Tommy Ames v. State of Mississippi

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2013-KA-01286-COA

TOMMY AMES A/K/A TOMMY LEE AMES APPELLANT

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/26/2013
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. M. JAMES CHANEY JR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: WARREN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER
BY: HUNTER NOLAN AIKENS
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: LADONNA C. HOLLAND
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: RICHARD EARL SMITH JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: CONVICTED OF TWO COUNTS OF
AGGRAVATED ASSAULT, AND
SENTENCED TO TWENTY YEARS FOR
COUNT I, WITH FIVE YEARS
SUSPENDED, FIFTEEN YEARS TO SERVE,
AND FIVE YEARS OF POST-RELEASE
SUPERVISION, AND SENTENCED TO
TWENTY YEARS FOR COUNT II, WITH
FIVE YEARS SUSPENDED, FIFTEEN
YEARS TO SERVE, AND FIVE YEARS OF
POST-RELEASE SUPERVISION, WITH THE
SENTENCES TO RUN CONSECUTIVELY,
ALL IN THE CUSTODY OF THE
MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED – 10/06/2015
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE IRVING, P.J., BARNES AND ISHEE, JJ.
IRVING, P.J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. After a jury convicted Tommy Ames of two counts of aggravated assault, the Circuit

Court of Warren County sentenced him to two consecutive twenty-year terms of

imprisonment in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections. On appeal, he

argues that during trial, the trial court erred in admitting certain witness testimony under Rule

804(b)(1) of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence and that he was denied a speedy trial.

¶2. Finding no error, we affirm.

FACTS

¶3. On November 2, 2007, Kenya Johnson and Christopher Blackmore traveled to

Vicksburg, Mississippi, in a car driven by Johnson. As Johnson was driving down First East

Street in Vicksburg, Ames, an acquaintance of Johnson’s and a stranger to Blackmore,

flagged them down. After Johnson stopped the car and rolled his window down, he and

Ames conversed momentarily. At the end of Johnson and Ames’s discussion, Ames opened

one of the back doors of the car and entered the car. After that, Ames shot Johnson in the

back of his head and in his neck. Ames also shot Blackmore in the back of his head. At

some point, Johnson elbowed Ames, causing him to be ejected from the car. Immediately

after the shooting, Johnson and Blackmore traveled, in the car, a short distance to the law

office of Winfield & Moran, where Attorney Paul Winfield provided first-aid to them. Paul

Winfield’s secretary called 911, and paramedics arrived to transport the men to a hospital.

Johnson and Blackmore survived the shooting.

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¶4. At the time of the incident, Ames was on federal post-release supervision (PRS).

During the four weeks after the incident, Ames hid out at his brother’s house. After that, he

relocated to Arkansas, where he was arrested by the United States Marshals Service. During

a federal PRS-revocation hearing, Johnson testified against Ames, and Ames’s counsel cross-

examined Johnson. The hearing resulted in the revocation of Ames’s PRS and his sentence

of fifty months of imprisonment in the custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

¶5. Approximately six months after his arrest by federal marshals, while incarcerated in

the federal prison, Ames was indicted by the State of Mississippi for two counts of

aggravated assault. About five years later, his case went to trial. During trial, the trial court

deemed Johnson unavailable under Rule 804(b)(1) and allowed the State to read his prior

testimony from the revocation hearing into evidence.

DISCUSSION

I. Johnson’s Rule 804(b)(1) Testimony

¶6. On appeal, Ames argues that the trial court erred in deeming Johnson unavailable

under Rule 804(b)(1) because the State failed to use reasonable, diligent efforts to secure his

presence at trial. Ames highlights the fact that the State failed to issue a subpoena for

Johnson and insists that Johnson’s prior testimony should not have been admitted during trial.

In response, the State argues that the record belies Ames’s claims. The State points to the

testimony of Investigator Dewayne Smith, who outlined the steps taken by the State to locate

Johnson. The State also argues that it was not required to do everything conceivable to locate

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Johnson and that “it would have been futile to prepare a request for [a] subpoena and a

subpoena when the prosecution knew that Johnson could not be served since he had been

missing for four years.”

¶7. The hearsay exceptions found in Rule 804 of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence are

inapplicable if the declarant is available. And, under that rule, if the declarant is available,

then the in-court repetition of his statements constitutes inadmissable hearsay. See M.R.E.

804(b). As stated, Ames argues that the trial court erred in deeming Johnson unavailable

under Rule 804(b)(1); however, the crux of his argument is that the court erred in admitting

inadmissable hearsay testimony.

