In re Marriage of Duggan

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-1699
Filed March 19, 2025

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF JENNIFER JOETTE DUGGAN
AND ROBERT STEVEN DUGGAN

Upon the Petition of
JENNIFER JOETTE DUGGAN,
Petitioner-Appellant,

And Concerning
ROBERT STEVEN DUGGAN,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Muscatine County, Tamra Roberts,

Judge.

A former spouse appeals from a dissolution decree, challenging its

economic provisions. AFFIRMED.

Cynthia D. Hucks of Box and Box Attorneys at Law, Ottumwa, for appellant.

Andrew B. Howie of Shindler, Anderson, Goplerud & Weese, P.C., West

Des Moines, for appellee.

Considered by Schumacher, P.J., and Buller and Langholz, JJ.
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BULLER, Judge.

Jennifer Duggan appeals from the economic provisions of a decree

dissolving her marriage to Robert “Bob” Duggan. After acknowledging serious

deficiencies in Jennifer’s appellate papers, we consider the merits of her claims as

we understand them. We affirm, finding no failure to do equity.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

Jennifer and Robert divorced after nineteen years of marriage. The

dissolution trial addressed custody of two children (not the subject of this appeal)

and numerous issues related to distribution of real and personal property (which

Jennifer continues to contest).

Jennifer worked part-time as a real estate agent, but her real-estate work

had “fizzled out because of COVID” in the year leading up to trial as the housing

market slowed. She also received more than $39,000 in unemployment benefits

between 2020 and 2021. From 2007 to 2016, Jennifer worked as a medical

laboratory technician, making as much as $53,000 per year plus benefits (including

retirement and stock options) during those years. Before the marriage, in 2001,

Jennifer enlisted in the National Guard and received a “sign-on bonus.” She

served one tour in Iraq and was honorably discharged a few years into the

marriage in 2007. Recent to trial, Jennifer had started working hourly for a

hospital-group laboratory on an as-needed basis, making $30.50 per hour. The

district court used $53,000 as Jennifer’s income for child-support purposes.

Robert worked as a supervisor at a factory, salaried at just over $76,000

per year, plus annual profit-sharing payments ($7300 in 2022). The district court

used $80,000 as Robert’s income for child-support calculations.
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During the marriage, Jennifer and Robert started a family business “flipping”

houses. Both parents and their two children worked on the endeavor, which

involved buying one or two houses per year and using the proceeds of the

post-“flip” sale to pay the children and reduce marital debt. This side-hustle

business brought in significant cash but, as the district court put it, once “the

marriage started breaking down, the business relationship did too.” As of trial, the

business was essentially defunct, save for tools and supplies. In testimony,

Jennifer maintained that the tools and supplies were worth $20,000 and that she

would accept that valuation even if the tools and supplies were awarded to her.

She later volunteered she did “not necessarily” want the tools but did not change

her view on valuation. Robert accepted Jennifer’s $20,000 valuation and testified

she could have everything associated with the business for that amount.

The parties contested the value of the family home—a ranch with

outbuildings on a few acres of land “just outside” Muscatine proper. Jennifer

valued the home at $340,000 and testified that she believed that figure was more

accurate than Robert’s appraisal of $370,000 or the county’s assessment of

$370,450. Both parties requested they receive the home in the divorce. Jennifer

testified that she wanted the home and did not want to pay an equalization payment

to Robert, reasoning she had contributed more to the property. But she admitted

on cross-examination that, as a real-estate agent, she understood the seller of a

home would want to take a higher offer. Robert offered a pre-approval letter

demonstrating he qualified to refinance the mortgage and pay out Jennifer’s half

of the home’s value, even using his higher appraisal figure.
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The district court’s decree ultimately granted Robert the home and ordered

him to pay Jennifer an equalization payment in the amount of $133,271.13

following post-ruling litigation over a few figures.1 Jennifer was granted physical

care of the children and child support, but the court denied her request for

rehabilitative spousal support. She appeals the financial provisions and requests

appellate attorney fees.

