State of Maine v. Kailie Brackett

MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2026 ME 9
Docket: Was-24-231
Argued: September 10, 2025
Decided: February 5, 2026

Panel: STANFILL, C.J., and MEAD, CONNORS, LAWRENCE, DOUGLAS, and LIPEZ, JJ.

STATE OF MAINE

v.

KAILIE BRACKETT

CONNORS, J.

[¶1] Kailie Brackett appeals her conviction for murder, 17-A M.R.S.

§ 201(A)-(B)(2025), entered by the trial court (Washington County,

R. Murray J.) following a jury trial. Brackett raises multiple challenges to her

conviction and sentence, including the sufficiency of the evidence against her;

the admission of expert evidence over her objections; and prosecutorial error.

We vacate her conviction and remand for a new trial because the trial court

erred in admitting testimony under Maine Rule of Evidence 702 regarding the

identity of a partial, sock-clad footprint found at the scene, which error was

magnified by the State’s characterization of that testimony in its closing and

rebuttal argument.
2

I. BACKGROUND

[¶2] On the evening of April 21, 2022, the victim, Kimberly (Kim)

Neptune, was found in her apartment by her brother, Samuel Neptune, Jr. Kim1

had been stabbed 484 times, causing her death. Approximately a month later,

the State indicted Kailie Brackett and Donnell Dana, Jr., with intentional,

knowing, or depraved indifference murder under 17-A M.R.S. § 201(1)(A)-(B).

A. The Evidence Admitted at Trial Other than the Footprint Evidence

[¶3] The case went to trial between December 8 and 20, 2023, during

which the State presented twenty-one witnesses including Kim’s brother;

various local and State law enforcement officers; an investigator from the Office

of the State Fire Marshal; Dr. Michael Nirenberg, a podiatrist; the deputy chief

medical examiner for the State; Kim’s downstairs neighbor, Melissa Martin; a

resident in Brackett’s neighborhood; a forensic chemist from the State Police

crime laboratory; a forensic DNA analyst from the State Police crime

laboratory; and Hailie Levesque, Kim’s cousin. Brackett presented Alicia

McCarthy, PhD, who testified in response to Nirenberg’s evidence. Brackett

also testified in her own defense.

1 For clarity, we will refer to the victim (Kim) and her brother (Samuel) by their first names.
3

[¶4] Excluding the footprint identification evidence from Nirenberg and

McCarthy discussed in detail infra ¶¶ 25-55, the following sets forth the

evidence admitted at trial, viewed in the light most favorable to the State.

See State v. Fyans, 2025 ME 78, ¶ 9, 345 A. 3d 18 (“When the sufficiency of the

evidence is challenged, ‘[w]e view [the] evidence in the light most favorable to

the prosecution and determine whether any trier of fact rationally could find

beyond a reasonable doubt every element of the offense charged.’”) (citation

omitted).

[¶5] Kim lived in an apartment in Pleasant Point, Maine, above Melissa

Martin. Kim and her brother, Samuel, lived near one another and visited each

other’s homes frequently. Kim and Brackett were close friends who also lived

near one another, and their homes were connected by an ATV trail. They saw

each other most days in the months leading up to the crime. Brackett and her

co-defendant, Donnell Dana Jr., share a child but they were not believed to be

romantically involved at the time of the crime. At trial, Brackett indicated that

she and Dana coparented and got along well. Samuel was a childhood friend of

Dana’s and is the godfather of Brackett and Dana’s child.

[¶6] Kim and her neighbor, Martin, had surveillance cameras in their

homes. Kim’s camera was located inside her home, at her bedroom window,
4

facing her stairs, ATV, and the front of her apartment; Martin’s was located

outside her home, above her back door, on the side of the building where the

entrance to Kim’s apartment was located. Martin’s camera was motion

activated, and the recordings from both Kim’s and Martin’s cameras could be

accessed through phone applications.

[¶7] Brackett and Kim both illegally used Xanax, which Kim also sold,

including to Brackett.2 Brackett knew where, within Kim’s bedroom, Kim kept

her Xanax, and Brackett knew that shortly before Kim’s murder, Kim had

bought 200 Xanax pills.

[¶8] A few days before Kim was found deceased, Brackett’s neighbor saw

Brackett getting into her own car wearing a jacket, although the weather was

warm, and a mask with a “joker smile.”3 Video footage shows Brackett later

that evening, wearing the same mask and jacket, approaching Kim’s neighbor’s

porch, then turning around.

[¶9] On April 20, 2022, Kim’s cousin, Hailie Levesque, saw Brackett at

the Farmer’s Union in Perry. Levesque testified that, while checking out, she

overhead Brackett say something about how Kim had stolen money and how

2 Brackett testified that when she and Kim communicated about drugs, they utilized a “secret

conversation” feature of Facebook messenger in which messages disappear after a short time.

3 At trial, Brackett admitted to owning a “Chesire Cat smile mask.”
5

Kim was going to pay for it. Levesque testified that a store worker was close

enough to hear the statement. The worker, however, told law enforcement that

“[s]he had not heard anything unusual said about [Kim] prior to or since the

homicide.”

[¶10] Brackett testified that she and Kim were at the Farmer’s Union

together the same day, buying scratch tickets and groceries, after which they

traveled to Eastport. Cell tower data associated with Brackett’s and Kim’s

cellphones reflect that on that day, between about 4:15 p.m. and 5:00 p.m.,

Brackett’s cellphone connected to cell sites in Perry and Eastport. According to

a sergeant with the Maine State Police Computer Crimes Unit, “[t]he time of the

connections, location of the cell sites, orientation of the antenna, and estimated

distance from cell site measurements indicated that the device traveled from

the Perry/Pleasant Point area to Eastport, and then back to the Perry/Pleasant

Point area.” On the same date, between approximately 4:15 p.m. and 5:00 p.m.,

Kim’s cellphone connected to cell sites in Dennysville, Lubec, Perry, and

Eastport. “The time of the connections, location of the cell sites, orientation of

the antenna, and estimated distance from cell site measurements indicated that

the device traveled from the Eastport area back to the Perry/Pleasant Point

area.”
6

[¶11] Later in the evening of April 20, Kim visited Samuel at his home,

shortly after 8:00 p.m., for 15-20 minutes, then left. Brackett testified that Kim

messaged her to see if she wanted to hang out and that Kim came to her home,

arriving at approximately 9:00 p.m. and staying until approximately 11:00 p.m.

[¶12] At approximately 11:00 p.m., Kim’s neighbor, Martin, received a

notification from her surveillance camera while she was at work, and she heard

her dogs “barking, going crazy, [and] whining” inside her apartment.4 At

12:17 a.m., Martin’s camera recorded a shadow on the pavement of one or two

people who appeared to be coming down Kim’s stairs (which set off a

motion-sensor light on Martin’s deck), then returning up the stairs to Kim’s

apartment. At 12:19 a.m., Kim’s Echo Show device recorded Kim asking “what’s

the weather outside?” At approximately 1:00 a.m., the barking stopped.

