In the Interest of D.M., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-0882
Filed September 22, 2021

IN THE INTEREST OF D.M.,
Minor Child,

D.M., Father,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Lee (North) County, Ty Rogers,

District Associate Judge.

A father appeals the termination of his parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Justin Stonerook, Burlington, for appellant father.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Robert J. Reding of Dial & Kuckelman Law Office, Keokuk, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Schumacher, JJ.
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BOWER, Chief Judge.

A father appeals the termination of his parental rights to his child, D.M., born

in March 2019.1 The child is under three years of age, has been adjudicated a

child in need of assistance (CINA), has been out of the parents’ care for far more

than the statutory period,2 and could not be returned to the father at the time of the

termination hearing due to the father’s unresolved mental-health and substance-

abuse issues. Therefore, grounds for termination exist pursuant to Iowa Code

section 232.116(1)(h). On our de novo review, we conclude the father did not carry

his burden to show the father-child bond was such that termination of his parental

rights would be detrimental to the child; rather, termination of parental rights and

adoption will best provide for the child’s safety; long-term nurturing and growth;

and physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs. We therefore affirm.

I. Background Facts.

The child tested positive for marijuana and methamphetamine at birth and

was in the mother’s custody and care for only four days before voluntarily being

placed in foster care. The department of human services (DHS) became involved.

The mother reported the father was not taking his prescribed mental-health

medication and expressed fear of him because he was abusive. DHS helped the

mother move to a domestic-violence shelter. However, after less than two weeks,

1 The mother’s rights were also terminated. She did not appeal.
2 At the time of the termination hearing, D.M. had been out of parental custody for
twenty-five months. The statutory period is “at least six months of the last twelve
months, or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home has
been less than thirty days.” Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h)(3) (2021).
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the mother left the shelter, and DHS did not hear from her for several weeks. The

father was arrested on assault charges.

On April 10, the State filed a CINA petition. A May 7 hearing on the petition

was continued because the father was hospitalized after a suicide attempt.

The child was adjudicated CINA on June 4, 2019. Pending the disposition

hearing, the father was ordered to participate in Family Safety, Risk, and

Permanency (FSRP) services; complete mental-health and substance-abuse

evaluations and follow through with recommended treatment; and sign all

necessary releases requested by DHS and service providers. On June 18, the

court entered an ex parte removal order, placing the child in DHS’s custody and

finding in part:

[The mother] and [father] have been provided visitation with the
children supervised by FSRP. The parents have been cooperative
at visitation but are not consistent with their attendance to the visits.
Both parents have not confirmed visits timely or have been late to
visits on more than one occasion. Both parents agreed to complete
substance abuse evaluations. Those evaluations have not yet been
completed. [The father] has reported completed drug testing through
probation office. [He] was hospitalized for concerns with self-harm
and his overall mental health. Since hospitalization [DHS] has not
had any contact with [the father] and FSRP expresses that they
struggle in making contact with [him].

The father obtained a mental-health assessment on July 26. The father has

issues of domestic violence, anger control, and self-reported long histories of

substance use (marijuana) and multiple significant mental-health diagnoses. The

evaluator recommended the father obtain a psychiatric evaluation and participate

in ongoing individual therapy to deal with severe depression, anxiety, and

development of appropriate communication skills.
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On September 10, a dispositional order was filed, which required the father

to comply with services as requested by DHS or providers, cooperate with all

services as directed in the case permanency plan, obtain a substance-abuse

evaluation and follow through with any recommended treatment, cooperate with

substance-abuse aftercare or support programs, cooperate and participate in

random drug testing, obtain a mental-health evaluation and follow through with

recommended treatment, obtain and maintain safe appropriate housing, and

maintain employment. The court ordered funding for family counseling, mental-

health and substance-abuse evaluations and treatment, and drug testing.

The father attended a counseling session on August 2. However, he did

not attend an August 19 session because he was again in jail. His next scheduled

appointment was for September 6, but he did not show. He was discharged from

counseling due to lack of attendance. For the remainder of 2019, the father’s

participation in services was minimal and his visits with the child were sporadic.

