M. in shelter care

before ultimately placing him in a nonrelative foster home. Additionally, based on

N.M.’s allegations, DCYF also filed a neglect petition as to A.M. in March 2015 but

later dismissed the petition after determining that A.M. could safely remain in

respondent’s home.

DCYF developed several case plans in an effort to facilitate reunification. The

initial case plans identified as requirements for reunification compliance with a

visitation plan as well as mental health counseling, anger management counseling,

random drug screens, domestic violence counseling, and completion of a

parent-child evaluation. The subsequent case plans reflected the same requirements

for reunification, although DCYF made some verbal modifications to visitation

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arrangements, such as a shift to virtual visits and phone calls with N.M. when

respondent moved out of state in May 2015.

DCYF referred respondent to CCA for mental health and substance use

services and NRIVC for visitation supervision upon completion of the parent-child

evaluation.

The respondent left Rhode Island in May 2015, with the court’s permission,

when he moved with A.M. to South Carolina for a work opportunity. While in South

Carolina, DCYF provided respondent with phone-call visits with N.M. and in-person

visits whenever he returned to Rhode Island to attend court, provided he confirmed

his attendance with DCYF at least one week prior. The respondent initiated phone

contact with N.M. while out of state, and he visited in person with N.M. once

between May 2015 and November 2015.

The respondent requested that DCYF facilitate an interstate transfer of N.M.

to South Carolina through the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children.4

However, N.M.’s first DCYF caseworker could not process the transfer request

because N.M.’s initial placement changes—namely, his move from shelter care to a

4
General Laws 1956 § 40-15-6 of the Interstate Compact on the Placement of
Children provides, in pertinent part, that “[t]he officers and agencies of this state
and its subdivisions having authority to place children are hereby empowered to
enter agreements with appropriate officers or agencies of or in other party states
pursuant to paragraph (b) of article V of the Interstate Compact on the Placement of
Children.”

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nonrelative foster home—delayed DCYF’s ability to initiate evaluations and

services, which were required for South Carolina, as the receiving state, to

investigate an appropriate placement.

The respondent and A.M. relocated to Rhode Island in May 2016, initially

residing at respondent’s mother’s home. In July 2016 respondent moved in with his

partner, Mariah T., while A.M. remained with respondent’s mother. Due to

respondent leaving A.M. to live with respondent’s mother and failing to address

A.M.’s medical and behavioral needs, DCYF filed a new petition in August 2016

alleging that A.M. was dependent, abused, and neglected. DCYF removed A.M.

from respondent’s mother’s care and placed him in the same nonrelative foster home

as N.M.

Between December 1, 2016, and January 20, 2017, respondent participated in

a parent-child evaluation. He engaged in multiple meetings with Dr. Parsons, during

which he underwent a comprehensive psychological evaluation and completed an

interactive session with the two boys. At the parent-child evaluation, Dr. Parsons

observed appropriate affection and evidence of a positive emotional bond between

respondent, N.M., and A.M. His diagnostic impressions of respondent included the

following: disruption of family by separation or divorce; past history of physical

abuse during childhood; child neglect; child abuse; unspecified depressive disorder;

and personality disorder with self-defeating features. Based on his observations and

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a review of respondent’s family history with DCYF, Dr. Parsons concluded that

N.M. and A.M. were at moderate to serious risk if reunified with respondent.

Ultimately, Dr. Parsons recommended that respondent participate in a

substance-abuse evaluation, individual psychotherapy with cognitive/behavioral

approach, active monitoring of his psychotropic medication, anger management

classes, and parenting classes, and that he seek part-time employment opportunities.

On May 3, 2017, Mariah T. gave birth to respondent’s third son, B.M., who

lived with respondent and Mariah T. for two days before DCYF filed a petition

alleging neglect and removed him to the nonrelative foster home where his brothers

resided.

The respondent initially engaged with services at NRIVC and some services

at CCA, but he did not complete or consistently engage with his required obligations.

Although he testified at trial that he engaged in counseling while living in South

Carolina, he could not recall any specifics and conceded that he did not complete the

counseling requirement while living in South Carolina. The respondent complied

with toxicology screens and with some counseling sessions at CCA; however, CCA

records reflect that, starting in October 2016, he attended counseling inconsistently

due to frequent job changes and his unstable living situation. The respondent

ultimately admitted that he stopped participating in counseling because he “didn’t

feel like [he] had a mental health problem.”