[¶13] A series of four charges on Brackett’s bank account were recorded

starting before 1:00 a.m. on April 21. At least some of those transactions

appeared to be automatic withdrawals. Brackett also received text messages

from an online cosmetics store between 2:35 a.m. and 2:55 a.m., offering her

10% off a future purchase. Brackett received an email at 2:59 a.m. reflecting an

order from the cosmetics company.

4 At trial, Martin testified that her camera system would pick up noise both outside and inside her

house if the noise was close to the door.
7

[¶14] At 8:07 a.m., Martin’s camera recorded an individual wearing a

dark jacket leaving the area of Kim’s apartment.

[¶15] Between 10:00 and 11:00 a.m., Samuel sent Kim a message and

received no response. He then went to her apartment to drop off batteries for

her smoke detectors and discovered that both the doorknob and the deadbolt

were locked. He did not enter the apartment because he was there in a work

capacity as the assistant supervisor for the Pleasant Point housing authority.

[¶16] Starting shortly before noon, Brackett made three transactions

with Kim’s debit card. She withdrew $500 of Kim’s money from an ATM at First

National Bank in Eastport at 11:55 a.m. and $203.50 ($200 plus a transaction

fee) from the Bangor Savings Bank ATM in Eastport at around 12:02 p.m., and

made purchases totaling just over $100 at the Family Dollar Store in Eastport

at approximately 1:30 p.m. At the Family Dollar Store, she wore a jacket

dissimilar to the jacket seen on the person leaving Kim’s apartment that

morning.

[¶17] Later that evening, Samuel still had not heard from his sister and

went to her apartment to check on her. He noticed that the deadbolt and the

doorknob were still locked and let himself into the apartment with a key that

he had. Looking into her bedroom, he saw that it was in disarray and found his
8

sister wrapped in a blanket on the floor between her bed and dresser. After

peeling back the blanket to determine whether she had a pulse and detecting

none, he returned to his house to call 9-1-1 because he did not have his

cellphone with him. He saw a police car driving by his house and flagged it

down. The officer, who worked for the Pleasant Point Police Department,

radioed to dispatch for EMS to go to Kim’s apartment, and the officer and

Samuel went to Kim’s apartment. Once at the scene, the officer notified

dispatch to have Chief Newell come to the scene. When Newell arrived, he

instructed the officer to radio for more officers and to contact the State Police

Major Crimes Unit. Later that night, Samuel received a text message from

Brackett asking, “Why didn’t her camera’s catch anything though?!?”

[¶18] Detectives from the Major Crimes Unit and the Evidence Response

Team photographed and processed the crime scene. A variety of evidence was

collected from Kim’s apartment, including DNA samples from blood stains on a

doorknob and deadbolt of the interior door, on several stairs leading up to the

apartment’s main floor, and inside Kim’s bedroom. Kim was later determined

to be the major contributor of the blood found in all these samples, but there

were some other minor contributors, including the codefendant Dana and other

unknown males. Brackett’s DNA was not present in any of the samples.
9

Samples of DNA from under Kim’s fingernails matched at least six different

male DNA profiles; there was no match to Brackett. No fingerprints suitable for

comparison were found at the crime scene.

[¶19] The Evidence Response Team documented a series of bloodstained

footprints in Kim’s bedroom, only some of which Nirenberg deemed sufficient

for comparison. The team also photographed additional bloodstained

footprints on the carpeted stairs leading up to the main floor of Kim’s

apartment. All of these were impressions of feet, not of footwear.5

[¶20] In addition to the photos of the bloody footprints, the crime scene

photographs show that pillows on Kim’s bed had substantial amounts of her

blood, and one pillow had a pattern of blood indicating that a knife blade had

been wiped on it. Hands, covered in Kim’s blood, had reached down between

Kim’s mattress and the wall. Bloody hands seemed to have turned the pockets

of clothing lying on Kim’s bed inside out.

[¶21] Kim’s security camera was missing. Her bank cards were also

missing from the apartment.

[¶22] On or around April 25, Brackett and Dana were seen loading what

appeared to be three or four trash bags into Brackett’s car. Brackett testified

5 Footwear impressions found in Kim’s home were at the foot of her bed and are believed to have

been made by first responders.
10

that she was loading bags for a trip to Bangor, where their son was having

surgery, and she was packing clothes and snacks for the trip. Brackett and Dana

drove to Brewer with their son and stayed in a motel before their son

underwent surgery on his elbow the next morning. The motel’s security camera

footage did not show them carrying the bags and did not show their son being

with them.

[¶23] On April 27, someone attempted to access the account associated

with Kim’s security camera. On April 29, 2022, Brackett’s home and car were

searched pursuant to a warrant. Officers found several cards, a couple of

checks, a receipt for a Family Dollar purchase, and $1,004.53 in cash.6 In

Brackett’s home, officers photographed a jacket that appeared similar to the

one on the individual that Martin’s camera had recorded leaving the area of

Kim’s apartment at 8:07 a.m. on the day of the murder, but the jacket was not

seized during the investigation.

[¶24] The Deputy Chief Medical Examiner conducted Kim’s autopsy on

April 22, 2022, and counted 484 sharp force injuries, mostly to Kim’s back,

head, and neck, as well as others on her hands that were likely defensive

Brackett testified that she frequently withdrew cash as a favor for Kim, who did not have a car.
6

Brackett also testified that on April 21, 2022, Kim needed $1,000 in cash for a drug deal that she was
making that day, and she was doing Kim a favor by making the ATM withdrawals.
11

wounds. The Examiner concluded that Kim had died within the previous

twenty-four hours and identified the cause of death as “exsanguination due to

sharp force injuries”—in other words, she bled to death.

B. The Forensic Podiatry Evidence

[¶25] Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine to admit the

testimony of Nirenberg, a podiatrist, regarding his comparison of partial,

sock-clad bloody footprints found at the scene of the crime and prints taken of

the defendants’ sock-clad feet while incarcerated. In opposition to the motion,

Brackett presented McCarthy’s report and testimony. The court granted the

State’s motion and ruled that the testimony of both Nirenberg and McCarthy

would be permitted at trial. Because Brackett’s objection to the admissibility

of Nirenberg’s testimony continued and was preserved throughout the trial,7

we summarize the relevant evidence as to the admissibility of his testimony as

presented both at the evidentiary hearing on the motion and at trial.