A February 25, 2020 report to the court prior to a CINA review hearing noted

the father had been arrested in mid-January, had not been in contact with DHS,

and had not been provided visits while in jail. When a worker visited the father in

jail, she reported he had not been taking his prescribed mental-health medication

while incarcerated. The father reported he would be released soon.

In March, the juvenile court filed a CINA review order continuing the father’s

requirements he comply and cooperate with DHS services, obtain a substance-

abuse evaluation and follow through with recommendations, cooperate with

random drug testing, obtain a mental-health evaluation and follow through with
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recommended services, obtain housing, obtain and maintain employment

expectations, cooperate with visitation, and cooperate with paternity testing.

The father was released from jail in March and contacted DHS to resume

visits with D.M. However, he did not attend a scheduled meeting with DHS service

workers.

An April 14 FSRP report observed:

Cognitive: [The father] is not aligned with the needs of [the
child]. [The father] does not possess adequate knowledge to fulfill
his caregiving responsibilities. [He] is not reality oriented. [The
father] stated he did not attend interactions with [the child] for fear
that he would be arrested.
Behavioral: [The father] is not physically able to provide care
to [the child] at this time due to being incarcerated. [The father] does
not demonstrate impulse control as he has continued to engage in
illegal activities. [The father] does not set aside his needs for [the
child].
Emotional: [The father] displays concern for [the child]. [The
father] does express love toward [the child]. [The father] is not
bonded to [the child] due to his limited contact with him.

In a June 2 DHS report to the court in anticipation of a permanency hearing,

the DHS worker indicated she had reached the father via phone call on April 10,

explained that visits could not be face-to-face due to COVID-19 and would be by

video, and shared with the father he needed to follow through with paternity testing

and psychiatric testing. Further attempts to contact the father were unsuccessful.

The worker recommended the permanency goal be changed to termination of

parental rights and the father “complete a comprehensive and thorough psychiatric

evaluation with approved court ordered funding and follow through with the

recommendations.”
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In an addendum to her earlier report, the DHS worker noted the father’s

paternity had been confirmed. The worker also noted she had met with the father

on June 18:

At that time it was addressed that he needed to complete psychiatric
testing with Pat Ewing. [The father] reported that he was currently
participating in counseling at Counseling Associates and received
medication management through his primary care provider. [The
father] was asked that he attend drug testing along with paternity
testing. [The father] agreed that he would be able to make
arrangements for drug testing if given a call the day of testing but
shared if he had to leave the county then he would need approval
from his [probation officer (PO)]. This worker let him know that
worker would speak with his PO for approval for this. Arrangements
were also made for visitation between [the father] and [the child]. It
was agreed [the father] would have one visit weekly and if he could
show consistency in these visits they would be increased. [FSRP
provider] scheduled a visit with [the child] and [the father] for the
following week.
[The father] was attempted to be reached by phone and then
sent a text message on [July 8] that he needed to attend drug testing
[July 10]. [The father] was informed that worker had spoken with his
PO and that he would be able to leave the county for this. [The
father] texted on [July 9] sharing that he needed more of a heads up
for testing as he was busy and would not be able to make it. This
worker explained through text that it is random drug testing and he
was given [two] days advanced notice. [The father] did not attend
this testing or respond to workers message.
[The father] was sent for drug testing again on [July 17]. He
did attend this and hair stat testing was completed. Hair stat test
results were received on [August 5] and these were positive for THC.
In prior conversations with [the father] he had maintained that he has
been sober since last year.

Further, the report noted the DHS worker had contacted Counseling

Associates—the father was not involved in counseling between November 2019

and May 2020, was seen once in June, and did not show in July. Pat Ewing was

also contacted and reported receiving a message from the father weeks before

about scheduling a psychiatric evaluation. However, Ewing’s attempts to reach

the father to do set the appointment were unsuccessful. With respect to visits, the
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addendum noted the father was inconsistent with visits and the child was hesitant

to go to the father.

