Tibbetts v. Abba Investment Realty, LLC

STATE OF MAINE SUPERIOR COURT
CUMBERLAND, ss. CIVIL ACTION
DOCKET NO. CV-18-492

CYNTHIA TIBBETTS, )
)
Plaintiff )
)
v. ) ORDER ON DEFENDANTS' MOTIONS
) FOR SUMMARY
ABBA INVESTMENT REALTY, LLC, ) JUDGMENT
K.P. GAGNON COMPANY, LLC, and )
BACK IN MOTION PHYSICAL )
THERAPY, LLC, )
)
Defendants )
)
)
)
)

Before the court are defendants Abba Investment Realty, LLC ("Abba"), K.P. Gagnon

Company, LLC ("Gagnon"), and Back in Motion Physical Therapy, LLC's ("Back in Motion")

motions for summary judgment.

I. Factual Background

Defendant Abba owns the building located at 94 Main Street, Gorham, Maine ("94 Main").

(Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,r 1.) Defendant Back in Motion is the exclusive second floor tenant of 94

Main. (Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,r 7.) Plaintiff Cynthia Tibbetts was a customer of Defendant Back in

Motion starting in 2016. (Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,r 9.) Ms. Tibbetts had an appointment with

Defendant Back in Motion on December 5, 2016. (Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,r 18.) Prior to Ms.

Tibbetts' appointment, it had snowed, but the snow had ceased by the time Ms. Tibbetts arrived

for her appointment. (Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,r 16.) Following her appointment, Ms. Tibbetts fell
while she was walking down the stairs from Defendant Back in Motion's office on the second

floor of94 Main. (Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,i,i 19, 24.)

Before she fell, Ms. Tibbetts noticed that some of the stairs were wet, though there was no

"wet floor" warning sign posted. (Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,i 20); (Pl.'s A.S.M.F. ,i 7.) Ms. Tibbetts

tried to avoid the wet spots on the stairs. (Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,i 23.) However, when she stepped

on one of the wet stairs her foot flew out from beneath her, and she lost her grip on the railing.

(Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,i,i 24-25.) As she fell Ms. Tibbetts grabbed for the railing again. (Def.

Abba's S.M.F. ,i 25.) When Ms. Tibbetts grabbed the railing, the railing came out of the wall.

(Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,i 27.) Ms. Tibbetts landed on the lobby floor and sustained injuries as result

of her fall. (Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,i,i 28-29.) Defendant Back in Motion was responsible for

providing appropriate signage in the stairway and for keeping the stairway clean. (Pl. 's A.S.M.F.

i!19.)

II. Procedural History

Plaintiff Cynthia Tibbets filed a complaint on October 29, 2018, alleging two counts: count

I, premise liability; and count II, negligence. 1 Defendant Gagnon filed an answer on November 7,

2018. Defendant Back in Motion filed an answer on November 9, 2018. Defendant Abba filed an

answer on January 31, 2019.

Defendants Abba and Gagnon filed a motion for summary judgment on November 5, 2019.

Defendant Back in Motion filed a motion for summary judgment on November 12, 2019. Plaintiff

opposed both of Defendants' motions for summary judgment on December 5, 2019. Defendants

1 The complaint is actually just one count, as premise liability is a negligence claim that places a heightened duty on

land owners in certain contexts such as business owner's duty to a business invitee. See Durham v. HTH Corp.,
2005 ME 53, 11 8, 870 A.2d 577.

2
Abba and Gagnon replied to Plaintiffs opposition on December 17, 2019. Defendant Back in

Motion did not file a reply.

III. Discussion

a. Standard of Review

Summary judgment is granted to a moving party where "there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact" and the moving party "is entitled to judgment as a matter oflaw." M.R. Civ. P. 56( c).

"A material fact is one that can affect the outcome of the case, and there is a genuine issue when

there is sufficient evidence for a fact-finder to choose between competing versions of the fact."

Lougee Conservancy v. CityMortgage, Inc., 2012 ME 103, ~ 11, 48 A.3d 774 (quotation omitted).