1. Forensic Podiatry as a Science

[¶26] Nirenberg cited a definition of forensic podiatry as “the application

of sound and researched podiatry knowledge and experience in forensic

7 At the close of Nirenberg’s direct testimony at trial, counsel for Brackett renewed her objection

to the admission of Nirenberg’s testimony in whole, which objection the court overruled,
acknowledging the objection as preserved.
12

investigations, to show the association of an individual with a scene of crime,

or to answer any other legal question concerned with the foot or footwear that

requires knowledge of the functioning foot.” McCarthy defined forensic

podiatry as “the comparison of the shape of bare feet or socked feet.” This case

involves the latter, so our use of the term reflects that definition.

a. Organizational Recognition

[¶27] Nirenberg and McCarthy agreed that two important national or

international organizations relating to forensic science are the Organization of

Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) and the International Association for

Identification (IAI). McCarthy testified that neither organization recognized

forensic podiatry as an accepted discipline.

[¶28] As to OSAC, Nirenberg’s testimony when scrutinized indicates that

he is personally an “affiliate,” not a full member, of OSAC; he serves as chair of

an OSAC “exploratory task group” for gait analysis (not footprint comparison);

and he is unaware whether OSAC has accepted the field of forensic podiatry but

was in hopes that it would do so.8

[¶29] As to the IAI, Nirenberg contested that the organization had not

accepted the field of forensic podiatry, citing his participation on an IAI forensic

McCarthy stated that when she spoke to Nirenberg in 2019, he stated that he had applied for
8

forensic podiatry to be accepted by OSAC and that it had not been accepted.
13

podiatry subcommittee. McCarthy, who serves on the board of the IAI,

explained that forensic podiatry was not an accepted discipline on the IAI’s

website—the site lists the disciplines it governs, and forensic podiatry is not

one of them. When asked by the State why the IAI had a subcommittee on

forensic podiatry, she stated that the IAI had a general forensics track with

forensic podiatry “underneath” it, relating to which Nirenberg sometimes

presents.

[¶30] A third organization that Nirenberg identified as respected was the

European Network of Forensic Science Institutes.9 Nirenberg indicated that he

was unaware that the European Network lists working groups on its website,

that forensic podiatry is not listed on that website, and that the website does

not list guides regarding forensic podiatry, but he stated that he was “not

surprised.” Nirenberg testified that “[w]e haven’t reached out to every

organization. Forensic podiatry is a small group. There’s not a lot of cases

involving footprints.”

9 McCarthy described the European Network as the European equivalent of OSAC.
14

b. Studies

(1) Black-Box Studies

[¶31] A black-box study measures the accuracy of forensic examiners’

conclusions without considering how they reached those conclusions and

identifies a percentage error rate for comparison in the field. It establishes that

the results from one examiner can be replicated by another and is particularly

useful for measuring the reliability of judgment-based measurements. See Kori

Khan & Alicia L. Carriquiry, Shining a Light on Forensic Black-Box Studies, 10

Stat. & Pub. Pol’y 1 (2023).

[¶32] McCarthy indicated that black-box studies are the gold standard

for establishing the reliability of a field of forensic science. McCarthy testified

that since a 2009 report issued by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) had

suggested that expert opinions were being submitted to courts without

sufficient testing of the reliability of the science behind them, black-box studies

had been undertaken in a number of areas, such as fingerprint comparison.

See National Research Council of the National Academies, Strengthening

Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward 87 (Washington, DC:

National Academies Press, 2009) (2009 NAS Report). She testified that she was

not aware of any black-box studies that had been performed on footprint
15

comparison, and she could not find any such study when she conducted a

search.

[¶33] Nirenberg did not contradict McCarthy’s testimony on any of these

points.

(2) Other Studies

[¶34] Citing two different studies, Nirenberg stated that the odds of

different people having the same footprint were 1 in 1.27 billion or 1 in

100,000. The studies he cited as providing these statistics, however, focused

on barefoot prints, not sock-clad prints.10 McCarthy described a study that she

had found by Nirenberg relating to sock-clad prints as identifying a “statistically

significant difference” between the measurements of a bare foot and the same

foot wearing a sock. Nirenberg did not contradict her description of this study

but testified that studies indicated that a variation of up to five millimeters

between the sizes of comparison samples was insignificant and that “the

barefoot translates to the sock-clad.”11

10 Bare feet have dermal ridges, similar to fingerprints.

11 For this proposition, at trial, Nirenberg alluded to “Kennedy, Vernon and Bodziak.” He did not
identify in that testimony which studies he was referencing. In his report, Nirenberg cited various
publications that included the names of these three authors for various propositions, but not the
proposition that bare feet “translates” to sock-clad. The bibliography to his report includes various
materials by these authors, mostly dated before 2009 and having titles alluding to bare feet.
16

c. The Reel Methodology

[¶35] McCarthy testified that in 2012, a doctoral candidate named Sarah

Reel highlighted that examiners were using inconsistent methods in footprint

comparison (examiners were comparing footprints “all over the place” with no

standard), and that Reel had shown how to take measurements in a consistent,

geometrically structured way for comparison purposes in which feet were

measured using the same set of linear and angle measurements. McCarthy said

that Nirenberg had told her that the Reel technique was the gold standard for

footprint comparison.

[¶36] When asked whether, before the Reel technique was developed,

there were concerns about the scientific rigor of footprint measurements,

Nirenberg at first said, “I never had that concern. Maybe some people did.”

In his report, Nirenberg cited a 1984 article co-authored by Owen Lovejoy as “establishing
correspondence between bare and sock-clad footprints.” Nirenberg also cited this 1984 article as
looking at partial, sock-clad footprints and finding “distinctiveness” based on thirteen characteristics.
See Casimer J. Smerecki & C. Owen Lovejoy, Identification via Pedal Morphology, The Police Chief,
April 1984, at 52. In this article from 1984, the authors described how inked prints were taken of
two suspects in a crime to compare to bloody prints found at the crime scene, and one suspect was
excluded as the source of those prints because “the morphology of her foot was completely distinct.”
Id. at 53. As to the other suspect, the article asserted that the impressions “corresponded closely.” Id.
The article then described how five partial, sock-clad prints were taken from 100 different people
and the examiners correctly identified which person within the 100 people had made each of the five
prints. Id. at 54. From this exercise, the authors concluded that “[f]ootprints made through stockings
or socks can leave anatomical morphology that can be examined to yield a high degree of
identification,” albeit not to the same degree as fingerprint comparison. Id. The article also opined
that the “degree of non-exclusion” that can be obtained depends on factors like “the coarseness and
density of the sock material” and the characteristics of the printing medium, noting that “any solvent
flow or creep” would “reduce clarity.” Id. at 54.
17

When confronted with a paper he had written regarding the Reel methodology,

Nirenberg then agreed that the Reel methodology was “considered the best

method to measure a footprint,” and agreed with what he had written—that

“[t]he variety of approaches to footprint measurement suggests . . . the need for

an approach with sufficient scientific rigor, which led Reel to lead the

development of a two-dimensional linear measurement method, i.e. the Reel

method.”

[¶37] Nirenberg did not use the Reel methodology in this case. 12

2. Nirenberg’s Approach

[¶38] Nirenberg indicated that he used four right-foot, sock-clad prints

from the crime scene for his analysis. He could not apply the Reel methodology

to compare the samples of Brackett’s footprints taken in prison to the prints at

the crime scene because the prints at the crime scene were partial, missing the

impression of a heel.

