In the Interest of D.H., Minor Child, D.H.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 17-0385
Filed September 13, 2017

IN THE INTEREST OF D.H.,
Minor Child,

D.H.,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Clarke County, Monty W. Franklin,

District Associate Judge.

An interstate juvenile runaway appeals the juvenile court’s order placing

the juvenile in secure detention pursuant to the Interstate Compact for Juveniles.

REVERSED.

Mathew D. Zinkula of Booth Law Firm, Osceola, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Charles K. Phillips, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Potterfield and Mullins, JJ.
2

POTTERFIELD, Judge.

D.H. appeals a detention order placing D.H. in secure detention pursuant

to the Interstate Compact for Juveniles (ICJ). The State claims the issue is moot

now that D.H. has been returned to Nevada. D.H. claims an exception to the

mootness doctrine should apply. Because the juvenile court failed to exercise its

discretion, we reverse.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

On March 7, 2017, the juvenile court officer for Clarke County, Iowa filed

an application for the detention of D.H. The application alleged D.H. was being

held under a pick-up warrant for another jurisdiction because D.H. was reported

as a runaway from the state of Nevada. On March 8, a detention hearing was

held, and D.H. agreed to be extradited to Nevada.

During the hearing, D.H. requested shelter care in place of secure

detention, citing Iowa Administrative Code chapter 143. In response, the court

stated:

[B]y adopting the ICJ, the State of Iowa has agreed to abide by the
rules and requirements of that compact. One of those rules is that
the ICJ requirements supersede and take the place of any Iowa
laws or rules that are in conflict with the ICJ.
The ICJ requires that a child being held for return to the
requesting state be held in a secure facility. The only secure facility
in the State of Iowa is the detention facility. Since the ICJ
requirement supersedes Iowa law, there is no prohibition from
keeping [D.H.] in detention, and that is required under the ICJ, and
that will be the Court’s order that she remain in detention pending
her return to the state of Nevada.

The court issued a written detention order, confirming the placement of D.H. in a

secure detention facility until D.H’s return to Nevada. D.H. appealed the

detention order.
3

On March 14, the juvenile court officer filed an application for release from

detention. The application requested that D.H. be released from detention on

March 15 for a return flight to D.H.’s home state of Nevada. The juvenile court

approved the application, and D.H. was returned home the next day. On April

20, the State filed a motion to dismiss D.H.’s appeal, arguing the case was moot

since D.H. was released from custody. Our supreme court ordered the parties to

submit the issue of mootness with the appeal.

II. Standard of Review.

We review equity actions de novo. In re A.K., 825 N.W.2d 46, 50 (Iowa

2013) (“We have continued to assert that juvenile proceedings are in equity and

subject to de novo review.”).

II. Discussion.

A. Mootness.

The State claims D.H.’s controversy is moot as D.H. was released from

detention and returned to Nevada on March 15. D.H. claims an exception to the

mootness doctrine applies because placing a nondelinquent in detention is a

matter of public importance that requires further authoritative guidance.

It is a fundamental aspect of our courts that a controversy exists before

the case is resolved on appeal. See In re T.S., 705 N.W.2d 498, 501 (Iowa

2005) (“We do not decide cases where there is no longer any actual controversy,

unless we exercise our discretion and decide the case under an exception to the

mootness doctrine.”); see also Homan v. Branstad, 864 N.W.2d 321, 328 (Iowa

2015). “Ordinarily, an appeal is moot if the ‘issue becomes nonexistent or

academic and, consequently, no longer involves a justiciable controversy.’” In re
4

B.B., 826 N.W.2d 425, 428 (Iowa 2013) (quoting State v. Hernandez-Lopez, 639

N.W.2d 226, 234 (Iowa 2002)). Moot issues are generally not reviewable on

appeal. See id. “The test is whether the court’s opinion would be of force or

effect in the underlying controversy.” In re D.C.V., 569 N.W.2d 489, 494 (Iowa

1997). “As a general rule, we will dismiss an appeal ‘when judgment, if rendered,

will have no practical legal effect upon the existing controversy.’” In re M.T., 625

N.W.2d 702, 704 (Iowa 2001) (citations omitted).

An exception to this rule exists “where matters of public importance are

presented and the problem is likely to recur.” Iowa Freedom of Info. Council v.