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While in counseling with Ms. Duarte-Azevedo of CCA, respondent reported

that he asked DCYF to incorporate family counseling into his case plan to improve

his chances of reunifying with his sons. Ms. Raposa, the boys’ therapist, also

recommended family counseling, although she did not make a formal referral for it.

The record indicates that DCYF did not pursue family counseling.

Regarding respondent’s visitation, Mr. Cruz of NRIVC testified about the

consistency of visits and the lack of safety concerns between November 2016 and

August 2017. The respondent remained fully cooperative and compliant with

visitation between November 2016 and June 2017 until an anonymous hotline call

made to DCYF disrupted the visitation schedule. Specifically, on June 13, 2017, an

anonymous individual called the RI CHILD hotline to report that respondent, who

had a scheduled visit with his sons later that day, possessed weapons in his vehicle

and made threats to use those weapons to regain custody of his children. As a result,

DCYF canceled the visit scheduled for that day, but visitation resumed one week

later.

The RI CHILD hotline received a second anonymous call regarding

respondent approximately one month later; the caller reported that respondent had a

knife in his possession and planned to kidnap his children during their scheduled

visit on July 12, 2017. DCYF canceled the visit scheduled for that day and filed a

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motion in Family Court to change the visitation venue. A third hotline call made to

RI CHILD resulted in DCYF canceling a visit scheduled for August 30, 2017.

Thereafter, in late 2017, NRIVC program manager Kelli Li began supervising

visitation in place of Mr. Cruz. Subsequently, based on the safety concerns that

arose after the three hotline calls, DCYF informed Ms. Li that it would co-supervise

visits with NRIVC. However, NRIVC policy disallowed co-supervision; Ms. Li

informed DCYF that the change in supervision would require NRIVC to withdraw

from involvement with respondent and his family. NRIVC therefore ceased its

involvement with the family.

DCYF did not provide visitation from September 2017 to January 2018.

DCYF caseworker Jaimee Clerc testified that she believed that a court order required

DCYF to pause visits until the court resolved the motion regarding visitation venue.

However, she could not provide evidence of such an order. The court subsequently

heard DCYF’s motion and ordered virtual visitation via Skype between respondent

and his children. Although respondent engaged with virtual visitation, Ms. Clerc

testified that she noticed the boys becoming increasingly agitated and upset about

having to call their father. The court reinstated in-person visitation in April 2018,

but DCYF caseworkers testified that respondent did not prepare for or attend these

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visits consistently.5 The court conditionally modified visitation from biweekly to

monthly with the directive that respondent must reengage consistently and confirm

his attendance with DCYF two hours prior to visits. The respondent attended a visit

on June 22, 2018; however only B.M. attended. DCYF caseworker Donna

Crawshaw attempted to contact respondent in August 2018 regarding visitation, but

respondent did not answer or return the call. In response to respondent’s continued

failure to reengage with visitation consistently, DCYF filed a motion in Family

Court to suspend visitation; the court heard the motion on September 7, 2018, and

respondent did not attend. The court subsequently decided to make visitation subject

to the clinical recommendation of Ms. Raposa,6 but Ms. Raposa never recommended

that visitation recommence. The respondent moved to Maine in October 2018 and

the record reflects that he had two in-person visits with his children thereafter: one

visit with A.M. in August 2020 and one visit with B.M. in February 2021. 7

Despite the safety concerns that arose from the hotline calls, Ms. Li testified

that the visits she observed went well and that respondent appropriately engaged

5
Specifically, respondent arrived with no supplies or food for the children at the visit
on April 17, 2018, and failed to appear for visitation on July 6, 2018, July 20, 2018,
August 3, 2018, and August 17, 2018.
6
According to Ms. Crawshaw, the court did not issue an order containing this
directive, but rather made notation of it on a back sheet.
7
The record indicates that respondent attended one visit with A.M. in August 2020
at the request of A.M. The respondent testified that he requested the visit with B.M.
in February 2021.

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with the boys. Ms. Clerc, who observed respondent’s phone calls with his sons in

2018, testified that the boys began refusing to refer to respondent as father.