II. Discussion

As an overall observation, Jennifer’s appellate briefing is unusual and a bit

hard for us to decipher. The rules of appellate procedure require that “[e]ach issue

must be numbered and stated separately in the same order as presented in the

argument,” with each argument “in a separately numbered division” containing

required subparts. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(a)(3), (8). Jennifer’s opening

brief has a single argument, six bolded all-capital-letter headings with a single

numbered list of cases under it, followed by about a dozen paragraphs of text that

relate to some combination of the bolded issues (without differentiating among

them). Her reply brief has similar problems, with the added complications that we

cannot tell what portions of the appellee’s brief she is actually replying to and the

majority of the reply brief is copy-paste identical to the opening brief. To put it

mildly, Jennifer’s briefs do not comply with our rules. And these deficiencies are

particularly concerning given that Jennifer, through counsel, had three prior

1 Lest we give the impression the stray figures were by fault of the district court,

we note that court’s frustration that the parties did not timely file statements of
assets and liabilities before trial, leading that court to observe it “tried to sift
through” the parties’ statements and exhibits mid-trial rather than force a
continuance.
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attempts at an appellant’s brief struck sua sponte by supreme court orders for other

violations.

“Rule infractions are not a trivial matter.” State v. Lange, 831

N.W.2d 844, 847 (Iowa Ct. App. 2013). And “[a] party’s disregard of the rules may

lead to summary disposition of the appeal or waiver of an issue.” Id. We raise this

concern not out of pettiness, but because “this court’s principal role is to dispose

justly of a high volume of cases” and “[a] party’s noncompliance with the rules of

procedure hinders our effort to meet this mandate.” Id. (citing what is now Iowa

Ct. R. 21.11). Jennifer’s failure to comply with the rules has required additional

expenditure of judicial resources, which is unfair to litigants who brief cases in

compliance with the rules and adds to delays in the appellate process. That said,

we exercise our discretion and decline to summarily affirm or dismiss Jennifer’s

appeal. We instead review the issues presented as we understand them, while

restraining ourselves from undertaking the role of an advocate and developing

arguments for her. See Ronnfeldt v. Shelby Cnty. Chris A. Myrtue Mem’l Hosp.,

984 N.W.2d 418, 421 (Iowa 2023).

All of the discernible claims in Jennifer’s brief pertain to the economic

provisions of the divorce decree. Those claims sound in equity, and our review is

de novo. In re Marriage of Gust, 858 N.W.2d 402, 406 (Iowa 2015). “We give

weight to the factual determinations made by the district court; however, their

findings are not binding upon us.” Id. “We will disturb the trial court’s order only

when there has been a failure to do equity.” Id. (cleaned up).

Particular to the division of assets, our review is guided by the factors

outlined in Iowa Code section 598.21 (2021). In re Marriage of Hansen, 733
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N.W.2d 683, 702 (Iowa 2007). “An equitable division is not necessarily an equal

division,” and what qualifies as an equitable distribution depends on the

circumstances of each case. Id. Marital property’s value is generally determined

as of the trial date. In re Marriage of Driscoll, 563 N.W.2d 640, 642 (Iowa Ct.

App. 1997). And in reviewing the trial court’s determination, we will not disturb the

valuation of an asset if “it is within the range of permissible evidence.” In re

Marriage of McDermott, 827 N.W.2d 671, 679 (Iowa 2013).

A. The Military Sign-On Bonus

Jennifer first appears to assert she should have received a line-item set-off

for an $8000 military sign-on bonus because she earned part of it before marriage.

In its order on Jennifer’s post-ruling motion, the district court acknowledged that it

mistakenly attributed military service to both her and Robert. But the court declined

to credit Jennifer’s $8000 sign-on bonus as a set-off to her, reasoning it “still

reache[d] the same conclusion” about overall equitable division. Although the

district court’s factual error was unfortunate, we affirm its ultimate conclusion.

Jennifer’s sign-on bonus was paid in two installments: $4000 when she

completed training in 2002 and $4000 when she was honorably discharged several

years later. Although the first payment predates the marriage, the record does not

contain a date certain for the second (though it appears to have been very early in

the marriage’s duration). Given the nearly-two-decade time horizon and the

relatively small amount of money at issue given the overall distribution, we do not

discern any failure to do equity, and we decline to tinker with the division of assets.
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B. Other Premarital Assets and/or Inheritances

It is not entirely clear to us whether some references in Jennifer’s appellate

brief were intended to challenge the division of certain assets she argued were

premarital or inheritances. We decline to repeat at length the specifics litigated

below, given the vague nature of Jennifer’s briefing. But we have reviewed the

overall distribution in light of Jennifer’s complaints as we understand them, and we

discern no failure to do equity in how the allegedly premarital assets or inheritances

were handled. The court appropriately evaluated her inheritances, exempting her

separate unused inheritance from the division, while considering the inheritance

commingled with family assets in the marital assets. Compare Iowa Code

§ 598.21(5) (excepting inherited property from the division), with In re Marriage of

