1:18-cv-00440•Kurland v. City of Providence, et al
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Case 1:18-cv-00440-MSM-LDA Document 76 Filed 01/11/24 Page 1 of 34 PagelD #: <pagelD> UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF RHODE ISLAND SHANNAH M. KURLAND, Plaintiff, Vv. CITY OF PROVIDENCE, by and through its Treasurer, James J. Lombardi, III, GEORGE SMITH alias, RALPH ABENANTE, alias, and KYLE RICHARDS, alias, individually and in their official capacities as police officers in the City of Providence Police Department, and HUGH T. CLEMENTS, JR., alias, individually and in his official capacity as Chief of the City of Providence Police Department, and STEVEN M. PARE, alias, individually and in his official capacity as Commissioner of Public Safety for the City of Providence, Defendants. C.A. No. 18-cv-440-MSM-LDA 4 _4>_4>_4_4>_4_4_4>_4_4>>_4_4_4>_4_4>_4>_4>_4_4_4_4_4_4 MEMORANDUM AND ORDER Mary S. McElroy, United States District Judge. I. INTRODUCTION On August 13, 2015, Shannah Kurland was attending a meeting of the Rhode Island Homeless Advocacy Project to discuss the right to stand in public spaces, such as sidewalks, particularly in the downtown Kennedy Plaza area. Conflicts between the homeless population and business owners in the area were and remain commonplace. Business owners complained of homeless individuals loitering near !"# $%&' $()* $+ ,",),* -,&$)$# # . "(/$ 0 1 2 2 2 3 45 6 7 8 0 2 0 1 9 : ; 0 : < ; : 2 7 3 = > ? @ 2 0 1 @ 2 A B 0 1 C D E46 F GGH I J 2 A K C D E46F GGH L M J 2 8 0 < ; : 0 1 45 ; 2 2 2 N 2 45 < ; : 8 0 3 2 3 OP, . $)+ * % + P, Q%+ "(&!)+ * (% $", &"$R% . "(/ + P, S$"+ * ,' = 6 2 2 D E46 F GG GI TGM J Case 1:18-cv-00440-MSM-LDA Document 76 Filed 01/11/24 Page 2 of 34 PageID #: <pageID> Case 1:18-cv-00440-MSM-LDA Document 76 Filed 01/11/24 Page 3 of 34 PagelD #: <pagelD> right of the store’s entrance. The precise position that Ms. Kurland took, which is integral to this action, remains in dispute. Ms. Kurland stood somewhere near the CVS entrance against the wall, lit a cigarette, and smiled at Officers Abenante and Richards standing nearby. Less than a minute later, Officer Abenante told her that she was not allowed to stand there, that she was obstructing the entrance, and that she ought to move. Ms. Kurland refused to comply, asserting that she was legally allowed to stand where she was standing. At some point during the ensuing discussion, Ms. Kurland acquiesced and moved from her initial position to the curbside of the sidewalk. The dialogue between Ms. Kurland and Officer Abenante attracted the attention of individuals nearby, and a crowd began to gather on the curbside of the sidewalk near the entrance to the CVS. It remains disputed whether Ms. Kurland called for people to gather, or whether the spectacular nature of the encounter independently drew the crowd around her. In any event, Ms. Kurland continued her conversation with Officer Abenante, Officer Richards, and the group. Officer Abenante accused the group of obstruction, accused certain individuals of disorderly conduct, and asserted that he was empowered to order the group to move. Ms. Kurland cited case and statutory law to the officers that she believed supported the group’s right to remain in their position without interference, focusing on the case State of Rhode Island v. McKenna, 415 A.2d 729 (R.I. 1980) and § 16-13(c) of the Providence City Code of Ordinances. At some point during this exchange, Officer Abenante called his supervisor, Lieutenant Smith, to help resolve the situation. ! " " # $ " % # & ' #" # ( % ' ' # " % ) * +, -./ * 0 12,34 56 * + * +, 1* 07,8 1 93:3;,7< => * ,7 0?