In the Interest of M.J., Minor Child

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 24-1085
Filed September 4, 2024

IN THE INTEREST OF M.J.,
Minor Child,

A.A., Mother,
Appellant,

J.J., Father,
Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Cynthia S. Finley,

Judge.

Parents separately appeal the termination of their parental rights.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Alexander S. Momany of Howes Law Firm, PC, Cedar Rapids, for appellant

mother.

Michael M. Lindeman of Lindeman Law, Cedar Rapids, for appellant father.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Tamara Knight, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee State.

Julie F. Trachta of Linn County Advocate, Cedar Rapids, attorney and

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Schumacher, P.J., Sandy, J., and Bower, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2024).
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BOWER, Senior Judge.

Parents separately appeal the termination of their parental rights to their

child, born in 2021. Both challenge the statutory grounds for termination. The

mother further claims termination is not in the child’s best interests due to the bond

she shares with the child and requests additional time to work toward reunification.

Upon our review, we affirm both appeals.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

This family came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Health and

Human Services in January 2023, upon concerns of substance use by the parents

and the parents threatening each other with a firearm. The father and the child

tested positive for cocaine. The child was adjudicated in need of assistance and

removed from the father’s care but remained in the mother’s care under the

department’s protective supervision. In addition to substance-use treatment, the

parents were ordered to participate in couples therapy and mental-health

treatment.

The father completed substance-use treatment but relapsed on cocaine

almost immediately thereafter. He tested positive for cocaine twice in June but

denied use. The visitation provider raised concerns about an incident during which

the father was at the home with the mother before the provider arrived, despite his

visitation being fully supervised. The provider also felt uncomfortable being in the

home due to the parents’ “disrespectful and rude” comments toward her.

Meanwhile, the mother exhibited “paranoid behavior” and accused the department

of “hiring a person to drive by the home.” The department ordered protective

daycare for the child, but the mother was not comfortable with anyone else caring
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for the child. In an August report, the guardian ad litem (GAL) opined “if there

continues to be concerns regarding [the father] being in the home or around [the

child] when not approved or concerns regarding [the mother’s] decision-making

regarding [the child]’s safety or supervision, I would support removal from [the

mother]’s care as well.”

In October, the State filed an application requesting the child’s removal from

the mother’s custody following the child’s admission to the emergency room after

ingesting the maternal grandmother’s blood pressure medication. The mother

reported the grandmother was “supposed to be supervising” the child, despite the

mother’s prior statements the grandmother was “not able to adequately supervise

the child.” The mother told emergency room staff the father was incarcerated,

which was untrue. The State further alleged the mother “was exhibiting ‘strange’

behavior while in the [emergency department]”; “was reported to be verbally

aggressive; was on her phone more than paying attention to [the child]; was

exhibiting symptoms of mania; and was ‘mocking’ [the child] because [the child]

wanted to be breast fed.” According to the State, “Lack of supervision has been a

consistent and recurring concern in this case. In fact, the court has ordered

protective daycare, and the mother has yet to comply with this order.” The court

granted the State’s application, removed the child from the mother’s custody, and

placed the child in the care of a maternal aunt and uncle. 1

In November, the department reported the parents announced they were

engaged to be married, but they were not consistently attending couple’s therapy.

1 The child was later transferred to “another relative placement” due to “[c]ontinued

conflict between [the mother] and her sister.”
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The department noted concerns with the parents denying any issues in their

relationship despite a history of domestic-violence service calls. The department

also noted concerns about the parents arguing in the child’s presence, “which has

upset [the child].” In February 2024, the mother began participating in domestic-

violence counseling.

In March, the department noted, “There continues to be ongoing toxicity

within [the parents’] relationship, resulting in the Department separating their case

plan expectations despite their relationship status. Because of this[, a]t parents’

request, they will be completing interactions separately. This continues to be a

work in progress.” The GAL similarly reported, “The parents’ relationship is of

significant concern as it has a very direct impact on [the child]’s physical and

emotional safety.” The GAL also expressed concerns relating to the mother’s

aggressive and volatile behavior:

[M]ultiple medical professionals have expressed concerns regarding
[the mother]’s attitude, speech, and behaviors toward [the child].
[The mother] has lost employment opportunities, roommates, and
has put [the child]’s ability to maintain services at risk due to
instigating conflict and accusations. It is even more concerning she
would do so in public, at a medical facility. If [the mother] would
engage in this behavior in public around medical professionals, it
creates concern about what happens when no one else is around.

In April, the mother tested positive for cocaine. The mother reported she

had “never used drugs in her life, then in the same conversation reported that she

is eight years sober.” The next month, the father again tested positive for cocaine

but denied use.

The State initiated termination-of-parental-rights proceedings. The

termination hearing took place in June. The department caseworker testified that
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throughout the case, the mother had struggled with mental health and lack of

stability, but she was neither “active” nor “engaged” in therapy. The caseworker

reported the father had struggled with substance use throughout the case,

acknowledging he “was able to demonstrate a period of sobriety, but as of recent

he has been testing positive again for cocaine.” She stated there were also

concerns about the instability of the parents’ relationship, the status of which was

“constantly changing.” Meanwhile, the child was “do[ing] well in her current

placement.” The department and GAL recommended termination of parental

rights.

The court thereafter entered an order terminating both parents’ rights

pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(h) (2024). The mother and father

separately appeal.