¶8. The standard of review for the admission or exclusion of evidence is well settled: “[It]

will be reviewed by the appellate court for an abuse of discretion.” Talley v. State, 164 So.

3d 516, 518 (¶11) (Miss. Ct. App. 2015) (citing Osbourne v. State, 54 So. 3d 841, 845 (¶12)

(Miss. 2011)). “Reversal is proper only where the error adversely affects a substantial right

of a party.” Talley, 164 So. 3d at 518 (¶11) (citing Osbourne, 54 So. 3d at 845 (¶12)).

¶9. Under Rule 804(b)(1),

[t]estimony given as a witness at another hearing of the same or a different
proceeding, or in a deposition taken in compliance with law in the course of
the same or another proceeding, if the party against whom the testimony is
now offered, or, in a civil action or proceeding, a predecessor in interest, had
an opportunity and similar motive to develop the testimony by direct, cross, or
redirect examination[, is excluded from the hearsay rule if the declarant is
unavailable as a witness].

¶10. According to Mississippi Rule of Evidence 804(a)(5), a witness is unavailable if he

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“[i]s absent from the hearing[,] and the proponent of his statement has been unable to procure

his attendance . . . by process or other reasonable means[.]” While the State must make a

“diligent effort” to procure the witness’s attendance, it is not required “to do everything

conceivable.” Naylor v. State, 759 So. 2d 406, 409 (¶7) (Miss. 2000) (citations omitted). A

trial court’s determination that the State made a diligent effort to procure the witness’s

attendance will not be disturbed on appeal unless the trial court abused its discretion. Russell

v. State, 670 So. 2d 816, 827 (Miss. 1995) (citations omitted).

¶11. During trial, which was held July 1-3, 2013, Investigator Smith testified that he had

last seen Johnson on June 24, 2008, and that he and the State had been “in constant

conversation about . . . Johnson” for nearly four years. Investigator Smith also testified that

in attempting to locate Johnson, he had spoken with some of Johnson’s “known associates”

and “some informants that possibly knew [Johnson’s] location and followed those leads.”

He further testified that he had sought the assistance of law enforcement in other

jurisdictions. Investigator Smith stated that he had “used [a search engine similar to the

National Crime Information Center] that helps [law enforcement] locate suspects [using the

suspect’s] name[,] address[,] possible location[,] and the nearest relative.” He also stated that

he had searched places in Warren County and Hinds County and that within the two years

preceding trial, in attempting to locate Johnson, he had exhausted every possible tool and

resource at his disposal.

¶12. In Naylor, 759 So. 2d at 409-10 (¶11), a captain of the Lauderdale County Sheriff’s

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Department testified that, in attempting to locate an unavailable witness, his agents had made

contact with the witness’s parents, who refused to reveal the witness’s location. Id. He also

testified that he had made contact with the Philadelphia Police Department and Neshoba

County Sheriff’s Office and had staked out a child-care facility that the witness was

reportedly running. Id. In that case, the Mississippi Supreme Court found that the State had

made a diligent effort to procure the witness’s attendance. Id. at 410 (¶16). Because the

State’s efforts in this case match its efforts in Naylor, we do not find that the trial court

abused its discretion in concluding that the State made a diligent effort to procure Johnson’s

attendance at trial or in admitting his testimony under Rule 804(1)(b). This issue is without

merit.

II. Lack of Speedy Trial

A. Constitutional Right

¶13. Ames argues that his constitutional right to a fast and speedy trial was violated by the

1,995-day delay between his arrest by federal marshals and his trial. In response, the State

argues that the reasons for delay were not attributable to it and that Ames failed to show

prejudice.

¶14. The right to a speedy trial is protected by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to

the United States Constitution and Article 3, Section 26 of the Mississippi Constitution of

1890. To determine whether there was a speedy-trial violation, this Court applies the

balancing test from Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972), which requires us to examine

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the following four factors: (1) length of delay, (2) reason for delay, (3) the defendant’s

assertion of his right, and (4) prejudice to the defendant.

1. Length of Delay

¶15. “The Sixth Amendment speedy-trial right attaches at the time of [the] formal

indictment or information or [the] arrest—whichever occurs first.” Ben v. State, 95 So. 3d

1236, 1242 (¶10) (Miss. 2012) (citation omitted). “[A] delay of more than eight months is

considered presumptively prejudicial.” Id. at (¶9) (citation omitted).