* 36 :6 :; 3 56 * :,11 # " ' ' 50@A B ?, C+37;,B 56 * + D > 36 A @7, * 0 90E,< F G HI J KK LM N " " " ) ' # " & ! O P LLQ RSQ L & ! 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ED>A F 5 G3++4H-+/0 ' I% ( H */( ( +&' 2J 31K0 % 4 42,4+&, IH+, % ( 4/,K+ J /% &0 L 42,'% -+&+-/' &+0 /( % ,M ( 2/,L */( ( +& 2J 320 % ( % 4/0 N '24% /0 N 2& 2( H+& 42,4+&, ( 2 ( H+ 42**1,% ( L5 6 7 I/' &+4% ( ! # 7 O&2.% -+,4+6 ' H2*+0 +'' B P " ? Q R S 9: ; A " " C 9> < " =:= =:? ;@=A T U1&0 /,-6 ' 5 U1&0 /,-6 ' V W B X " Y C :99 R > D= Z C [ " < " Y =: < " E ? ED>A \ " C] Case 1:18-cv-00440-MSM-LDA Document 76 Filed 01/11/24 Page 17 of 34 PageID #: <pageID> ! "#$%& #$ '$( )*+$+$'& +( ,& '& #$ '*-. $,& / ''0$$,#1 2 1 1 3 4 5661 7 8 9 : 1 ; < = 1 2 >= 6?7 @1 21 8?1 ! A -B'$C+$'& +( ,& ( D%( '*%E B"F *E *%E $''( & G '$+H$'B IDH$+%J$%& BE ( %& $+$'& -K & #$E $B'& +$'& +( ,& ( H$J$B%' L1 M %$*& +BE N D% & #$ D& #$+ #B%CN B+$ *%E B"F *E *%E $'' G & #$K B+$ %B++D"E K & B( E D+$C& D '$+H$ B '( I%( F ( ,B%& IDH$+%J$%& BE ( %& $+$'& G E $BHO P <,#B%%$E ' F D+ ,DJJ*%( ,B& ( D% DF & #$ ( %F D+JB& ( D% ; <1 M4 ! M 8Q@1 21 ? ?Q 9 QQ: 1 / < <1 = 4 <1 = 1 = < RA S N TUV W X YVVN YZ[ \ ]ZVT G ^#$IDH$+%J$%& / '0*+0D'$O P ( '& #$,D%& +DE E ( %I,D%'( C$+B& ( D% M4 ! M 8Q@1 21 ?Q1 ! < < < G . *'& ( F O P O P & #$ +$I*E B& $C '0$$,# L1 Case 1:18-cv-00440-MSM-LDA Document 76 Filed 01/11/24 Page 18 of 34 PageID #: <pageID> Case 1:18-cv-00440-MSM-LDA Document 76 Filed 01/11/24 Page 19 of 34 PagelD #: <pagelD> Ms. Kurland asserts that the restriction on her speech was content based. In support of this allegation, Ms. Kurland points out that: (1) video evidence and sworn testimony show that the sidewalk was not obstructed, (2) Ms. Kurland was the only person arrested for obstruction, and (3) the defendant officers testified that they did not address commands to other individuals at the scene because they believed that Ms. Kurland’s specific statements were the problem. (ECF No. 60 at 33.) For example, Ms. Kurland highlights Officer Abenante’s sworn testimony that he called Lieutenant Smith to the scene in part because Ms. Kurland “was reciting some case law where somebody told a cop he can shoot them in the head.” (ECF No. 59 at 14); see McKenna, 415 A.2d at 730. On these facts, a reasonable jury could find that the restriction on Ms. Kurland’s expression was content based. Because a content-based restriction is presumptively unconstitutional, summary judgment is not appropriate for the defendants. Even if a jury did not find that the restriction of Ms. Kurland’s speech was content based, a reasonable jury could find that the restriction fails to meet the intermediate standard of scrutiny applied to content-neutral restrictions. A jury could find that there was no obstruction, and thus that the government interest served by the restriction was nonexistent. The defendants’ motion is DENIED. Ms. Kurland’s motion is also DENIED because a reasonable jury could find that the instructions for Ms. Kurland to move and her subsequent arrest were not motivated by the content of her speech but because she obstructed the CVS or otherwise committed a crime. See Nieves v. Bartlett, 139 S. Ct. 1715, 1733 (2019) 19 !! " # $ %& " & ' ' (% !#)*" #%" + )" # ,*& !!& -& %, . !& " %"/& /& 0& /% !1 *#)! 2 3 4 5 65 7 2 8 9 8 :2 9 ; < 2 2 35 =2 3 5 < > ?@ A B B5 = 9 C 5 9 A 5 4 5 2 2 23 2 2 + 4 4 ? 2 D 9 4 $,)( /& E! ",-& %"/ & $ %& " & ' ' F ! 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