To survive a defendant's motion for summary judgment, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie

case for every element of the plaintiffs cause of action. See Savell v. Duddy, 2016 ME 139, ~ 18,

147 A.3d 1179.

On summary judgment, the court considers reasonable inferences that may be drawn from

the facts. Curtis v. Porter, 2001 ME 158, ~ 9, 784 A.2d 18. Additionally, the nonmoving party

benefits from all "favorable inferences that may be drawn from the facts presented." Id "When

facts or reasonable inferences are in dispute on a material point, summary judgment may not be

entered." Id.

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b. Premise Liability

Defendant Abba2 argues that Ms. Tibbetts cannot establish a prima facie case of negligence

against them. (Def. Abba's Mot. Summ. J. 5.) Ms. Tibbetts argues that there are genuine disputes

of material facts which preclude summary judgment from being entered. (Pl.'s Opp'n to Def.

Abba's Mot. Summ. J. 4.) At issue in this motion is whether Defendant Abba breached a duty

owed to Plaintiff.

"When a plaintiff alleges negligence, to survive a defendant's motion for summaty

judgment, he 'must establish a prima facie case for each element ofthe cause of action.'" Murdock

v. Thorne, 2017 ME 136, ,r 11, 166 A.3d 119 (quoting Mastriano v. Blyer, 2001 ME 134, ,r 11,

779 A.2d 951). To establish a prima facie claim for negligence a plaintiff must show "a duty owed,

a breach of that duty, and an injury to the plaintiff that is proximately caused by a breach of that

duty." Canney v. Strathglass Holdings, LLC, 2017 ME 64, ,r 19, 159 A.3d 330 (quotation marks

omitted).

In Maine, "a business owner owes a positive duty of exercising reasonable care in

providing reasonably safe premises ... when it knows or should have known of a risk to customers

on its premises." Durham, 2005 ME 53, ,r 8, 870 A.2d 577 (quotation marks omitted).

A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused
to his invitees by a condition on the land if, but only if, he
(a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the
condition and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of
harm to such invitees, and
(b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger,
or will fail to protect themselves against it, and
(c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against the
danger.

2
According to their brief, Defendant K.P. Gagnon has no property interest in 94 Main where the accident occurred.
(Pl. 's Mot. Summ. J. I, n. l .) Although there is clear evidence in the record to support this assertion, this fact is not
specifically represented in the Statement ofMaterial Facts.

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Isaacson v. Husson College, 297 A.2d 98, 104-05 (Me. 1972) (quoting the Restatement (Second)

of Torts§ 343 (1965)).

i. Notice ofAllegedly Defective Railing

Defendant Abba3 argues that it was not on notice that the railing was improperly attached

to the wall, and therefore Ms. Tibbetts cannot show that Defendant Abba breached a duty to Ms.

Tibbetts. (Def. Abba's Mot. Summ. J. 9-12.) Ms. Tibbetts argues that actual notice is not required

and that Defendant Abba should have known that the railing was improperly attached to the wall.

(Pl.'s Opp'n to Def. Abba's Mot. Summ. J. 7-8.)

Ms. Tibbetts' argument points to the fact that Defendant Abba never performed a building

inspection of 94 Main and claims had Defendant Abba done so, Defendant Abba would have

discovered the alleged deficiency in the construction of the railing. (Pl.'s Opp'n to Def. Abba's

Mot. Summ. J. 7-8.) Ms. Tibbetts' argument does not properly address the standard stated in

Isaacson, which is "should have known". Rather she is arguing for a standard of "could have

known." Ms. Tibbetts has not produced any evidence or authority that Defendant Abba had a duty

to conduct a building inspection when it purchased 94 Main. Nor has Ms. Tibbetts brought forth

any evidence that the railing was an obvious defect, such as, testimony that the railing was hanging

off the wall or that it was loose prior to the accident. 4 Finally, Ms. Tibbetts, by not designating an

expert, cannot show what Defendant Abba should have known about the alleged improper

construction through the exercise of reasonable care. See Isaacson, 297 A.2d at 104. As stated by

the Connecticut Supreme Court "a defendant must have actual or constructive notice of a

dangerous condition on its premises before being required to remedy it. Notice can be proven in

3 Reference to Defendant Abba includes Defendant Gagnon.
4 Ms. Tibbetts does state that the railing's defect was obvious, however this is based on affidavit of someone who

only saw the railing three years after the accident occurred. This testimony is not relevant to the issue of Defendant
Abba's notice prior to the accident. (See Pl. 's Opp'n to Def. Abba's Mot. Summ. J. 8); (Pl. 's A.S.M.F. 118-11.)

