State of Iowa v. Nersius Adonliel Artisani

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 24-0628
Filed July 2, 2025

STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

NERSIUS ADONLIEL ARTISANI,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County,

Linda M. Fangman, Judge.

A criminal defendant appeals his conviction for willful injury causing bodily

injury. AFFIRMED.

Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Nan Jennisch (argued),

Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Louis S. Sloven (argued), Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee.

Heard at oral argument by Schumacher, P.J., and Buller and Sandy, JJ.
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BULLER, Judge.

Nersius Artisani appeals his conviction for willful injury causing bodily injury

flowing from his assault on a fellow detainee in a county jail. Artisani claims the

district court erred in a definition in the stand-your-ground jury instructions, though

exactly what he thinks the district court should have done is not entirely clear. In

comparing the arguments on appeal to a very messy record below, we conclude

error was not preserved or was otherwise waived. But, in any event, even

preserved error would be harmless given overwhelming evidence of guilt, including

a video recording of the attack. We affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

Artisani and Anthony Smith were both detainees in the Black Hawk County

Jail in September 2023, housed in a maximum-security pod. Just after arriving in

the pod, Smith walked downstairs from his cell to the pod’s common area and

made a gesture toward Artisani—apparently Smith wanted to see whether Artisani

was gossiping about him or willing to talk. According to a jailer who was working

that day and later watched surveillance footage, Smith’s gesture was not

threatening, and the jailer did not see any “pre-fight indicators” between the two

detainees.

Artisani—six-feet-four-inches tall and 235 pounds—got up from playing

cards with other detainees, walked over, and met the smaller Smith behind the

stairs.1 They exchanged a few words, and Smith gave Artisani what Smith

described as a “mean mug” facial expression. Smith’s hands remained at his side,

1 Although the surveillance camera was in front of the stairs, there are no risers

between the individual steps, allowing camera coverage behind the stairs.
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and Artisani punched him with a closed fist and shoved him—knocking Smith to

the ground, apparently unconscious. From the vantage point of the jailer, it

appeared Smith was immediately knocked out: “His arms and legs locked out, and

he fell backwards, not bracing himself for the fall.” Before anyone could intervene,

Artisani “stomped on” Smith’s head twice, using the bottom of his foot to repeatedly

knock Smith’s skull into concrete; Smith made no move to protect his head.

Surveillance footage depicted Artisani watch Smith fall, step closer to stomp once,

then step over Smith to stomp again, and only stop when a jailer put himself

between Smith and Artisani.

The jailer told Artisani to go lock down, and Artisani responded “fuck you”

but eventually complied after he was told a second time. Smith was not moving

on the ground, still unconscious, and “making like a gargling/snoring noise.” He

was taken to the hospital and treated for a broken nose and concussion. Testing

revealed methamphetamine and amphetamines in his system.

Artisani later told a jailer that there was “some sort of beef” between him

and Smith, though it was unclear to the jailer whether the beef came from inside

or outside the jail. Artisani also said he needed to show the other inmates he

wasn’t afraid. A jailer moved Artisani to a segregated unit, and Artisani said

something like “he knew that he was already in trouble and that he didn’t give a

fuck.”

Artisani testified he had history with Smith from outside the jail. According

to Artisani, when he met Smith under the stairs, Artisani’s amateur-boxer “instincts”

or “intuition” told him Smith “was going to assault” him. So he punched Smith first,

striking him in the head. He did not identify in his testimony exactly what Smith
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said to him. In Artisani’s re-telling, he “doubted the authenticity of [Smith] being

maybe that hurt just from one punch” and kicked Smith’s head twice because he

wanted to “see the fight through”—even though Smith “was semi-conscious” and

Artisani “at some point” “realize[d] he’s not responding anymore.” He denied any

intent to seriously injure Smith and vaguely referred to feeling afraid, though he

didn’t explain why. And he bickered with the assistant county attorney over

whether he “kicked” or “stomped” on Smith, explaining that he didn’t want to say

“stomping” because it “could mean more culpability than kicking.” But he ultimately

conceded “someone might view it as a stomp.”

Artisani claimed that he did not want to ask the jailer for protection because

he thought he could stand his ground. He explained his theory of defense from

the stand, using words right out of the jury instructions: “The Iowa law, as I

understand it, states you don’t have to retreat. You don’t have to call law

enforcement. You don’t have to try to get away or escape. I was legally present.

He was threatening me, and I used force to eliminate the threat.” He testified that

he believed the force used was “reasonable.”

The parties stipulated that Smith’s injuries were a “bodily injury” under Iowa

law. And both the jailer (who was trained as an emergency medical technician by

the military) and the treating emergency room physician testified that Artisani

stomping on Smith’s head could have or would have caused a serious injury if it

continued.

The jury found Artisani guilty as charged of willful injury causing bodily

injury, a class “D” felony in violation of Iowa Code section 708.4(2) (2023). The

court sentenced Artisani to prison for fifteen years, enhancing the sentence as a
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habitual offender under section 902.9 following Artisani’s stipulation to prior

convictions. Artisani appeals, raising only an issue relating to the

stand-your-ground jury instructions.