During his in camera interview, N.M. expressed unequivocally to the court

that he loved his foster mother, Ms. Joanne Pettigrew, and that respondent “[is] dead

to me.” N.M. expressed that if he and his brothers lived with respondent, he would

not feel safe. A.M. endorsed similar sentiments: He stated that he wanted no

communication with respondent and expressed concern about B.M. experiencing the

same abuse that he and N.M. had suffered.

Regarding the boys’ foster-home placement, Ms. Crawshaw observed that the

boys were happy and comfortable, and bonded well as a family with their foster

mother. DCYF offered as evidence four letters authored by Ms. Raposa regarding

the boys’ well-being in their foster home and their adjustment to the new

environment over time; respondent objected to the admission of the letters on the

grounds that the requisite foundation had not been laid and that they constituted

inadmissible hearsay, but the chief judge overruled respondent’s objection and

admitted the letters as a full exhibit. Furthermore, Ms. Raposa testified that A.M.

initially wanted to return to his father but changed his mind over time as he

acclimated to the foster home, but that N.M. never intended to return to his father

from the outset of his placement. Ultimately, Ms. Raposa supported the adoption of

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all three boys by Ms. Pettigrew and recommended to the court that DCYF pursue

permanency.

After reviewing the testimony and evidence before him, the chief judge of the

Family Court issued a written decision, finding by clear and convincing evidence

that respondent abandoned N.M. in a shelter when he moved to South Carolina;

failed to complete anger management treatment; caused the interruption to the

visitation schedule through his own actions and inaction; did not make consistent

improvements toward steady employment, housing, and other socioeconomic

directives in his case plan; did not complete a substance-abuse assessment; and

declined to participate in a psychiatric assessment at CCA to determine if medication

would be appropriate. The chief judge also found that respondent’s history of

domestic abuse and serious mental health struggles played a significant role in

DCYF’s decision to keep the children in its custody. Finally, the chief judge

concluded that the children thrived in the care of Ms. Pettigrew and that it would be

in their best interests to terminate respondent’s parental rights.

On March 7, 2022, the Family Court entered a decree terminating

respondent’s parental rights to N.M., A.M., and B.M. pursuant to § 15-7-7(a)(3).

The respondent filed timely notices of appeal. This Court consolidated the parties’

appeals on January 18, 2023.

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Standard of Review

We review a Family Court justice’s ruling to terminate parental rights by

examining the record to ascertain whether legal and competent evidence supports

her or his findings. In re J.B., 291 A.3d 1253, 1257 (R.I. 2023). This Court affords

the findings of the Family Court justice great weight and will not disturb them on

appeal unless the findings are clearly wrong or the trial justice overlooked or

misconceived material evidence. Id. The biological parent’s right to due process

requires that the state support its allegations by at least clear and convincing

evidence. Id.

Discussion

Before this Court, respondent argues that the Family Court chief judge erred

in finding (1) that DCYF proved respondent’s unfitness by clear and convincing

evidence; and (2) that DCYF proved by clear and convincing evidence that it made

reasonable efforts to achieve reunification between respondent and his sons.

Additionally, respondent argues that, because the best interests of the child can be

determined only after a parent is found to be unfit, the chief judge necessarily erred

in reaching the question of best interests.

We have held that parents possess an inherent liberty interest in the care,

custody, and management of their children. In re Isabella M., 66 A.3d 825, 830 (R.I.

2013). Before terminating an individual’s parental rights, the trial justice must find

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that the parent is unfit. In re J.B., 291 A.3d at 1257. Once the unfitness is

determined, “the best interests of the child outweigh all other considerations.” Id.

(quoting In re Pricillion R., 971 A.2d 599, 604 (R.I. 2009)).

Section 15-7-7(a)(3) provides the following:

“(a) The court shall, upon a petition duly filed by a
governmental child placement agency or licensed child
placement agency, or by the birthmother or guardian of a
child born under circumstances referenced in subsection
(a)(2)(viii) of this section, after notice to the parent and a
hearing on the petition, terminate any and all legal rights
of the parent to the child, including the right to notice of
any subsequent adoption proceedings involving the child,
if the court finds as a fact by clear and convincing evidence
that:

“* * *

“(3) The child has been placed in the legal custody or care
of the department of children, youth and families for at
least twelve (12) months, and the parents were offered or
received services to correct the situation that led to the
child being placed; provided, that there is not a substantial
probability that the child will be able to return safely to the
parents’ care within a reasonable period of time
considering the child’s age and the need for a permanent
home[.]”