[¶39] Although it is clear that Nirenberg did not use the Reel

methodology, it is not clear from the record what methodology he did use.13 He

12 McCarthy noted that the research upon which Nirenberg relied to support the approach he
utilized in this case was published prior to the establishment of the Reel method.

13 When asked whether Nirenberg’s methodology would have been deemed acceptable when she

was working at the Maine State Crime Lab (where she was employed for ten years), McCarthy
answered no, but added that it did not seem that Nirenberg had a methodology.
18

did not cite any recognized methodology by name. Instead, he testified that he

had identified sixty features, which he then compared between the crime scene

prints and the prints taken in prison. These features were shapes that he

“visualiz[ed]” within the prints to compare.14 It does not appear that these sixty

features came from any standard guide.15 When asked whether there was any

objective score or value to allow someone else to predictably come up with the

same result, his answer was no.

[¶40] After choosing the features to compare, Nirenberg then decided,

based on his visualization, that fifty of his sixty features were “similar” between

the crime scene prints and the sample prints for Brackett. “Similar” meant

“resembling but not identical.” Again, this determination of similarity was not

based on any standard but instead on Nirenberg’s knowledge and experience,

and he conceded that, because this was a subjective opinion, two different

examiners could reach different conclusions.

14During the prosecutor’s cross-examination of McCarthy, McCarthy noted that the Reel
methodology involved linear measurements and angles, while Nirenberg looked at “patterns of the
toes, shapes,” concluding that fifty out of sixty of the “characteristics,” in the prosecutor’s
phraseology, that Nirenberg “looked at” were “similar to” Brackett’s. McCarthy testified that she
looked at the foot impression in Nirenberg’s report and his chart of features/characteristics and
“couldn’t make head nor tail out of it.” McCarthy also noted on redirect that the sixty
features/characteristics, such as Nirenberg’s view of roundness or pointedness of a toe print, were
not measured; that is, they could not “be expressed in numbers.”

15 Nirenberg appears to decide which features and how many to compare on a case-by-case basis.
19

a. Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Nirenberg’s
Comparison

[¶41] Aside from her testimony as summarized above, McCarthy

identified a list of problems in making a comparison in this instance that in her

view rendered Nirenberg’s comparison and report unreliable.

[¶42] As one example, she noted that the sock worn at the scene was

unknown, so a comparison of the sock-clad prints present at the crime scene

likely differed from the prints of Brackett’s feet in the socks provided by the

prison.16

[¶43] Another problem McCarthy noted was that crime scene prints

sprayed with Leuco Crystal Violet (LCV) are supposed to be photographed

16 Nirenberg had not asked the State what the thickness of the sock had been for the prison
samples, stating that “it may be inconsequential.” McCarthy, aside from citing the unknown
differential in the thickness of the socks at the scene versus the socks used for the prison samples,
noted a study that she indicated reflected that socks of different thicknesses absorb different
amounts of blood, and the more blood that a sock absorbs, the wider the impression on the floor.
Although it was known that the sock-clad prints at the scene were bloody, it was unknown how
bloody. The prints were also made on different surfaces—the crime scene on linoleum, the prison
samples on inked paper.

Bodziak, an author that Nirenberg cited multiple times in his report and testimony, stated in an
article, “If sock impressions are obtained, comparability questions may arise, such as whether the
socks used for the standards are of the same type, thickness, and stretch as those worn at the crime
scene. These concerns include the condition of the socks, such as wear and moisture, and whether
the socks were worn right side in or inside out.” William J. Bodziak, Footwear Impression Evidence:
Detection, Recovery and Examination 398 (CRC Press 2d ed. 1999.)
20

immediately, or at least within an hour, while it appeared to her that the

photographs that Nirenberg used were taken two days later. 17

[¶44] A difference in the weight of the person between the time the two

prints are made (the time differential here was almost a year) can also affect

the size of the prints.18

[¶45] Nirenberg recognized that most of the problems that McCarthy

listed were “valid” and noted that he had highlighted some of them in his own

report. He stated, however, that they did not matter because they would not

disturb his five-millimeter measure within which variations are not deemed

material.19 Nirenberg did not analyze how each of the identified problems

could or would impact the prints and size differentials.

17 McCarthy, who indicated that she had taken and taught courses on the proper use and
application of LCV, explained that LCV bleeds into the background over time, which results in wider
foot size distortions. The record does not indicate that Nirenberg asked how much time had elapsed
between the time the crime prints were sprayed and the time the photographs were taken. He stated
that he was not an expert in LCV and said, “[T]his is out of my wheelhouse. If there [was] a problem,
then – then it’s somebody else’s problem.”

18 Nirenberg did not know or ask what Brackett weighed at the time of the crime or the time that

she made the print samples and stated that he did not know how much this would affect a width
measurement.

19 Although Nirenberg referenced his five-millimeter room for variation as relating specifically to

a linear measurement of the foot, he later said that variation such as that attributable to the thickness
of the sock was “inconsequential” because “you’re working within a five-millimeter margin of
anything.” He testified that, whether dealing with a bare foot or a sock-clad foot, “[t]he science uses
plus or minus five millimeters” and his five-millimeter allowance for variation considers “all the
things that can happen when a footprint is made.” Elsewhere in his testimony, Nirenberg stated:
“There – there is no margin of error. It is – it is what it is. That’s the number you get based on
knowledge and experience and training, and that’s why, if we’re going to compare it to a sock-clad
21

[¶46] Regarding sock widths, Nirenberg stated that the average

difference in width of a sock-clad footprint compared to a bare footprint was

“very tiny,” “approximately 2.5 millimeters.”20 He conceded, however, that

whatever the thickness of the sock, it might or might not result in more than a

five-millimeter variation, seemingly contradicting his assertion that variations

would all fall within five millimeters.

[¶47] McCarthy testified that Nirenberg’s approach made no sense from

a scientific standpoint. She stated that uncertainty measurements are never a

static number; for example, it is never one number, five millimeters, for a baby’s

little, narrow feet and the same five millimeters for a large man with very wide

feet.

[¶48] Nirenberg did not explain why a five-millimeter differential is

static and would always apply no matter the number of factors impacting

variations in the prints analyzed.

foot, there’s a five millimeter error margin difference taking into account all these different fact
limitations.”

20 When questioned on cross-examination regarding this 2.5 millimeter number, which
apparently came from Nirenberg’s sock comparison study, Nirenberg admitted that the “high end” of
the discrepancy between barefoot and socked footprints “could have been” five millimeters or more
than five millimeters. He added that he was “not sure” that “sock width equates to increased width”
in the print.
22

b. Nirenberg’s Opinion

[¶49] To express his conclusions, Nirenberg used a scale that he said he

derived from the European Network:

[¶50] Nirenberg did not say that the European Network applied this

scale to foot comparisons.21 Rather, he decided to use this scale given his

“knowledge of the human foot,” “the limitations of the case,” “the

circumstances” and “putting all that together.”