II. Standard of Review

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re A.B.,

957 N.W.2d 280, 293 (Iowa 2021). Upon our review, our primary consideration is

the best interests of the child, In re J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006), the

defining elements of which are the child’s safety and need for a permanent home,

In re H.S., 805 N.W.2d 737, 748 (Iowa 2011).

III. Analysis

A. Grounds for Termination. The mother and father both challenge the

sufficiency of the evidence supporting the grounds for termination cited by the

juvenile court. They claim the State failed to show by clear and convincing

evidence the child could not be returned safely to their respective custody at the

time of the termination hearing. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h)(4).
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Within the two months prior to the termination hearing, both parents tested

positive for cocaine. Neither admitted use. The father had repeatedly tested

positive for cocaine throughout the case, including before and after his successful

completion of treatment. He then completed a second substance-use evaluation,

which recommended no treatment, but the provider opined the father was “not

honest on the evaluation.” The father completed a third evaluation at a church.

He reported attending weekly groups, but the department was not able to verify his

attendance because the father reported “other members in his group were

unwilling to verify that attendance.” This record provides no basis to find the father

has addressed his substance use, and therefore, the child cannot return to his

custody at this time. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 776 (Iowa 2012) (“We have

long recognized that an unresolved, severe, and chronic drug addiction can render

a parent unfit to raise children.”).

Relating to the mother, her denial of substance use after testing positive in

April was questionable, particularly in light of the department’s concerns about her

lack of honesty during the case. In that vein, we disagree with the mother’s claim

that she “had predominantly followed through with recommendations and

accomplished the goals expected of her.” The mother had not addressed concerns

relating to her relationship with the father, and by extension, the child’s exposure

to their discord. As the caseworker testified, “They will escalate into arguments

very quickly that involves yelling. There is a history of it becoming physical. [The

child] typically gets very upset when her parents argue in front of her.” Concerns

also remained about the mother’s lack of honesty about her contact with the father.

As the GAL reported, “The parents have admitted that suspicions about their lack
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of honesty were accurate, in that they were living together at [the mother]’s home

for several months and were being dishonest about their situation and their

relationship.” And with regard to the mother’s complaint her visitation had not

progressed beyond fully supervised, the caseworker explained visits had not

progressed because “[t]here were concerns for her mental health and her ability to

remain appropriate at interactions.”

Based on these and other facts replete in the record (including unaddressed

mental-health concerns), we agree with the court’s finding the child could not be

returned to the custody of either parent at the time of the termination hearing. Iowa

Code section 232.116(1)(h) was satisfied.

B. Best Interests. When determining best interests, we give primary weight

to “the child’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing

and growth of the child, and to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and

needs of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.116(2). Here, these factors all weigh in favor

of termination. We agree with the court’s analysis on this point:

It is in the best interest of [the child] for parental rights to be
terminated. Her parents have worked with services for
approximately seventeen months without significant change in the
area of concern. Perhaps the outcome would have been different if
[the parents] had actually used the services and made a good faith
effort to use[] the skills acquired to address their relationship issues,
mental health, and substance abuse. The behaviors [the child] has
been demonstrating over the recent months prior to trial clearly
indicate that she is in need of permanency and stability. Her parents
are not able to show that they can provide a stable, substance and
violence free environment for her. She does not deserve to wait for
this until such time as her parents may decide to make her a priority
in their lives.

C. Exceptions to Termination. The mother claims termination is not in the

child’s best interests because “the child was intensely bonded to [the mother] in
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this case.” “Consideration of the parent-child bond is not a part of our best-

interests analysis.” In re E.S., No. 23-0590, 2023 WL 4104126, at *2 (Iowa Ct.

App. June 21, 2023). However, section 232.116(3)(c) allows the court to forgo

termination when “[t]here is clear and convincing evidence that the termination

would be detrimental to the child at the time due to the closeness of the parent-

child relationship.” Indeed, the caseworker testified to the bond between the

mother and the child, and she noted the mother “consistently attended interactions

with [the child],” which were “generally positive.” However, the child was also “very

attached to her [current] caregivers.” The court addressed this exception, stating,

“in making this decision” to terminate parental rights, it had “considered the trauma

caused by the termination of parental rights, but [found] that risk of continued harm

in the parents’ care, and [the child]’s need for permanency, greatly outweigh[ed]

this trauma.” We also decline to exercise a permissive exception based on this

factor.

D. Additional Time. “[I]n the alternative,” the mother requests a six-month

extension “to work towards reunification.” To grant an extension of time for

reunification, the court must “enumerate the specific factors, conditions, or

expected behavioral changes” providing a basis to determine the child will be able

to return to the parent at the end of the additional six months. Iowa Code

§ 232.104(2)(b). Here, the caseworker testified the mother was unable to

“demonstrate long-term stability with her mental health,” “her relationship with [the

father],” or her “ability to parent [the child] independently on her own.” The

caseworker did not believe “anything will change if [the mother] is granted more

time.” “We look to the past for indicators of what is likely to occur in the future.” In
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re M.P., No. 19-0995, 2019 WL 5063337, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 9, 2019). The

court found, “The dishonesty and lack of accountability on the part of both [parents]

make it clear that an additional period of services will not alter the outcome.” On

this record, the court had no basis on which to grant an extension.

We affirm the termination of the parental rights of both parents.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.