The Court is satisfied that there is competent evidence in the record that

supports the chief judge’s findings regarding respondent’s unfitness, DCYF’s

reasonable efforts, and the best interests of the children. Specifically, our review of

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the record indicates that N.M. came into the custody of DCYF on March 11, 2015,

after N.M.’s school contacted the DCYF hotline to report physical abuse. DCYF’s

initial investigation raised serious concerns about N.M.’s placement with respondent

and ultimately resulted in his removal from respondent’s care. The record also

indicates that DCYF removed A.M. on August 19, 2016, due to DCYF’s allegations

of neglect, and later removed B.M. two days after his birth on May 3, 2017. The

evidence in the record demonstrates that, over the course of more than three years

after N.M. came into its care, DCYF attempted to address its concerns regarding

dependency, abuse, and neglect throughout the duration of these cases by developing

several case plans and making referrals for services to correct the behavior that led

to each child’s removal. The evidence in the record also supports the chief judge’s

finding that respondent did not meaningfully address DCYF’s concerns regarding

his mental health and lifestyle challenges and further, that respondent inconsistently

engaged with DCYF’s required directives, including attending visitation with his

sons.

After hearing testimony from the witnesses and reviewing the exhibits

presented by the parties, the chief judge carefully outlined respondent’s failure to

engage with the requirements of his case plans. The chief judge found that

respondent did not complete his counseling goals or gain the protective capacity

required to show that he could safely parent his sons. Furthermore, the chief judge

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gave great weight to Dr. Parsons’s diagnostic impressions, recommendations, and

prognosis, which indicated that respondent appeared to be in denial concerning his

issues and limitations and that he underreported his symptoms of anxiety,

depression, and mood instability. Most importantly, Dr. Parsons cautioned that

respondent should adhere closely to his recommendations before having any chance

at reunification. It is well settled that a parent’s lack of interest in his children,

exemplified by an unwillingness to cooperate with DCYF directives, serves as a

sufficient basis for a finding of unfitness. In re Gelvin B., 251 A.3d 503, 509 (R.I.

2021). DCYF presented competent evidence to support the chief judge’s findings

of unfitness, and this Court will not disturb those findings.

Nevertheless, respondent argues that DCYF’s repeated disruption of his

visitation schedule after it received unsubstantiated hotline calls and DCYF’s failure

to incorporate family counseling into his case plans contradict the chief judge’s

finding that it made reasonable efforts to achieve reunification. We disagree.

Although DCYF must show by clear and convincing evidence that it offered services

to correct respondent’s shortcomings through reasonable efforts, the determination

of reasonable efforts still takes into account a parent’s conduct and cooperation with

services. In re Lauren B., 78 A.3d 752, 760 (R.I. 2013).

The respondent is correct that DCYF caused disruptions to his visitation

schedule before 2018; however, DCYF canceled visits due to safety concerns related

- 15 -
to three separate RI CHILD hotline calls indicating that respondent possessed

weapons and intended to use them to regain custody of his sons. The calls came in

anonymously, but DCYF took necessary precautions to keep the children out of

harm’s way. Further, while we do not condone DCYF’s failure to provide visitation

between September 2017 and January 2018, we must equally consider respondent’s

conduct and cooperation with the visitation schedule during the period when DCYF

provided it. In re R.M., 293 A.3d 1255, 1265 (R.I. 2023). The record indicates that

respondent complied with the visitation schedule between November 2016 and June

2017 when visits occurred at NRIVC. However, respondent did not comply with

the visitation schedule on a consistent basis after that time period, and he

acknowledged that, while living in South Carolina, he could not recall when he first

returned to Rhode Island for a visit with N.M., who was then eight years old. In July

and August of 2018, respondent failed to attend four biweekly visits with N.M. and

A.M. In fact, after June 2018, respondent attended only two in-person visits with

A.M. and B.M., one of which was at the request of A.M. himself. Therefore, we are

satisfied that the chief judge properly found that DCYF engaged in reasonable

reunification efforts, especially in light of respondent’s inconsistent cooperation

with his visitation schedule, and that sufficient competent evidence supports those

findings.