¶16. On August 20, 2008, while Ames was still serving his sentence in the federal prison,

he was indicted for the aggravated-assault charges. Then, on October 7, 2011, after his

release from the federal prison, he was taken into custody in Mississippi. So Ames was

indicted before his arrest for the aggravated-assault charges, and his speedy-trial right

attached when he was indicted. His trial began on July 1, 2013, which was more than eight

months after his indictment. As such, the length-of-delay factor weighs in favor of Ames.

While that factor alone is not sufficient for a reversal, a close examination of the remaining

Barker factors is required. DeLoach v. State, 722 So. 2d 512, 517 (¶16) (Miss. 1998) (citing

Handley v. State, 574 So. 2d 671, 676 (Miss. 1990)).

2. Reason for Delay

¶17. In Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, the United States Supreme Court stated:

Closely related to [the] length of delay is the reason the government assigns to
justify the delay. Here, too, different weights should be assigned to different
reasons. A deliberate attempt to delay the trial in order to hamper the defense
should be weighted heavily against the government. A more neutral reason

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such as negligence or overcrowded courts should be weighted less heavily but
nevertheless should be considered since the ultimate responsibility for such
circumstances must rest with the government rather than with the defendant.

¶18. The State issued a detainer warrant for Ames on April 2, 2008, and indicted him on

August 20, 2008. On April 13, 2009, Ames asserted his right to a speedy trial. “[O]nce a

prisoner makes demand for speedy trial on any pending charges in another jurisdiction, that

other jurisdiction has ‘a constitutional duty . . . to make a diligent, good-faith effort to bring

the prisoner before that jurisdiction for trial.’” Cressionnie v. State, 797 So. 2d 289, 291 (¶6)

(Miss. Ct. App. 2001) (quoting Smith v. Hooey, 393 U.S. 374, 383 (1969)).

¶19. More than four months later, on August 20, 2009, the trial court filed an order

granting the State’s request for a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum and an order to

transport Ames from the United States Penitentiary in Pollock, Louisiana. In Cressionnie,

797 So. 2d at 292 (¶¶8-9), this Court recognized the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus ad

prosequendum as one way of seeking the temporary return of a prisoner for the purpose of

standing trial. While the procedure does not guarantee success, since there is no enforcement

mechanism as between the state and the federal government, the State must still make the

effort. Id. at 292-94 (¶¶10-11). By filing its request for a writ of habeas corpus ad

prosequendum, the State satisfied the requirement that it make a diligent, good-faith effort

to bring Ames to trial.

¶20. On September 16, 2011, the trial court signed an order that instructed the Warren

County Sheriff’s Department to take custody of Ames on October 7, 2011, after his release

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from the federal prison. Ames was arraigned on October 14, 2011, and appointed counsel.

Trial was set for March 19, 2012, and Ames was released on bond. As discussed below, over

the next twenty and one-half months, trial was continued four times, and Ames’s counsel was

substituted five times.

¶21. On March 5, 2012, counsel for Ames, John W. Bullard, filed a motion to withdraw

as attorney of record based on a conflict of interest due to the fact that he was employed as

an assistant district attorney on the date of the crime alleged in the indictment. The trial court

granted Bullard’s motion, and Jerry Campbell was substituted as counsel the following day.

On March 22, 2012, the trial was continued to September 10, 2012, and on that day, although

the State was ready to proceed with trial, Ames failed to appear. Ames claimed that

Campbell had not informed him of his trial date. Apparently, Campbell moved to withdraw

as counsel that same day.1 In ruling on Campbell’s motion to withdraw, the trial court stated:

Now, as to Mr. Jerry Campbell, then being substituted as counsel, there is
some speculation[—]or[] the representation is made that the defendant didn’t
show up for his trial on that date. The State is ready for trial, a date is set, and
yet on that date for the trial the defendant doesn’t show up. Now, the
defendant is going to say—apparently, he has represented that his attorney
didn’t tell him. There should have . . . been more than just the attorney. There
would have been a court order setting the trial date. The defendant’s bonding
company knew of or should have known of the trial date. And so the Court
certainly doesn’t attribute that delay to the State. The defendant should have
been here. Had he been here, he would have been tried, but he did not stay in
contact with his attorney, his appointed attorney, and that attorney asked to
withdraw[,] and that request was granted.