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a number of ways, including by expert testimony as to what the defendant ought to have known."

DiPietro v. Farmington Sports Arena, LLC, 306 Conn. 107, 115 n.3, 49 A.3d 951, 956 (2012).

Summary judgment must be entered in favor of Defendant Abba on Ms. Tibbett's claim ofpremise

liability and negligence based on the allegedly defective railing, "because the plaintiff did not

produce any evidence on the essential element of notice, expert testimony or otherwise."5 Id

ii. Slippery Condition ofthe Stairs

The next issue is whether Defendant Abba is liable for the slippery condition of the stairs

at the time of the accident. "A landlord is generally not liable for a dangerous condition that comes

into being after the lessee takes exclusive possession and control of the premises." Stewart v.

Aldrch, 2002 ME 16, ,r 10, 788 A.2d 603. A landlord may still be liable for a dangerous condition

if the landlord:

(a) fails to disclose the existence of a latent defect which he knows
or should have known existed but which is not known to the tenants
nor discoverable by them in the exercise of reasonable care;
(b) gratuitously undertakes to make repairs and does so negligently;
or
(c) expressly agrees to maintain the premises in good repair.

Id (quoting Nichols v. Marsden, 483 A.2d 341,343 (Me. 1984)). A landlord also must establish

an absence of control "in order to avoid liability for a dangerous condition on the premises."

Stewart, 2002 ME 16, ,r 12, 788 A.2d 603. The Law court defines control by a landlord as "power

over the premises that the landlord reserves pursuant to the terms of the lease or the tenancy,

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DICTA Furthermore, there is no evidence in the record that indicates what the applicable code is that the allegedly
defective railing did not comply with. Ms. Tibbetts only presents a lay opinion that speculates that the railing
"couldn't have met code if it wasn't in a stud" and that this is a violation of a ~'building code" that His available to
the public on the Internet," however upon the record before the court it is not even clear that the lay person that is
delivering this opinion has ever even read the applicable building code. (See Pl. 's Opp. to Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,r 34.)
Ms. Tibbetts also submits her husband's affidavit that states he brought a stud finder to the stairwell at 94 Main,
three years after the accident, and concluded that the railing was not placed in a stud. (See PJ's A.S.M.F. ,r 6.) The
affidavit of Mr. Tibbetts is devoid of any information regarding his familiarity on how to use a stud finder. Ms.
Tibbetts has not established a prima facie case that the construction ofthe railing was a dangerous condition. DICTA

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whether express or implied, and does not include the incidental control that comes from being able

to tlu·eaten tenants with nonrenewal of a lease or with eviction." Id at 1 13.

Ms. Tibbetts has not made any argument that Defendant Abba !mew of the water on the

staircase and failed to notify Ms. Tibbetts or Defendant Back in Motion, or that Defendant Abba

attempted to clean up the water on the stairs and did so negligently, or that Defendant Abba

expressly agreed to keep the staircase clean for Defendant Back in Motion. Stewart, 2002 ME 16,

1 I 0, 788 A.2d 603.

Defendant Abba claims that Defendant Back in Motion had exclusive use of the entrance

and stairwell leading to the second floor of94 Main. (S.M.F. 117-8.)6 Furthermore, Ms. Tibbetts

admits that Defendant Back in Motion was responsible for keeping the stairway clean. (Pl.'s

A.S.M.F. 116.) There is no genuine dispute of material fact that that Defendant Back in Motion

had exclusive control of the stairwell or that any of the Nichols/Stewart exceptions creating

landlord liability apply in this case. Summary judgment is granted in favor of Defendant Abba.

As it pertains to Defendant Back in Motion, there is no dispute that the stairs Ms. Tibbetts

was descending at 94 Main were "wet" and that no "wet floor" sign had been placed notifying

customers of this condition on the day of her accident. (Pl. 's A.S.M.F. 112, 7.) The record shows

that Ms. Tibbetts slipped when she stepped onto one of the wet stairs. (Def. Abba's S.M.F. 124.)