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The respondent’s argument regarding DCYF’s failure to incorporate family

counseling into the case plans is also without merit. Although Ms. Raposa testified

that she recommended family counseling to DCYF, the record does not reveal any

evidence regarding the timing of that recommendation; the timing is material

because N.M. and A.M.’s willingness to reunite with respondent deteriorated over

time. 8 Moreover, Ms. Raposa also testified that she did not make a referral for family

counseling. Based on the foregoing, we conclude that DCYF demonstrated

reasonable efforts to reunify the family.

Once DCYF establishes that a respondent is unfit and that it made reasonable

efforts toward reunification, the children’s best interests outweigh all other

considerations. In re Donnell R-H Jr., 275 A.3d 1139, 1144 (R.I. 2022). This Court

recognizes that respondent undoubtedly loves his children. We also credit

respondent’s initial attempts to address the directives in the case plans, especially in

light of his own pervasive and longstanding mental health and socioeconomic

8
The respondent also points to CCA’s progress and drug screen records in support
of his argument that CCA recommended family counseling. After reviewing the
record, it appears that Mr. Cruz indicated in his post-supervised visit progress note
from June 20, 2017, that “[f]amily therapy would be highly beneficial” and that his
plan was to speak to DCYF regarding family therapy. Of paramount importance is
the date of Mr. Cruz’s note: in the same way that timing is important for Ms.
Raposa’s recommendation, so it is for Mr. Cruz’s. Following the three hotline calls
to RI CHILD, Mr. Cruz ceased supervising visitation and the record is not clear as
to whether Mr. Cruz ever communicated his impressions regarding the benefits of
family therapy to DCYF.

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struggles. Nevertheless, once unfitness is established, the primary focus shifts from

the parent to the child’s best interests. Id. Our review of the record indicates that

sufficient competent evidence supports the chief judge’s findings regarding the

children’s best interests. Specifically, the chief judge found that the boys thrived for

more than four years in the nurturing and supportive presence of their foster mother.

Furthermore, we have unequivocally held that a child deserves permanency. Id. at

1146. Based on the stability and long-term nature of N.M., A.M., and B.M.’s

placement with Ms. Pettigrew, this Court concludes that termination of respondent’s

parental rights is in the children’s best interests.

The respondent nevertheless appears to argue that the chief judge’s alleged

error in admitting as evidence the four letters authored by Ms. Raposa “significantly

undercuts the trial justice’s finding about what is best for [the] children.” We

disagree. Even if the chief judge erred in admitting the letters, his written decision

demonstrates that he equally relied on N.M. and A.M.’s in camera interviews and

testimony from DCYF caseworkers who observed the children in their pre-adoptive

foster home to make findings regarding best interests; therefore, the letters served as

cumulative evidence and their admission constitutes harmless error.

For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we conclude that the chief judge did

not err in finding that DCYF proved, by clear and convincing evidence, the

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respondent’s unfitness, its reasonable efforts toward reunification, and that

termination of the respondent’s parental rights served the children’s best interests.

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing, we affirm the decree appealed from and remand the

record in this matter to the Family Court.

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STATE OF RHODE ISLAND
SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE
Licht Judicial Complex
250 Benefit Street
Providence, RI 02903

OPINION COVER SHEET

In re B.M.
Title of Case In re A.M.
In re N.M.
No. 2022-142-Appeal. (P 18-4948)
Case Number No. 2022-143-Appeal. (P 18-1856)
No. 2022-144-Appeal. (P 18-1855)

Date Opinion Filed August 28, 2024

Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and
Justices
Long, JJ.

Written By Associate Justice Melissa A. Long

Source of Appeal Providence County Family Court

Judicial Officer from Lower Court Chief Judge Michael B. Forte

For Petitioner:

Benjamin Copple
Department of Children, Youth and Families

Attorney(s) on Appeal Andrew J. Johnson
Court Appointed Special Advocate
For Respondent:

Michael Graham Ewart
Rhode Island Public Defender

SU-CMS-02A (revised November 2022)