After a September permanency review hearing, the court found:

That since the time of the last hearing, there has been a
continued lack of progress in regards to completion and participation
in court-ordered services by both the parents. Very limited contact
with [the father] and he has not been involved or communicated with
the worker in regards to making arrangement for services and
visitation.

However, the mother had made some progress and the court granted an additional

six months “at which time the court shall hold a hearing to consider modification of

its permanency order.”

In a January 20, 2021 progress report by FSRP (now known as Family-

Centered Services or FCS), the worker noted the child was well-bonded with the

foster family and the father was “trying to get a medical card for THC still” and

“waiting for funding for his mental health evaluation.”3 The father indicated he had

“various mental health diagnoses,” and reported “the only issue regarding his

portion of the case was the THC.”

A February 14, progress report states, in part:

[The father] has reported that he does not use illegal substances
except THC. He said that he is in the process of trying to get a
medical marijuana card. He takes daily medication. Evaluations
have not been done yet by [the father]. He is in the process of getting
his birth certificate for more stable employment.

At a March 9 permanency review hearing, the State indicated an intent to

file a petition to terminate parental rights. The parties agreed to combine the

3It is unclear why the earlier court orders were not sufficient to ensure funding was
available.
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permanency-review and termination hearings, which would be scheduled after the

termination petition was filed.

FCS filed its April 14 progress report, stating, “[The father] reports that he

has not set up his evaluations set up yet. Options were discussed for options for

psychiatrists. He reports that he will set them up. He reports no use of illegal

substances and that he is working regularly.” Visits between father and child were

fully supervised once a week for two hours, having recently been extended by one-

half hour.

On April 27, DHS submitted a report to court for purposes of the combined

hearings, noting the father had obtained housing on March 9 and was more

consistent with visits. However, the father had not followed through with routine

counseling over the course of the case, still had not obtained a psychiatric

evaluation, and was not taking his prescribed mental-health medications.

Moreover, although a March 2021 substance-abuse evaluation did not recommend

treatment, it was because the father “made it clear he did not intend on stopping

his use of marijuana and that he was in hopes of obtaining a medical marijuana

card.”

During the combined permanency and termination hearing held on April 27,

evidence was presented the father had been in jail several times (each stay

ranging from a week to three months). The court found the father had made some

“limited progress” since the March 9 hearing, however, the court noted that to

return the child to the father would likely subject the child to adjudicatory harm;

“The child’s father . . . is habitually in and out of incarceration and cannot care for

the child while incarcerated. With the exception of approximately the last month,
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[the father] participates very minimally in services and there remain serious

concerns regarding his future drug use and mental health.” The court observed

the father’s frequent stays in jail “creat[e] a hectic and unstable environment that

would not allow for proper or safe care of the child.” The court concluded,

While the court applauds [the father’s] very recent efforts, they are
simply too little too late and are not enough to show a stable and
consistent ability to properly care and provide for the mental,
emotional, physical, and developmental needs of the child. He has
not sufficiently addressed his mental health needs nor sufficiently
addressed his substance abuse needs.

The court noted there was a “connection” between father and child but the

child had a “very strong bond with his current foster parents,” with whom he had

been placed for seventeen months. The court found the foster parents were willing

to adopt the child and provide a permanent home where the child’s physical,

developmental, psychological, and emotional needs would be met. Thus, the

child’s best interests would be served by terminating parental rights.

The father appeals.

II. Scope and Standard of Review.

Review of all termination proceedings is de novo. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d

33, 40 (Iowa 2010). Under de novo review, “[w]e review both the facts and the law

and adjudicate rights anew on the issues properly presented.” In re A.T., 799

N.W.2d 148, 150–51 (Iowa Ct. App. 2011). “We give weight to the juvenile court’s

findings, but are not bound by them. Our paramount concern is the child’s best

interests.” Id. at 151.