Plaintiff has presented a prima facie case that the wet stairs caused her accident. See generally,

Currier v. Toys 'R' Us, 680 A.2d 453 (Me. 1996).

Defendant Back in Motion argues that there is no evidence that Defendant Back in Motion

knew or reasonably should have known of the wet condition on the stairs and therefore Ms.

6Ms. Tibbetts denies that the Defendant Back in Motion has exclusive use of the entrance and the stairwell leading
up to Defendant Back in Motion's office which is the only office located on the second floor. (Opp. S.M.F. 1! 8.)
However, Ms. Tibbetts' denial is not supported by record citations. (See Def. Abba's Ex. B, Gagnon Dep. 13, 40.)

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Tibbetts has failed to establish a prima facie case of breach. (Def. Back in Motion's Mot. Summ.

J. 2.) Ms. Tibbetts argues that Defendant Back in Motion should have known about the wet

condition of the stairs. (Pl. 's Opp'n to Def. Back in Motion's Mot. Summ. J. 3.)

When a foreign substance on the floor causes a member of the public
to sustain injuries, the injured party ordinarily bears the burden of
proving the defendant's negligence by establishing (I) that the
defendant caused the substance to be there, or (2) that the defendant
had actual knowledge of the existence of the foreign substance, or
(3) that the foreign substance was on the floor for such a length of
time that the defendant should have known about it.

Milliken v. Lewiston, 580 A.2d 151, 152 (Me. 1990). In this case, Ms. Tibbetts claims that the

water was on the stairs for such a length of time that Defendant Back in Motion should have known

about it. The record shows that Ms. Tibbetts was not aware of any water accumulation on the

stairs when she arrived for her appointment. (Def. Back in Motion's S.M.F. ,r !); (Pl.'s Opp. to

Def. Back in Motion's S.M.F. ,r I.) Ms. Tibbetts appointment lasted approximately one hour.

(Def. Back in Motion's S.M.F. ,r 5.) On the day ofthe accident it had snowed earlier in the morning

prior to Ms. Tibbetts' appointment. (Def. Abba's S.M.F. ,r 16.) Ms. Tibbetts believes that the wet

spot formed out of melted snow or ice that fell off of someone's footwear. (Def. Back in Motion's

S.M.F. ,r 4.) The evidence also shows that the floor mats in the entryway to the staircase were

worn and had not been changed out in four years at the time of the accident. (Pl.'s A.S.M.F. ,r

17.)7 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Ms. Tibbetts, Defendant Back in Motion

knew it had snowed earlier that day, knew that customers and employees may have carried snow

into the building, knew that the floor mats in the entry way were worn and unsuited to removing

snow from footwear, knew that the stairs may be slippery when wet, and did not post a "wet floor"

7 Defendant Abba objects to the relevancy of the wear and tear of the floor mats as the accident occurred on the
stairs, however, worn floor mats make it more likely that water would be carried by customers and employees'
footwear onto the stairs from outside during snow or rain storms, thus making it more likely that Defendant Back in
Motion had notice of possible dangerous conditions on the staiiwell.

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caution sign. A reasonable jury could find that Defendant Back in Motion had constructive notice

that there was a dangerous condition on the stai1well. How long the water resided there and

whether that time was an unreasonable amount of time to have not discovered this dangerous

condition is a determination for the trier of fact. See Graves v. S.E. Downey Registered Land

Surveyor, P.A., 2005 ME 116, 19, 885 A.2d 779 ("[BJ reach ofthe duty and causation are questions

of fact."). Ms. Tibbetts has generated a genuine issue of material facts as it relates to Defendant

Back in Motion's negligence as to the dangerous condition of water on the stairs leading up to

Defendant Back in Motion's office.

IV. Conclusion

Sunimary judgment is granted as to Defendant Abba's and Defendant Gagnon's motion

and denied as to Defendant Back in Motion's motion.

The Clerk is requested to enter this Order on the docket for this case by incorporating it by

reference. M.R. Civ. P. 79(a).

Dated: /:+",~ , y , 2020

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