[¶51] Applying this scale, Nirenberg said the evidence was “moderately

strong” that the prints at the scene were not those of Dana and the evidence

was “moderate” that the prints at the scene were those of Brackett.

As noted supra ¶ 30, the European Network does not list forensic podiatry as a discipline for
21

which it issues any guidelines.
23

[¶52] When asked to identify what the terms “moderately strong” and

“moderate” meant in terms of his level of certainty that the prints matched,

Nirenberg indicated that this scale did not express levels of certainty. Rather,

these terms expressed degrees of strength of the evidence as those degrees

related to each other—each step up the scale was ten times stronger than the

step below. Fixing the comparison here for Brackett as “moderate” was not

based on numerical data or statistical calculation, and where he placed the

comparison on this scale was a reflection of his knowledge, experience, and

training.

[¶53] McCarthy stated that scientists needed to articulate the reason

why they were identifying something as “moderately strong” or “moderate”—

to explain why and how they arrived at their conclusion, so that the reasoning

is transparent and can be replicated by another examiner. Fundamentally, the

problem in Nirenberg’s approach was the lack of a methodology such that an

examiner could explain why he or she arrived at his or her assessment.

McCarthy illustrated this with an analogy: assume there is a black cat; one

person might describe the cat as “very” dark, while another might think the cat

was “moderately dark.”
24

[¶54] Outside the scale in which “moderate” was an assessment only

relative to other terms on the scale, when pressed, Nirenberg opined that

despite the various identified problems or limitations, Brackett “could still have

made that footprint.”

3. The Prosecutor’s Description of the Forensic Podiatry
Evidence in Closing and Rebuttal Argument

[¶55] Brackett did not object during the prosecutor’s closing and

rebuttal arguments. In closing argument, the prosecutor contrasted

Nirenberg’s conclusion that there was a “moderate” level of evidence to support

the proposition that Brackett made the crime scene footprints with the fact that

Nirenberg had “ruled out” Dana as the creator of the footprint. The prosecutor

also stated that although a receipt did not indicate where Brackett had been

located, “her footprints do.” In rebuttal, the prosecutor stated that although the

defense’s closing quibbled regarding the footprint evidence, Brackett’s

attorney had not said “a word about the fact that 50 out of 60 characteristics

match Kailie Brackett. What percentage of the population do you think would

do that, 50 out of 60?” The prosecutor stated: “What we know is that her

footprints were found at the scene.”
25

C. The Verdict, Sentence, Judgment, and Appeal

[¶56] The jury deliberated for three days. During this time, the jury

issued multiple notes, to which the court responded after consultation with

counsel. Ultimately, the jury found Brackett guilty but deadlocked as to Dana’s

guilt.

[¶57] Brackett was sentenced to fifty-five years in prison and ordered to

pay $952.50 as restitution, with judgment entered on May 10, 2024. Her

application for leave to appeal her sentence followed her timely notice of

appeal. The Sentence Review Panel granted leave, and the appeals were

automatically merged. See M.R. App. P. 20(g), (h).

II. DISCUSSION

[¶58] Brackett asserts various errors relating to both her conviction and

her sentence. We focus on her arguments that the evidence was not sufficient

to convict her; that the court should have excluded Nirenberg’s testimony; and

that the prosecutor’s argument constituted error.22

22 As for the remainder of Brackett’s arguments on appeal, given that we are vacating the
judgment and remanding for a new trial, we need not address her argument regarding sentencing.
Nor need we discuss whether the prosecutor’s characterization of the evidence in his closing relating
to the location of cellphones was accurate. Finally, with respect to Brackett’s argument that the court
abused its discretion in admitting six photographs of the victim’s injuries, we disagree that the
photographs were unduly prejudicial. See State v. Lockhart, 2003 ME 108, ¶ 46, 830 A.2d 433.
26

A. The evidence was sufficient to sustain Brackett’s conviction, even
excluding Nirenberg’s testimony.

[¶59] Setting aside the footprint comparison evidence, the evidence at

trial, while not overwhelming, was sufficient to sustain Brackett’s conviction.

[¶60] This evidence included, without limitation, testimony that Brackett

was overheard saying that Kim had stolen money and “was going to pay for it”;

Brackett’s withdrawal of $703.50 from Kim’s bank accounts; surveillance video

that could have been viewed as reflecting suspicious conduct on Brackett’s part;

and bloody handprints on the wall indicating that someone had reached where

Brackett knew Kim usually kept her pills. Brackett testified, so the jury was

able to assess her credibility and was free to disbelieve her explanations as to

her whereabouts at the relevant times, why she used Kim’s bank card, and that

she had not in fact made the statement that Kim was “going to pay.” See State

v. Edwards, 2024 ME 55, ¶ 17, 320 A.3d 387 (“[This Court] defer[s] to all

credibility determinations and reasonable inferences drawn by the fact-finder,

even if those inferences are contradicted by parts of the direct evidence.”)

(quotation marks omitted); State v. Mazerolle, 614 A.2d 68, 74 (Me. 1992) (“Any

conflicts in the evidence are to be resolved in favor of the State.”)

[¶61] Hence, upon remand, the State is free to retry Brackett with

Nirenberg's footprint comparison testimony being excluded. See State v. Shirey,
27

2020 ME 136, n.4, 242 A.3d 1103 (noting that double jeopardy does not attach

to preclude retrial unless the evidence was insufficient to support the

conviction).

B. The admission of Nirenberg’s testimony without a proper
foundation or articulation of an opinion useful to the jury, coupled
with the prosecutor’s characterization of Nirenberg’s testimony as
establishing that the partial footprint was in fact that of Brackett,
requires a new trial.

1. The proponent of expert testimony must show, among other
things, that the science is reliable, the expert is qualified, and
the testimony will be helpful to the jury.

[¶62] Maine Rule of Evidence 104(a) provides in relevant part that

before admitting evidence, the court must “decide any preliminary questions

about whether a witness is qualified.” Maine Rule of Evidence 702 provides

that “[a] witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,

training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if such

testimony will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine

a fact in issue.”

[¶63] Thus, touchstones for the admissibility of expert testimony are

that the testimony will be useful to the jury and that the expert is qualified to

give that useful testimony. See Richard H. Field & Peter L. Murray, Maine

Evidence, 376 (6th ed. 2007) (“The first test is . . . [whether] the proffered
28

opinion address[es] an issue of consequence in the case in a way that is helpful

to the jury in making its determination[.]”)

[¶64] Beyond the issue of whether a proffered witness possesses

adequate credentials to offer the testimony, the court must appraise whether

“a reliable expert technique has been developed,” i.e., whether “there is

sufficient scientific basis” for the proposed expert testimony. Id. This inquiry

is the first step in assessing reliability: the court must make a preliminary

finding that the testimony meets a threshold level of reliability before then

determining whether the proponent of the testimony has met its burden of

showing the testimony is relevant and will assist the trier of fact. See Searles v.