Fluent, No. 16-1321, 2017 WL 2461601, at *2–3 (Iowa Ct. App. June 7, 2017)

(collecting cases on equity of exempting from division inherited funds commingled

with marital funds and used to support the family). As to her other exemption

claims, the law is clear she is not “automatically” entitled to a set-off or division for

premarital cash or other assets. See In re Marriage of Sullins, 715 N.W.2d 242,

247 (Iowa 2006) (“[T]he property included in the divisible estate includes not only

property acquired during the marriage by one or both of the parties, but property

owned prior to the marriage by a party.” (citation omitted)).

There is also reference in Jennifer’s brief to a “typo” in the district court’s

settlement order that may or may not relate to this claim. But we—like Robert—

understand the district court to have addressed this typographical error in the

post-ruling order, we discern no actionable error on appeal, and we do not address

this “typo” further.
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C. The Family Home

Deciding who would get the family home is perhaps the closest issue in this

appeal. As the district court put it: “Both parties want the family home; however,

Robert is willing to pay more for it.” In awarding the home to Robert, one of the

district court’s rationales was that this would “allow the children to have a bedroom

when they visit,” as “[c]urrently Robert lives with his parents.” Another was that,

with Robert’s higher income, he is more capable of refinancing the mortgage to

pay out Jennifer’s equity. Underlying this financial rationale was the court’s

concern that, to otherwise equitably divide the assets, the court may have required

the parties to sell the home and divide the proceeds. The court also noted

Jennifer’s experience in purchasing property as a realtor and that both children

could visit the marital home because they were of driving age and would spend

time there during visitation.

We are not particularly persuaded by the district court’s first rationale—that

Robert chose to live with his parents while the divorce proceedings played out is

not a great reason for awarding him the marital home. But the district court’s

financial reasoning makes sense. Jennifer testified at trial that she did not wish to

sell the home because she wanted the children to use it for their remaining teenage

years. And we are not inclined to second-guess the district court’s assessment

that it may have required the parties to sell the home and divide the proceeds to

otherwise achieve equity given the division of assets, the parties’ earning

capacities, and Robert’s somewhat greater ability to refinance the mortgage to pay

out Jennifer. This conclusion is consistent with the theme, if not the outcome, of

the supreme court’s observation that, “[i]n decrees awarding a family home to the
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custodial parent, an offsetting cash award to the noncustodial parent is quite

common.” Hunt v. Kinney, 478 N.W.2d 624, 625 (Iowa 1991). Here, awarding the

home to Robert allowed the children to spend time in the home in the future, while

the alternative of requiring sale and division of proceeds would not.

We recognize it is a bit unusual for a divorcing parent to receive physical

care but not the marital home. But this is not unheard of. See, e.g., In re Marriage

of Faber, No. 12-0791, 2012 WL 6194356, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec 12, 2012); In

re Marriage of Lingle, No. 10-0247, 2010 WL 3894493, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App.

Oct. 6, 2010).2 The statutory consideration of “[t]he desirability of awarding the

family home . . . to the party having physical care of the children” is one of thirteen

non-exclusive statutory factors and not dispositive. Iowa Code § 598.21(5)(g).

Because the court considered the statutory factors, and we do not see a failure to

do equity, we decline to modify the award of the family home.

D. Personal/Business Property

At trial, Jennifer testified that the tools and other personal property

associated with the family business were valued at $20,000 and requested that

she receive this property—until she changed her tune in a post-ruling motion and

asked for equal division, auction, or an increase in her equalization payment. On

appeal, Jennifer repeats her post-trial request. But we share the district court’s

view that Jennifer’s post-trial switcheroo “undermine[d] her credibility,” and

2 In his brief, Robert claims that we affirmed “awarding the marital home to the

non-physical care parent because of the physical care parent’s financial condition”
in In re Marriage of Siglin, 555 N.W.2d 846, 849–50 (Iowa Ct. App. 1996). But that
is not true. In that case, the parties’ “two children were adults” and custody was
not at issue. Id. at 847. We do not rely on Siglin in this opinion.
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Jennifer offers us no cogent reason to believe the court failed to do equity by giving

her what she wanted. The court’s valuation was within the permissible range of

evidence, as it was the valuation offered by Jennifer. See McDermott, 827

N.W.2d at 679. She is owed no relief.