III. Discussion.
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The father concedes all but the fourth element of Iowa Code section

232.116(1)(h) are established.4 He argues there is not clear and convincing

evidence the child could not be returned to him at the time of the termination

hearing because he had a house DHS found suitable for a child, he was employed,

there were no concerns mentioned by caseworkers about his parenting ability

during visits, and there is no evidence his mental health affects his ability to parent.

He also notes he had a clean drug screen in the spring of 2021 and his substance-

abuse evaluation recommended no treatment.

Like the district court, we applaud the father’s very recent efforts toward

housing and job stability. However, we are concerned those efforts did not begin

until March 2021 when the child has been out of parental custody since March

2019. See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 495 (Iowa 2000) (“Insight for the

determination of the child’s long-range best interests can be gleaned from

‘evidence of the parent’s past performance for that performance may be indicative

of the quality of the future care that parent is capable of providing.’” (citation

omitted)). The father has still not adequately addressed his domestic-violence and

4 Section 232.116(1)(h) allows the court to terminate parental rights if all of the
following have occurred:
(1) The child is three years of age or younger.
(2) The child has been adjudicated a [CINA] pursuant to
section 232.96.
(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of
the child’s parents for at least six months of the last twelve months,
or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at home
has been less than thirty days.
(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that the child
cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents . . . at the
present time.
“[A]t the present time” means at the time of the termination hearing. See In re
A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 111 (Iowa 2014).
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mental-health issues. He has not obtained a psychiatric evaluation—which was

recommended multiple times since July 2019. The father has been court-ordered

to follow such recommendations since the child was adjudicated a CINA. The

father minimizes these concerns, but we cannot. He reported to the mental-health

evaluator that he was negatively affected by domestic violence and child abuse in

his childhood home. He noted he suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder, which

induces flashbacks. He reported feelings of anxiety and depression and has been

hospitalized because he was suicidal. He is prescribed medications to address

these concerns and was urged to participate in ongoing individual therapy. He has

not followed through with those recommendations and self-medicates with

marijuana.

We are not persuaded he can provide a child—or himself—emotional or

physical stability and security. He also minimizes the effect his several stays in jail

have had on his child’s life. Even if two of the charges were dismissed after a time,

he has been convicted of domestic-abuse assault, and his absences while

avoiding arrest and in jail have necessarily kept him unavailable for services,

unable to parent, and missing the opportunity for parent-child bonding. The

father’s ability to attend to a child for two hours once a week while fully supervised

does not carry much weight in the balance. “Parenting cannot be turned off and

on like a spigot. It must be constant, responsible, and reliable.” In re T.J.O., 527

N.W.2d 417, 422 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994). We conclude there is clear and convincing

evidence the child could not be safely returned to the father’s care at the time of

the termination hearing.
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The father next asserts termination is not appropriate due to the closeness

of his bond with the child. Iowa Code section 232.116(3)(c) allows the juvenile

court to avoid termination if “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the

termination would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of

the parent-child relationship.” We note the application of the statutory exception

to termination is “permissive, not mandatory.” A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 113. The

juvenile court found there was a “connection” between father and child but a

“strong bond” between child and foster parents. We find the evidence of the

father’s connection insufficient to show “termination would be detrimental to the

child . . . due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship” See In re A.S., 906

N.W.2d 467, 476 (Iowa 2018) (noting the parent resisting termination bears the

burden to establish an exception to termination).

Finally, the father asserts termination is not in the child’s best interests. This

child has been out of parental custody for all but four days of the child’s life and for

far more than the statutory period. The statutory period has been far exceeded

here, and we must view the situation with a sense of urgency. See C.B., 611

N.W.2d at 495.

Giving “primary consideration to the child’s safety, to the best placement for

furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and to the physical,

mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child,” see Iowa Code

§ 232.116(2), the child has been integrated in a pre-adoptive and suitable foster

home. “It is well-settled law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency after

the State has proved a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping

someday a parent will learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable home
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for the child.” In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 777 (Iowa 2012) (citation omitted). We

conclude termination of the father’s rights is in the child’s best interests. We affirm.

AFFIRMED.