1
The State alleges that Campbell moved to withdraw that same day.

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¶22. On September 14, 2012, the trial was continued to February 25, 2013. On December

18, 2012, Bullard was again appointed counsel, and on December 20, 2012, Justin Jones was

substituted for Bullard. On February 7, 2013, the parties signed an agreed order to continue

the trial to June 24, 2013. On February 15, 2013, Jones filed a motion to withdraw as

counsel because he accepted new employment and closed his law office. On May 16, 2013,

Michael Winfield, Paul Winfield’s brother, was substituted as counsel. On April 16, 2013,

Ames was arrested and charged with felon in possession of a firearm. On May 16, 2013,

Kimberly Nailor was substituted as counsel due to a conflict of interest that arose as a result

of Michael and Paul Winfield’s relationship. That same day, the trial court continued the

trial to July 1, 2013, when it commenced.

¶23. Bullard’s, Michael Winfield’s, and Jones’s withdrawals cannot be attributed to Ames,

and while the reason for the delay associated with their appointments and substitutions is a

neutral one, this weighs slightly against the State. Bullard and Michael Winfield both had

a conflict of interest, and the reason for Jones’s withdrawal was personal in nature and was

in no way attributable to Ames.

¶24. The reason for Campbell’s withdrawal is unclear, but the record reveals that he was

present for trial on September 10, 2012, when Ames failed to appear. We cannot say that this

delay was attributable to the State because the State was ready to proceed with trial. While

Ames claims he did not know his trial date because Campbell did not tell him, nearly six

months had passed since the original trial setting. Having appointed counsel did not absolve

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Ames of his responsibility to inquire about his trial date, and he does not argue that Campbell

told him not to appear for trial. This delay was caused by Ames.

¶25. Upon review, we find that the continuances were either agreed to, a direct result of

changes in counsel, or a result of Ames’s failure to appear. Responsibility for the changes

in counsel and Ames’s failure to appear have already been addressed. This factor favors the

State.

3. Assertion of the Right

¶26. Ames asserted his right to a speedy trial on April 13, 2009, nearly eight months after

he was indicted. Notwithstanding the assertion of his right, his trial did not commence until

approximately four years later. This factor weighs in favor of Ames.

4. Prejudicial Effect of the Delay

¶27. There are three main considerations in determining whether the accused has been

prejudiced by a lengthy delay: “(1) preventing oppressive pretrial incarceration[,] (2)

minimizing anxiety and concern of the accused[,] and (3) limiting the possibility that the

defense will be impaired.” Jefferson v. State, 818 So. 2d 1099, 1108 (¶21) (Miss. 2002)

(internal quotations omitted). “Generally, proof of prejudice entails the loss of evidence,

death of witnesses, or staleness of an investigation.” Sharp v. State, 786 So. 2d 372, 381

(¶19) (Miss. 2001). “The possibility of impairment of the defense is the most serious

consideration in determining whether the defendant has suffered prejudice[] as a result of

delay.” Id. (citations omitted).

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¶28. Ames does not argue that his pretrial incarceration was oppressive. Instead, he argues

that the delay caused him increased anxiety and concern. This assertion, however, lacks

specificity. “[A]nxiety alone does not [always] amount to prejudice worthy of reversal.”

Duplantis v. State, 708 So. 2d 1327, 1336 (¶25) (Miss. 1998). Ames must show “how this

anxiety manifestly impacted him or his family.” McBride v. State, 61 So. 3d 138, 147 (¶31)

(Miss. 2011). This he failed to do.

¶29. Ames also argues that the delay impaired his defense because he was unable to locate

two witnesses—Johnson and Ames’s girlfriend at the time of the incident, Irene Ward. He

insists that he was prejudiced by the delay because he was denied his right to confront

Johnson. However, according to our supreme court, “testimony admitted under [Rule]

804(b)(1) does not violate the Confrontation Clauses of the federal and state constitutions.”

Russell v. State, 670 So. 2d 816, 829 (Miss. 1995) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). Therefore, Ames was not denied his right to confrontation.

¶30. Also, Ames does not explain how his inability to locate Ward prejudiced his defense.

There was no subpoena issued for her, and Ames’s counsel did not mention her when arguing

prejudice in Ames’s motion to dismiss based on the lack of a speedy trial. The record reveals

that Ward was not present at the scene of the crime and that she was not with Ames in

Louisiana. Therefore, she had no firsthand knowledge of Ames’s whereabouts at the time

of the crime. Ames has failed to show prejudice, and this factor weighs in favor of the State.