Jennifer also mentions “[t]he court was in error with respect to [her] Labcorp

stock” in the headings of her opening and reply briefs. But she doesn’t put any

meat on this skeletal argument. And it appears the district court amended its

decree as she requested in her post-ruling motion. To the extent the issue is

before us, we discern no actionable error with regard to the Labcorp stock.

E. Spousal Support

An award of spousal support is not an absolute right, and any award instead

depends on the circumstances of a case and the factors listed in Iowa Code

section 598.21A. See In re Marriage of Olson, 705 N.W.2d 312, 315–16

(Iowa 2005). Our courts also balance the ability of a spouse to pay support against

the needs of the requesting spouse, while considering the standard of living the

parties enjoyed during the marriage. In re Marriage of Stark, 542 N.W.2d 260, 262

(Iowa Ct. App. 1995). As with other dissolution issues, we will not disturb a

spousal-support award unless the district court failed to do equity. In re Marriage

of Pazhoor, 971 N.W.2d 530, 541 (Iowa 2022).

On appeal, Jennifer complains that the district court did not consider “other

forms of spousal support” beyond rehabilitative alimony. But we find the district

court correctly considered only the relief requested, and Jennifer only requested

rehabilitative alimony at trial. We similarly limit our review to the relief Jennifer
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timely sought, finding her post-ruling motion seeking other forms of spousal

support came too late.

The main thrust of why the district court declined to order rehabilitative

alimony was that “Jennifer has not proposed any additional training, schooling, or

certifications” or how the requested spousal support was necessary to maintain

her current licensures or certificates. This rationale is supported by controlling

case law. “Without a showing that the recipient spouse seeks reeducation,

retraining, or some discrete period of time to increase earning capacity to become

self-supporting, rehabilitative spousal support is inappropriate.” See In re Marriage

of Sokol, 985 N.W.2d 177, 186 (Iowa 2023). Jennifer did not make this showing

below, and she was not entitled to rehabilitative alimony.

If anything, in our de novo review we tend to share the district court’s

observation that Jennifer’s post-ruling request for transitional support was really to

help “build up her business” after the economic downturn, not “transition from

married to single life.” When asked point-blank why she thought “alimony is

appropriate in this case,” Jennifer said: “Because my real estate [business] hasn’t

gone back up yet. There’s a low supply of houses and everything.” And she made

similar statements on cross-examination. Jennifer has not cited to us, and we are

not independently aware of, any case law holding that temporary local economic

conditions support granting rehabilitative alimony.

Last on this issue, we—like the district court—observe that, even if we were

inclined to consider other types of alimony despite Jennifer’s narrow request at

trial, we would find equity did not require it: Jennifer is gainfully employed whether

she sticks with realty or the laboratory work, her long-term earnings prospects are
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good, the gap between the parties’ wages is not massive or insurmountable if she

works full-time, and Jennifer received a large amount of liquid cash in the decree.

We discern no failure to do equity in the denial of spousal support on this record.

F. Child Support

In determining child support, the court found Jennifer was “significantly

underemployed” and extrapolated her earning capacity for child-support purposes

based on her past annualized income compared to her current part-time (and

partially hourly) income. This was proper under court rules and the case law. Iowa

Ct. R. 9.4; see, e.g., In re Marriage of McKenzie, 709 N.W.2d 528, 533 (Iowa 2006)

(discussing use of earning capacity instead of actual earnings). To the extent we

can discern a legal argument challenging the child-support calculation from the

body of Jennifer’s appellate brief, we reject it and affirm the district court.

G. Appellate Attorney Fees

Jennifer also requests appellate attorney fees. Our considerations for

discretionary appellate attorney fees include the requester’s need, the other party’s

financial ability, and the merits of the appeal. See Sullins, 715 N.W.2d at 255. But

Jennifer did not prevail on any of her assignments of error, and she has the ability

to pay her own attorney fees. Even if she had prevailed on the merits, we would

not be inclined to award appellate attorney fees in light of her material and

substantial violations of the rules of appellate procedure. We deny her request.

III. Disposition

Having identified no reversible error, we affirm the dissolution decree in its

entirety and deny Jennifer’s request for appellate attorney fees.

AFFIRMED.