Fleetwood Homes of Pa., Inc., 2005 ME 94, ¶ 22, 878 A.2d 509; State v. Williams,

2020 ME 128, ¶ 26, 241 A.3d 835.

[¶65] On the reliability front, when the “expert testimony rests on newly

ascertained, or applied, scientific principles, a trial court may consider whether

the scientific matters involved in the proffered testimony have been generally

accepted or conform to a generally accepted explanatory theory in determining

whether the threshold level of reliability has been met.” State v. Bickart, 2009

ME 7, ¶ 14, 963 A.2d 183 (quotation marks omitted). In Searles, we outlined six
29

factors that trial courts may consider in making this preliminary reliability

determination:

(1) whether any studies tendered in support of the testimony are
based on facts similar to those at issue; (2) whether the hypothesis
of the testimony has been subject to peer review; (3) whether an
expert’s conclusion has been tailored to the facts of the case;
(4) whether any other experts attest to the reliability of the
testimony; (5) the nature of the expert’s qualifications; and (6), if a
causal relationship is asserted, whether there is a scientific basis
for determining that such a relationship exists.

Searles, 2005 ME 94, ¶ 23, 878 A.2d 509, cited in Bickart, 2007 ME 7, ¶ 15, 963

A.2d 183.23

[¶66] We review the court’s “foundational finding that expert testimony

is sufficiently reliable for clear error and its ultimate decision on the

23 In State v. Williams, 388 A.2d 500, 503-04 (Me. 1978), we stated that “there is no justifiable
distinction in principle” arising when “expert testimony may happen to involve newly ascertained or
newly applied scientific principles.” As noted above, we have since indicated that in determining
whether the threshold level of reliability has been met, a trial court “may” consider whether “newly
ascertained” science has been generally accepted in the field or conforms to a generally accepted
explanatory theory. State v. Bickart, 2009 ME 7, ¶ 14, 963 A.2d 183. In Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 588, 597 (1993), the Supreme Court eschewed “general acceptance” in the
field as “an absolute prerequisite to admissibility,” but emphasized that the trial court acts as the
gatekeeper for expert testimony to “ensur[e] that an expert’s testimony both rests on a reliable
foundation and is relevant to the task at hand.” Because we conclude that Nirenberg’s testimony fails
our existing test, we need not address Brackett’s argument that we should adopt the test applied in
the federal courts under Daubert. That said, we note that our test requires the trial court to engage
in a similarly rigorous gatekeeping function. See State v. Boutilier, 426 A.2d 876, 879 (Me. 1981)
(vacating conviction; “When determining the admissibility of proffered expert opinion testimony in
terms of its relevance and helpfulness to the jury, the presiding justice should evaluate whether what
is claimed as ‘scientific’ is really so, and in this regard one important (if not controlling) consideration
is whether the matters involved have been generally accepted or conform to a generally accepted
scientific theory.”) See also Searles v. Fleetwood Homes of Pa., Inc., 2005 ME 94, n.2, 878 A.2d 509
(noting that in Williams, 388 A.2d 500, we did not eliminate “general acceptance” “as an element to
be considered when determining whether scientific evidence is admissible”).
30

admissibility of expert opinion testimony for an abuse of discretion.” Williams,

2020 ME 128, ¶ 25, 241 A.3d 835 (quotation marks omitted). Although the

court’s discretion is broad, the proponent of the evidence must establish that

the testimony “will assist the trier of fact” and that testimony meets “a

threshold level of reliability.” Tolliver v. Dep’t of Transp., 2008 ME 83, ¶ 29, 948

A.2d 1223 (citation omitted). “If an expert’s methodology or science is

unreliable, then the expert’s opinion has no probative value.” 24 State v. Irving,

2003 ME 31, ¶ 12, 818 A.2d 204.

24 After analyzing in depth what the proper standard of review should be on appeal regarding the

reliability of proffered expert testimony, the New Jersey Supreme Court has adopted a “hybrid”
standard of review, also applied in multiple other jurisdictions, in which reliability determinations
are reviewed de novo because, inter alia, “[t]he permissible methodologies of experts who are
allowed to present their opinions in criminal and quasi-criminal prosecutions should not vary from
case to case or from trial judge to trial judge.” State v. Olenowski, 304 A.3d 598, 629 (N.J. 2023)
(noting that several other states, including New Hampshire, apply an independent review), citing,
inter alia, State v. Dahood, 814 A.2d 159, 161-62 (N.H. 2002) (“When the reliability or general
acceptance of novel scientific evidence is not likely to vary according to the circumstances of a
particular case, . . . we review that evidence independently.”) See generally Daubert and Appellate
Review, 1 Mod. Sci. Evidence § 1:34 (2024-2025 Ed.) (noting that the United States Supreme Court
has ruled that the admissibility of expert testimony is reviewed under an abuse of discretion
standard, but questioning that ruling and noting a “long-standing practice, especially among state
supreme courts, which have had considerable historical experience in this realm, of treating
decisions about the fundamental admissibility of scientific evidence as a matter of law—to be
evaluated de novo”).

Our ruling in this appeal does not require us to re-assess our standard of review because, as
described infra, whether forensic podiatry as a science could be deemed reliable in the abstract,
Nirenberg’s approach and opinion in this matter fail the requirements for admissibility and do so
under an abuse of discretion standard. We note with approval, however, the statement of the
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Commonwealth v. Rintala, 174 N.E.3d 249, 264 (Mass. 2021)
that “[w]here new hard science is involved, an appellate court will always take a hard look at the trial
judge’s decision to admit or exclude the evidence” (quotation marks omitted).
31

2. Nirenberg’s testimony fails this test.

[¶67] Applying the principles described above, relevant areas of inquiry

as to Nirenberg’s evidence before his testimony can be deemed admissible

include (1) whether forensic podiatry footprint comparison is a recognized

field of science; (2) if so, whether the approach Nirenberg used for his

comparison is recognized as reliable within the field under the conditions

presented; and (3) if so, whether Nirenberg’s opinion, applying that approach,

would be useful to the jury. The record reflects issues at each step of the

inquiry.

a. The current status of the field of forensic podiatry foot
comparison is, at a minimum, debatable.

[¶68] As a threshold matter, we note that the issue here is not forensic

podiatry as a science in terms of the reliability of an expert’s testimony

regarding a person’s gait or shoeprint, or even a comparison of bare feet to bare

feet. Rather, the issue is the reliability of the comparison of partial, bloody,

sock-clad footprints found at a crime scene to sample sock-clad prints taken

later of a foot clad in a different sock.