¶31. While the delay was presumptively prejudicial, and Ames asserted his speedy-trial

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right, we find that his constitutional right to a speedy trial was not violated. The State made

a good-faith effort to bring him to trial while he was serving time in the custody of the

federal prison, and the withdrawal of each of Ames’s counsel, while not his fault, weighs

only slightly against the State. The reason for one delay is due in large part to Ames’s

absence on the day of trial and withdrawal of counsel that same day. Ames also agreed to

one of the four continuances. Furthermore, Ames has failed to show how he was prejudiced

by the delay. This issue is without merit.

B. Statutory Right

¶32. Ames argues that his statutory right to a speedy trial was violated by the 654-day delay

between his arraignment and trial. Again, the State insists that it was not responsible for the

delay and that Ames has failed to establish prejudice.

¶33. Under Mississippi Code Annotated section 99-17-1 (Rev. 2007), “[u]nless good cause

be shown, and a continuance duly granted by the court, all offenses for which indictments

are presented to the court shall be tried no later than two hundred seventy . . . days after the

accused has been arraigned.” First, we calculate the number of days between arraignment

and trial. Because 626 days passed between arraignment and trial, we must “consider each

delay separately, because only those delays attributable to the State count toward the 270

days.” Sharp, 786 So. 2d at 378 (¶5) (citing Baine v. State, 604 So. 2d 258, 264 (Miss.

1992)).

¶34. First, we consider the block of time between arraignment and the first date set for trial,

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October 14, 2011, to March 19, 2012. “The necessary time for the accused and his counsel

to prepare his trial must necessarily be left largely to the sound discretion of the trial judge,

bearing in mind the facts and circumstances of the particular case.” Id. at 378 (¶6) (citations

omitted). Given the nature of the case and the amount of time that had elapsed since the

commission of the alleged crime, the time given to allow Ames’s attorney to prepare was not

excessive; therefore, the time between arraignment and the first date set for trial does not

count against either the State or Ames.

¶35. Next, we consider the block of time between Bullard’s withdrawal and the next date

set for trial—that is, March 5, 2012, to September 10, 2012. After Bullard withdrew, the trial

court appointed Campbell. The trial was then continued to September 10, 2012, to allow

Campbell time to prepare a defense. “A delay caused by the withdrawal of the defendant’s

attorney which entails allowing the new attorney a reasonable time to become familiar with

the case and prepare for trial cannot be weighed against the State.” Manix v. State, 895 So.

2d 167, 175 (¶13) (Miss. 2005) (citation omitted). This continuance was for good cause.

¶36. The next block of time was from September 10, 2012, to February 25, 2013. During

that time, the State was ready to proceed to trial, but Ames did not appear. This delay cannot

be attributed to the State. After Campbell withdrew as counsel, the trial was continued to

February 25, 2013.

¶37. On February 7, 2013, the parties signed an agreed order to continue the trial to June

24, 2013. When a motion for a continuance is joined by the defendant, “it is dealt with as

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if it were sought by the defense.” Sharp, 786 So. 2d at 378 (¶7). “As such, continuances

sought by the defense are charged against them.” Id. This continuance cannot be attributed

to the State.

¶38. Between February 7, 2013, and June 24, 2013, Jones withdrew and Michael Winfield

was substituted as counsel. As the trial date neared, Michael Winfield withdrew based on

a conflict of interest, and Nailor was appointed counsel on May 16, 2013. The trial was

again continued to July 1, 2013, to allow Nailor time to prepare a defense. As stated, a

preparatory delay for a defendant’s benefit is not weighed against the State. This

continuance was for good cause.

¶39. Upon review, we find that all of the delays were either attributable to Ames or were

for good cause, and we find that Ames’s statutory right to a speedy trial was not violated.

Accordingly, we affirm.

¶40. THE JUDGMENT OF THE WARREN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT OF
CONVICTION OF TWO COUNTS OF AGGRAVATED ASSAULT AND SENTENCE
OF TWENTY YEARS FOR COUNT I, WITH FIVE YEARS SUSPENDED, FIFTEEN
YEARS TO SERVE, AND FIVE YEARS OF POST-RELEASE SUPERVISION, AND
TWENTY YEARS FOR COUNT II, WITH FIVE YEARS SUSPENDED, FIFTEEN
YEARS TO SERVE, AND FIVE YEARS OF POST-RELEASE SUPERVISION,
WITH THE SENTENCES TO RUN CONSECUTIVELY, ALL IN THE CUSTODY
OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, IS AFFIRMED. ALL
COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO WARREN COUNTY.

LEE, C.J., GRIFFIS, P.J., BARNES, ISHEE, CARLTON, MAXWELL, FAIR
AND WILSON, JJ., CONCUR. JAMES, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

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