Wifvat, 328 N.W.2d 920, 922 (Iowa 1983). In determining whether an exception

exists, we analyze the following factors: (1) the private or public nature of the

issue; (2) the desirability of an authoritative adjudication to guide public officials

in their future conduct; (3) the likelihood of the recurrence of the issue; and (4)

the likelihood the issue will recur yet evade appellate review. T.S., 705 N.W.2d

at 502.

Our supreme court has applied this exception to resolve procedural

discrepancies occurring in involuntary commitment proceedings involving

juveniles. See id.; see also In re S.P., 719 N.W.2d 535, 537 (Iowa 2006)

(applying exception to mootness doctrine to an involuntary civil commitment

hearing). In T.S., for example, a juvenile appealed the procedural aspects of an

involuntary commitment hearing. See 705 N.W.2d at 502. The juvenile argued a

county attorney should not participate in the proceeding as a non-applicant and a

physician’s presence is required at the hearing. See id. at 501. The juvenile,

however, was discharged from commitment before the issue was resolved on
5

appeal. See id. The court held, “It is desirable for the courts and our public

officials to have an authoritative adjudication of these issues.” Id. The court

discussed the likelihood that these procedural issues will recur and evade review

based on the “the time it takes to process an appeal and the likelihood a

commitment will terminate before the appeal process can be completed.” Id. at

502. The court also noted the “great public importance” of involuntary

commitment hearings that “occur on a daily basis.” Id.

The issues raised in T.S. were unresolved procedural issues not squarely

addressed by statutes, regulations, or caselaw. D.H. claims there is a need for

authoritative guidance because her situation illustrates a conflict between the ICJ

and Iowa law prohibiting detention of nondelinquent juveniles. Specifically, D.H.

claims the Iowa Administrative Code conflicts with the ICJ’s rules and regulations

codified by Iowa law. We agree.

The Iowa Administrative Code prohibits D.H.’s placement in detention.

The relevant section states, “Any nondelinquent runaway from another state

found in Iowa shall be held only in a nonrestrictive shelter facility until returned to

the state of legal residence.” Iowa Admin. Code r. 441-143.3(2) (emphasis

added). In contrast, the ICJ rules were amended in 2015 to include discretion in

detaining voluntary-return runaways, such as D.H. (effective February 2016).1

The relevant addition to the existing rules states:

Runaways and accused status offenders who are a danger
to themselves or others shall be detained in secure facilities until

1
The Iowa Code incorporates all ICJ rules upon their effective date. See Iowa Code
§ 232.173(6)(b) (2017) (“All [ICJ] rules and amendments shall become binding as of the
date specified, as published with the final version of the rule as approved by the
commission.”).
6

returned by the home/demanding state. The holding state shall
have the discretion to hold runaways and accused status offenders
who are not a danger to themselves or others at a location it deems
appropriate.

See Interstate Compact for Juveniles: Serving Juveniles While Protecting

Communities r. 6-102(1) (2016), http://www.juvenilecompact.org/LinkClick.aspx?

fileticket=hvMqJ-56kQk%3d&tabid=487. Thus, under the ICJ, runaways who are

a danger to themselves or others require detention in secure facilities, whereas

the juvenile court has discretion to place other runaways at an “appropriate”

location. See id. The Iowa Administrative Code, however, prohibits “any

nondelinquent” runaway from placement detention, which creates a contradiction

in Iowa law on the issue of nondelinquent juvenile placement. See Iowa Admin.

Code r. 441-143.3(2).

The juvenile court’s interpretation of the laws related to the detention of

runaways further illustrates the need for authoritative guidance on the issue. The

juvenile court did not address, nor did D.H. raise, the question whether she was a

danger to herself or others such that secure detention would have been within

the discretion of the district court under the ICJ. Rather, the juvenile court’s

verbal order at the hearing erroneously assumed it had no discretion to choose a

shelter placement rather than detention. Accordingly, the need for authoritative

guidance on the issue favors applying an exception to the mootness doctrine.

D.H. also argues the mootness exception should apply because this issue

is of great public importance, likely to recur, and likely to evade appellate review.