II. Error Preservation/Waiver

The record on the stand-your-ground instruction is a mess. The State’s

appellate brief calls it a “real head-scratcher” as to whether error is preserved,

while Artisani’s opening brief cites an eight-page range of transcript to baldly claim

error was preserved without elaboration and his reply brief offers no responsive

argument on preservation.

Our review reveals that, during an off-the-record jury-instruction

conference, the defense at some point requested a version of model jury

instruction 400.2—also known as the stand-your-ground instruction—“A person

who is not engaged in illegal activity has no duty to retreat from any place where

the person is lawfully present before using force as described in these

instructions.” Apparently also during an off-the-record conversation, the parties

discussed adding to already-partially-included model instruction 400.3 that force

was not justified if “the defendant was engaged in illegal activity.” The court agreed

and determined the related “blank” spot for defining the illegal activity would be

filled in with “assault”—though it was unclear whether this was in reference to “the

initial assault” or what the defense described as “subsequent actions by the

defendant after the initial punch and the kicking and whether . . . those activities

were the illegal activities that then rendered the defense no longer available.” The

defense then said that, “in light of that ruling” (apparently referencing an
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off-the-record discussion), Artisani withdrew his request for the stand-your-ground

instruction.

The court, understandably confused by what—if anything—Artisani was

requesting, attempted to clarify the defense’s position. The court noted it had not

included model instruction 400.2 in its initial packet of instructions because none

of the court’s instructions suggested Artisani had to take an alternative course of

action, none suggested he had any duty to retreat, and factually “there was no

evidence that he had anywhere to retreat to” since he was “in jail in the maximum

security pod.” So, in the court’s words, “it did not initially include 400.2” because

it wasn’t necessary, “but the defense said they wanted it anyway.” The court then

informed the defense that, if the court gave instruction 400.2, it was required to

give instruction 400.3(4) to define the illegal activity for “engaged in illegal activity.”

In other words, the court found 400.3(4) and its corresponding “illegal activity”

definition instruction “must” be given if 400.2 was or else the jury would be left to

speculate about what “illegal activity” means. The court went on to emphasize that

there were “multiple facts [and] multiple theories” of multiple assaults—and the

undisputed facts were essentially that Artisani “punched Mr. Smith; and then when

he was down on the ground unconscious, he stomped on his head twice.” This,

the court explained, meant “[t]he jury could find that [Artisani] was engaged in

assault and that the stomping was not justified.”

The record on the instructional issue ended with this exchange:

THE COURT: The Court is still willing to give both of those
instructions [400.2 with the stand-your-ground proposition and
400.3(4) defining “illegal activity”]. But the Court understands that
the defense is now asking that neither instruction be given. Is that
correct, [defense counsel]?
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[DEFENSE]: If I may, Your Honor.
THE COURT: I really just asked if that was correct. You’re
still asking not to have it included?
[DEFENSE]: I’m not on cross-examination here. I want to
create a record. And my record is: As you said, the assault has to
come in, and that’s why we don’t want it. Because we feel that this
is more of like someone committing a robbery and then they use
self-defense. That’s the record I wanted to make. We were placed
in a position to make a decision, and we made a decision.
THE COURT: And my question was: Is it still your decision
right now to withdraw your request? And I would ask that you have
your tone and your demeanor respectful when addressing the Court.
[DEFENSE]: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: All I wanted to know was, is it still your position
that you did not want it?
[DEFENSE]: Under duress, yes.
THE COURT: There’s no such thing as under duress. I’ll put
them both in. Do you want them both in?
[DEFENSE]: We’ve made our record, Your Honor. I’ve
answered your question. We’ve created a record.
THE COURT: [Asking for the State’s position].
[STATE]: Your Honor, I think it’s problematic when counsel
says that it’s “under duress.” There is no duress here. It is a free-will
decision. You can—I have no objection to either avenue. And you
[talking to defense counsel] get to make that decision. You don’t get
to sit there and say that it’s under some sort of duress or against the
will. So I would just ask that if you want it in that you please request
it in. The State has no objection to either alternative. But to
characterize it on the record as under duress is inappropriate.
THE COURT: I mean, frankly, at this point I’m thinking about
just putting them both in then because now you’ve made the record
that somehow the Court is forcing you not to have an instruction. So
the better bet is just to have the instruction. It’s a correct statement
of the law, and there’s no risk if there’s a correct statement of the
law.
[DEFENSE]: We disagree with that as well, Your Honor, if you
include the illegal activity as the assault. And that is the situation
where we’re in where we have to make a choice.
THE COURT: So in 400.2 the language is a person who is not
engaged in illegal activity. How would I define that then for the jury?
Because the instruction requires a definition of illegal activity.
[DEFENSE]: Okay. Is there a definition instruction on illegal
activity?
THE COURT: No. The comment says to refer to the
marshalling instruction.
[DEFENSE]: But you want me to come up with an illegal
activity. There’s been no evidence of an illegal activity that he was
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doing. The very illegal activity that we are here for is what you’re
saying is the illegal activity.
THE COURT: But you would acknowledge that there were
different acts done with a break in time.
[DEFENSE]: There were different acts and a break in time.
THE COURT: Yes. Frankly, the Court is just concerned of the
record counsel made, so I’m just going to put both of them in.