[¶69] As McCarthy referenced in her report and testimony, in 2009,

following a congressional charge, the NAS issued a report that stated that, with

the exception of DNA analysis, no field of forensic science had been empirically
32

shown to be consistent and reliable at connecting a piece of evidence to a

particular source or individual. This problem was particularly concerning for

feature-based comparison methods such as latent fingerprint analysis, firearm

and toolmark identification, and footwear impression examinations because

these methods involve subjective, visual comparisons. 2009 NAS Report at

107-08, 149, 154; see McCrory v. Alabama, 144 S. Ct. 2483, 2484 (2024)

(statement of Sotomayor, J., regarding denial of petition for writ of certiorari).25

The 2009 NAS Report did not even mention forensic podiatry in its chapter

analyzing different forensic disciplines.

[¶70] Seven years later, in 2016, a report by the President’s Council of

Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) identified some methods of

forensic evidence that had become foundationally valid and reliable for use in

courts, such as fingerprint analysis, while others remained problematic.

President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, Forensic Science in

Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of Feature-Comparison Methods

(Sept. 2016) at 87, 101, 148 (PCAST Report); McCrory, 144 S. Ct. at 2484 (2024);

25Justice Sotomayor described the “wholesale reevaluation of forensic evidence” that began in
2005, when Congress instructed the NAS to investigate; discussed the “groundbreaking” 2009 NAS
Report “that strongly suggested many forms of forensic evidence that previously had been accepted
by courts were, in fact, scientifically unsound”; and noted that the 2009 NAS Report had “singled out
for critique” various disciplines and had stated that “courts failed meaningfully to test the reliability
of such evidence.” McCroy, 144 S.Ct. at 2484 (2024).
33

see generally Jennifer Friedman & Jessica Brand, It Is Now Up to the Courts:

“Forensic Science in Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of

Feature-Comparison Methods”, 57 Santa Clara L. Rev. 367, 368 (2017). There

was again no mention of forensic podiatry in the PCAST Report as a possible

reliable field of science for court purposes.

[¶71] Consistent with McCarthy’s testimony and not contested by

Nirenberg, the PCAST Report stated that empirical testing through black-box

studies is the scientific way to establish the validity of feature-based

comparison methods. See PCAST Report at 66. The PCAST Report also suggests

“that neither experience, nor judgment, nor good professional practices (such

as certification programs and accreditation programs, standardized protocols,

proficiency testing, and codes of ethics) can substitute for actual evidence of

foundational validity and reliability.” Id. at 6.

[¶72] In the years that followed, the PCAST Report spurred a number of

black-box studies in a variety of fields. As noted by McCarthy and not contested

by Nirenberg, no black-box study has been undertaken regarding the error

rates or reliability of forensic podiatry comparisons.

[¶73] The lack of black-box studies or even mention of forensic podiatry

in the 2009 NAS Report and PCAST Report does not foreclose the possibility
34

that footprint comparison may be deemed reliable for admission at trial. But it

does suggest that more probing of the science is necessary. See PCAST Report

at 122. (“PCAST expects that some forensic feature-comparison methods may

be rejected by courts as inadmissible because they lack adequate evidence of

scientific validity.”)

[¶74] As reflected in this record, forensic podiatry is not recognized by

two of the three forensic organizations identified by the experts as relevant,

and the scope of the recognition by the third is debatable. 26

26The most recent article listed in the bibliography of Nirenberg’s report, Examination and
Interpretation of Bare Footprints in Forensic Investigations, published in 2020 in a British journal,
Research and Reports in Forensic Medical Science, was coauthored by Reel. Relevant aspects of the
article include:

 The observation that the study arriving at the 1 in 1.27 billion figure for foot uniqueness has
been questioned and the “statistical inference of the uniqueness of footprint morphology is
disputed”; the article concludes that “[i]t is essential that more discriminatory studies with
larger homogeneous samples are undertaken in order to further understand the subject of
the uniqueness of the morphology of a person’s footprint.”
 The opinion that “whilst various footprint databases are known of anecdotally, these are not
widely published and often held on an individual basis with no public access. It is therefore
often difficult in casework evaluations to rely on large database information to estimate the
probability of footprints belonging to the same person.”
 Criticism of approaches used prior to the development of the Reel methodology, noting the
weaknesses of those approaches and that Nirenberg recommended a “minimum of two
different approaches” be used.
 The statement that aside from a test by Reel and her compatriots, “little research” has been
carried out to investigate outcomes of experienced and non-experienced examiners and “to
establish standards in practice,” and there have been no studies testing the effects of cognitive
bias.

The summary conclusions of the article are: “[c]learly, further research is needed to understand
how the existing research supports footprint examiners in real-word practice” and “[t]he
interpretation of footprint examination comparisons is in need of further empirical inquiry and due
to limited databases, conclusions relating to the weight of evidence provided by a footprint examiner
for the criminal justice system can only be opinion-based and not fact-based.” The article notes that
35

b. Even if the general field of forensic podiatry footprint
comparison could be deemed sufficiently reliable, the
approach applied by Nirenberg was not the methodology
adopted within the field after 2012, few modern studies
focus on sock-clad comparison, and Nirenberg’s
approach in choosing what he compared and the results
he deemed relevant were not based on any replicable
standard.

[¶75] If we were to conclude that forensic podiatry as a science is

sufficiently reliable in general, the record indicates that the Reel methodology

would be the methodology deemed reliable within this field since 2012. The

record also indicates that studies prior to 2009, 2012, and issuance of the

PCAST Report in 2016, such as most of those relied on or published by

Nirenberg, are of questionable value. Moreover, there is a clear dearth of

studies that focus on sock-clad comparison. See State v. Rourke, 2017 ME 10,

¶¶ 11, 13, 154 A.3d 127 (affirming rejection of testimony; “[i]ndicia of

reliability include whether any studies tendered in support of the testimony are

based on facts similar to those at issue; . . . and whether an expert’s conclusion

has been tailored to the facts of the case” and noting that studies tendered in

support of the testimony were not based on facts similar to those present in the

there is a “paramount” necessity for the development of a code of practice, as its relevance “is far
reaching to organizations in the United States” such as IAI, OSAC, and other listed organizations of
forensic science. Vernon, Reel & Howsam, Examination and Interpretation of Bare Footprints, 10 Rsch.
and Reps. in Forensic Med. Sci. (2020).
36

case) (alterations and quotation marks omitted)). In sum, the use of any

methodology other than the Reel methodology requires further scrutiny, and

the paucity of studies focusing on the comparison in this case poses concern.

[¶76] Given that the Reel methodology was not and could not be used in

this instance because the prints here were only partial, see supra ¶ 38, it was

important to establish that the methodology used by Nirenberg was

nevertheless reliable. Here, when the record is scrutinized, it reflects an

approach by Nirenberg in which he looks at the prints and, based purely on his

knowledge and experience, but no generally recognized standard, he chooses

shapes within the (here partial) footprints that he deems relevant to compare.