Juvenile runaways occur frequently. See, e.g., C. Puzzanchera & Kang, W.,

Easy Access to FBI Arrest Statistics: 1994-2012 (2014),
7

https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezaucr/asp/ucr_display.asp (stating 93,400

juveniles were alleged as runaways nationwide); Iowa Department of Public

Safety, Iowa UCR Report, Iowa/Regional/U.S. Comparison Reports (April 26,

2017), http://www.dps.state.ia.us/commis/ucr/ (stating 69 juveniles were seized

by law enforcement in 2015). The placement of juveniles who are brought within

the parameters of the Iowa juvenile justice system is a matter of grave

importance. See T.S., 705 N.W.2d at 502 (holding the procedural aspects of

placement of a juvenile pursuant to an involuntary civil commitment hearing “are

of great public importance”). Nondelinquent runaway juveniles may seldom be

within our borders for a period of time sufficient to allow for resolution of an

appeal, as demonstrated by D.H.’s circumstances. For these reasons and

because there may be confusion about the interplay of the ICJ and Iowa’s

prohibition against detention found in Iowa Administrative Code rule 441-

143.3(2), we do not dismiss the appeal for mootness.

B. Merits.

D.H. claims the district court erroneously ordered her to be detained in a

secured detention facility. The State argues the juvenile court was permitted to

order secure detention pursuant to the ICJ rules and laws adopted by Iowa. We

agree with D.H.

While the Iowa Administrative Code prohibits the detention of

nondelinquent runaways, the Iowa Code section adopting the ICJ contains

conflicting provisions that preempt Iowa Administrative Code. See Iowa Code

§ 232.173 (“All compacting states’ laws other than state constitutions and other

interstate compacts conflicting with this compact are superseded to the extent of
8

the conflict.”). Additionally, the ICJ rules were amended in 2015 after the

relevant Iowa Administrative Code section became effective in 2008. The

relevant ICJ section on placement of nondelinquent runaways requires detention

for juveniles who are a danger to themselves or others but allows the juvenile

court to exercise its discretion in all other circumstances. See Interstate

Compact for Juveniles r. 6-102(1). Neither provision of the rule was applied by

the juvenile court.

Here, a hearing was held, and D.H. agreed to be returned to Nevada, but

the court determined secure detention was required to hold D.H. until extradition

could occur. We disagree that secure detention was required. Secure detention

is only required for runaways “who are a danger to themselves or others.” See

id. We see nothing in the record to conclude, nor did the juvenile court find, D.H.

was a danger to herself or others.2 While the juvenile court could have

exercised its discretion to hold D.H. in a location it deemed appropriate—e.g.,

secure detention—such discretion was not exercised by the court. Accordingly,

we hold the juvenile court erred by failing to exercise its discretion to determine

2
The juvenile court did not address, nor did D.H. raise, the question of whether she was
a danger to herself or others such that secure detention would have been within the
discretion of the district court. Rather, the juvenile court’s verbal order at the hearing
assumed it had no discretion to choose a shelter placement rather than detention. The
State argues D.H. failed to preserve error on the absence of a finding of dangerousness.
However, we believe the issue of D.H.’s dangerousness was inherent in D.H.’s request
to be placed in shelter care. See Estate of Gottschalk v. Pomeroy Dev., Inc., 893
N.W.2d 579, 585 (Iowa 2017) (“[W]e recognize an exception to the general error-
preservation rule when the record indicates that the grounds for a motion were obvious
and understood by the trial court and counsel.”). Moreover, the juvenile court’s error is
based on its failure to exercise discretion to determine the proper placement of D.H., a
decision that requires a determination of dangerousness. See Interstate Compact for
Juveniles r. 6-102(1).
9

the appropriate placement for D.H., including hearing evidence on the question of

whether D.H. posed a danger to herself and others.

IV. Conclusion.

The State released and returned D.H. to Nevada before D.H.’s appeal was

resolved. The Iowa Code adopting the ICJ and the accompanying rules

established by the Interstate Commission on Juveniles, along with our

administrative code contemplates the controversy raised by D.H., but it also

creates an issue not yet decided by our supreme court. We decline to dismiss

D.H.’s claim as moot; the conflict creates the need for authoritative guidance, and

juvenile detention of nondelinquent runaways is a matter of public importance

likely to recur but evade review. The juvenile court erred by failing to determine

whether D.H. was a danger to herself or others and to exercise its discretion in

the critical placement decision for D.H.

REVERSED.