As a broad observation, we understand the district court’s frustration with

defense counsel refusing to take a position and attempting to have his cake and

eat it too with the instruction. And we recognize that, in reading the cold transcript,

we cannot hear the tone counsel used in addressing the court, which apparently

warranted a rebuke. In any event, by repeatedly refusing to answer the court’s

question about whether he wanted the instructions at issue, we find Artisani placed

the district court in the impossible position of being whipsawed no matter which

way it went. See DeVoss v. State, 648 N.W.2d 56, 60–63 (Iowa 2002) (on

principles underlying the error-preservation rules, including “protect[ing] the district

court from being ambushed by parties raising issues on appeal that were not raised

in the district court”). Even on appeal, Artisani does not really explain how he

thinks the jury should have been instructed or where he preserved that error

below.2 For example, he did not offer below and does not offer on appeal any

alternative language to define “illegal activity.” We conclude Artisani failed to

preserve error or otherwise waived his claim.

2 At one point in his new-trial motions below, Artisani indicated the jury should have

been asked to answer a special interrogatory. To the extent Artisani reprises that
claim on appeal, we conclude it was waived or not preserved because he did not
timely request an interrogatory before submission to the jury. And to the extent
Artisani argues that State v. Johnson, 7 N.W.3d 504 (Iowa 2024), provides a basis
for reversal, that decision came after he was tried, and we do not believe he
preserved the same error Johnson did given the record made below.
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III. Standard of Review

We review preserved jury-instruction claims for correction of errors at law.

See State v. Benson, 919 N.W.2d 237, 241 (Iowa 2018).

IV. Discussion

Although we could end this opinion with our error-preservation and waiver

analysis, the record is so muddled we opt to go further for completeness. In its

brief, the State urges the easiest way to dispose of this appeal is to consider

whether any error arising out of that jury-instruction exchange was harmless. So

we consider that question first. And we conclude any error was harmless.

This was not a stand-your-ground case at trial. As the case was tried and

argued, the fighting issue was not whether Artisani had a duty to retreat—instead

the case turned on whether Artisani reasonably believed the use of force was

necessary in the first place and whether he used reasonable force. Put differently,

if the jury found either the use or quantum of force used were unreasonable, it did

not reach the stand-your-ground question, and the legal issues related to that

instruction was immaterial. See State v. Howard, 14 N.W.3d 763, 767–68 (Iowa

Ct. App. 2024) (summarizing the law on justification, including the use of

reasonable force); Iowa Code § 704.1 (the statutory definition of the defense); cf.

State v. Thompson, 836 N.W.2d 470, 478 (Iowa 2013) (“[W]ords alone, historically,

have been insufficient to provide a factual basis for serious provocation.”).

After a careful review of the record, we conclude there was overwhelming

evidence that Artisani’s use of force for at least one of the two head-stomps was

not reasonably necessary to defend himself nor was the amount of force he used

reasonable under the circumstances. We can draw this conclusion even if we
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assume the jury fully credited Artisani’s testimony—that he punched Smith,

knocked him into semi-consciousness, and then stomped on him twice based on

his intuition. That’s because the video tells the same tale: the unprovoked

sucker-punch knocked Smith out and/or to the ground, then he lied there unmoving

while Artisani repeatedly stomped on his head. On these essentially undisputed

facts, no reasonable juror would have found the force used for the final head-stomp

was reasonable. At that point, even in Artisani’s telling, he faced no imminent

threat from Smith. And even if he did face a threat, stomping on Smith’s head was

far in excess of the amount of force reasonably required to disable an unconscious

or semi-conscious opponent who lay unmoving on the ground.

Consistent with other stand-your-ground cases in which evidence of the

defendant’s guilt was overwhelming, we find any error in the instructions harmless.

Cf. State v. Gibbs, 941 N.W.2d 888, 900 (Iowa 2020) (“After careful review of the

record, we find the error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The evidence of

guilt was overwhelming. This was the rare murder case where the murder was

captured on video.”); State v. Lorenzo Baltazar, 935 N.W.2d 862, 872 (Iowa 2019)

(“Evidence of Baltazar’s guilt was overwhelming, disproving any theory of his

justification.”). No juror who watched the video recording would have seriously

considered the entire course of the assault justified. And therefore Artisani is owed

no relief even if he had preserved his instructional challenge and regardless of

whether the error was constitutional or non-constitutional in dimension.3

AFFIRMED.

3 We do not wade into the lurking question of whether the error at issue, had it

been preserved, warrants a constitutional-error prejudice analysis.