The number of shapes that he chooses to compare varies from case to case and

is not based on a standard recognized in the field. See 2009 NAS Report at 149

(“Without such population studies, it is impossible to assess the number of

characteristics that must match in order to have any particular degree of

confidence about the source of the impression.”)27

27 In his report, Nirenberg cited an “FBI study of 500 footprints” to support his conclusion that

“only five or fewer of the most general characteristics were necessary to either identify or
discriminate a footprint.” This assertion came from a study conducted in the 1980s. See Bodziak,
supra note 16.
37

[¶77] Nirenberg based his conclusion of similarity again on his personal

visualizations, unsupported by any numerical data and not based on any

standard in the field.

[¶78] This approach does not appear to be a methodology in the common

understanding of the word within forensic science. See United States v. Lewis,

442 F. Supp. 3d 1122, 1145 (D. Minn. 2020) (citing the PCAST Report to note

that “[i]n order to be foundationally valid a forensic science method must be

shown, based on empirical study, to be repeatable, reproducible, and

accurate”); State v. Fleming, 1997 ME 158, ¶¶ 11, 16, 698 A.2d 503 (explaining

the proof supporting the general admissibility of DNA matching, noting, inter

alia, that “the same results can be obtained by different examiners using the

same methodology”).

[¶79] The reliability of Nirenberg’s approach was further eroded by the

multiple facts impacting the footprint comparison in this case that he

acknowledged were valid. See supra ¶¶ 41-46. It is counterintuitive that the

impact of each factor did not need to be assessed individually and that the

number of these factors would never cause a variation over five millimeters,

assuming a five-millimeter variation is acceptable, and Nirenberg’s own
38

testimony at times suggested that these factors could result in more than a

five-millimeter variation.

c. Nirenberg did not articulate his conclusions in a way
easily understood and useful to the jury.

[¶80] We know that Nirenberg was not opining that the prints were

identical. His use of a five-millimeter variation as acceptable underscores that

point, and he testified that when he said fifty of sixty features were “similar,”

that meant “resembling but not identical.”28 Beyond this, the accuracy of his

conclusion and the nature of his conclusion were not presented in useful and

understandable language. His ultimate conclusion was simply that Brackett’s

footprint “could have” been that of the same person who left partial footprints

found at the scene. With respect to how Brackett might have fallen into the

category of people who “could have” left the prints at the scene, although

numbers like 1 in 1.27 billion were voiced, they were based on barefoot

comparisons, not sock-clad comparisons, and he could say only that the

evidence was “moderate” that the prints at the scene were those of Brackett,

This meant that ten of the features that he identified were not similar. He did not explain why
28

this did not prevent him from concluding that the footprints could be of the same person beyond
stating that while some features were dissimilar, they did not reach the point of incompatibility. In
Footwear Impression Evidence: Detection, Recovery and Examination, a book cited in Nirenberg’s
study, Bodziak states that identification “requires a clear correspondence of size and shape features
with no significant differences.” Bodziak, supra note 16, at 407.
39

without further identifying the portion of the population who would also leave

prints that fit the “moderate” category.

[¶81] Just as the significance of his conclusion as to the similarity of fifty

of the sixty features he had chosen was not clear, Nirenberg was unable to

describe his conclusion of a “moderate” level of evidence beyond describing the

word in relative terms, e.g., ten times less than “moderately strong.” See State

v. Tellier, 526 A.2d 941, 944 (Me. 1987) (affirming rejection of testimony

because, inter alia, that “testimony was so abstract, vague and speculative that

its relevance and probative value was virtually nil”).

3. The questionable reliability and unclear nature of Nirenberg’s
testimony, combined with the mischaracterization of that
testimony by the State, require a new trial.

[¶82] Whatever could be gleaned from Nirenberg’s testimony, it is not

that the sock-clad footprints definitively matched or were in fact Brackett’s. But

the prosecutor stated that Brackett’s footprints “matched,” and that “we know”

that the footprints at the scene were Brackett’s.

[¶83] Under Maine Rule of Criminal Procedure 52(a), the Court

disregards on appeal an error that “does not affect substantial rights.” While a

stray misrepresentation of the evidence in argument is not necessarily fatal, see,

e.g., State v. Farley, 2024 ME 52, ¶ 32, 319 A.3d 1080, here, the combination of
40

the State’s mischaracterizations and the lack of reliability and usefulness of

Nirenberg’s testimony cannot be disregarded because it is likely that this

combination affected the jury’s verdict.

[¶84] First, as noted supra, the evidence against Brackett, excluding

Nirenberg’s testimony, while sufficient, was not overwhelming. There were no

eyewitnesses and no forensic evidence tying Brackett to the crime scene except

the footprints. See State v. Mooney, 2012 ME 69, ¶ 16, 43 A.3d 972 (“Simply

because the record contains sufficient evidence to establish the defendant’s

guilt notwithstanding improperly admitted evidence does not compel a

conclusion that it is highly probable that the improperly admitted evidence did

not affect the judgment”).

[¶85] Second, after deliberating for three days, the jury found Brackett

guilty but could not reach unanimity as to Dana, and a primary difference

between the two—aside from Dana’s DNA being found at the crime scene but

not Brackett’s—was the “moderate” versus “moderately strong” conclusions as

to the footprint identification rendered by Nirenberg, which the State expressly

contrasted in its closing. See State v. Mangos, 2008 ME 150, ¶ 15, 957 A.2d 89

(vacating judgment because the erroneously admitted evidence was not

harmless because it scientifically linked the defendant to the clothing worn
41

during the crime); cf. State v. Smith, 456 A.2d 16, 19 (Me. 1983) (concluding

that prosecutorial error was not harmless because, inter alia, the evidence was

not overwhelming, the defendant was found guilty of an offense against one of

the victims but not the other, and the prosecutor’s improper comments related

more directly to the offense for which the defendant was found guilty).

[¶86] Third, expert evidence “may be assigned talismanic significance in

the eyes of lay jurors.” United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1263 (11th Cir.

2004); see United States v. Arenal, 768 F.2d 263, 270 (8th Cir. 1985) (district

court abused its discretion by admitting improper expert testimony, given the

expert’s “aura of expertise”). When the prosecution compounds the error by

bolstering that erroneously admitted testimony in the cloak of its own

authority, vacatur is required.

III. CONCLUSION

[¶87] Trial courts must act as gatekeepers to ensure that expert evidence

is reliable, useful, and understandable to the jury. The need to scrutinize

proffered testimony is particularly acute when a field has not yet gained
42

recognition within the forensic science community. The State must then take

care not to overstate the conclusions of any expert evidence that is admitted.

The entry is:

Judgment vacated. Remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Michelle R. King, Esq. (orally), Thistle Weaver & Morris, Portland, for appellant
Kailie Brackett

Aaron M. Frey, Attorney General, and Katie Sibley, Asst. Atty. Gen. (orally),
Office of the Attorney General, Augusta, for appellee State of Maine

Washington County Unified Criminal Docket docket number CR-2022-20121
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY