Perez v. Hooper et al

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
CARLOS PEREZ,
Plaintiff,
-v-
C.O. LORI HOOPER, et al.,
Defendants.
9:23-CV-1208 (AJB/DJS)
Hon. Anthony Brindisi, U.S. District Judge:
DECISION and ORDER
I. 	INTRODUCTION
On September 27, 2023, plaintiff Carlos Perez (“plaintiff”) commenced this 42 U.S.C. §
1983 action against New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision
(“DOCCS”) employees Corrections Officer Lori Hooper (“C.O. Hooper”), Sergeant Bernard Ste-
vens (“Sgt. Stevens”), Corrections Officer John Norman (“C.O. Norman”), Corrections Officer
Kyle Brooks (“C.O. Brooks”), and Radiology Technician Tami Larose (“Larose”) (collectively
“defendants”). Dkt. No. 1.
In short, plaintiff claims that, while he was incarcerated at Riverview Correctional Facility
in Ogdensburg, New York (“Riverview”), C.O. Hooper directed Sgt. Stevens, C.O. Norman, and
C.O. Brooks to physically assault plaintiff and, after the assault, Larose denied plaintiff adequate
medical care for his injuries. Dkt. No. 16 (“Am. Compl.”). Plaintiff’s operative complaint1 asserts
1 The record reflects that plaintiff sought and obtained leave to amend his complaint during the parties’ initial pre-trial
scheduling conference on January 2, 2024. Dkt., Minute Entry (Jan. 2, 2024). Plaintiff’s amended complaint differs
only from his initial complaint in that it identifies 42 U.S.C. § 1985 as the statutory basis for his conspiracy claim,
rather than 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Contrast Dkt. No. 1 ¶ 57 with Dkt. No. 16 ¶ 57. Apart from this change, the allegations
set forth in plaintiff’s amended complaint appear to be identical to those contained in his initial complaint. Compare
Dkt. No. 1 ¶¶ 1–56 with Dkt. No. 16 ¶¶ 1–56.
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§ 1983 claims for violations of plaintiff’s Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights along with a
§ 1985 civil rights conspiracy claim against all defendants. Id.
On March 13, 2026, defendants moved under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 56
for partial summary judgment on plaintiff’s § 1985 civil rights conspiracy claim. 	Dkt. No. 59.
Plaintiff does not oppose defendants’ motion. 	Dkt. No. 60. 	The Court will decide defendants’
motion on the basis of the submissions without oral argument.
II. 	LEGAL STANDARD
Although styled as a motion for summary judgment, see Defs.’ Mem. at 5 (citing Rule 56
standard), defendants’ motion is directed only at the sufficiency of the allegations in plaintiff’s
amended complaint, see Defs.’ Mem. at 6–7; Dkt. No. 59-2 (“Defs.’ SMF”) at ¶¶ 1–12. Where,
as here, a motion for summary judgment “is made solely on the pleadings, . . . it is functionally the
same as a motion to dismiss or a motion for judgment on the pleadings.” Schwartz v. Compagnie
Gen. Transatlantique, 405 F.2d 270, 273 (2d Cir. 1968) (internal quotation omitted); see also Mil-
ler v. Lamanna, 169 F.4th 118, 130–31 (2d Cir. 2026) (noting that a defendant can raise a “legal
issue with the plaintiff’s complaint at any time, including after discovery and in connection with a
summary judgment motion, however that motion is styled”).
Because the time for filing a pre-answer motion to dismiss has passed, see Dkt. No. 18, the
Court construes defendants’ motion as a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule
12(c). Regardless though, the same legal standard applies. See, e.g., Lively v. WAFRA Inv. Advi-
sory Grp., Inc., 6 F.4th 293, 301 (2d Cir. 2021) (“‘The standard for granting a Rule 12(c) motion
for judgment on the pleadings is identical to that for granting a Rule 12(b)(6) motion for failure to
state a claim.’” (quoting Lynch v. City of N.Y., 952 F.3d 67, 75 (2d Cir. 2020)).
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“‘To survive a Rule 12(c) motion, [the plaintiff’s] complaint must contain sufficient factual
matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Lively, 6 F.4th at
301 (quoting Hayden v. Paterson, 594 F.3d 150, 160 (2d Cir. 2010). “On a Rule 12(c) motion,
‘the court’s task is to assess the legal feasibility of the complaint; it is not to assess the weight of
the evidence that might be offered on either side.’” 	Lively, 6 F.4th at 304 (quoting Lynch, 952
F.3d at 75). Accordingly, the district court must “draw all reasonable factual inferences in favor
of the plaintiff.” Lynch, 952 F.3d at 76.
III. 	DISCUSSION
Plaintiff’s amended complaint asserts a civil rights conspiracy claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
§ 1985(3). Am. Compl. ¶¶ 55–57 (alleging that defendants conspired to deprive plaintiff of his
civil rights). 	According to defendants, this claim must be dismissed because the intracorporate
conspiracy doctrine bars plaintiff’s civil rights conspiracy claim. Defs.’ Mem. at 6–7.
“To state a claim under § 1985(3), a plaintiff must first show that the defendants con-
spired—that is, reached an agreement—with one another.” Ziglar v. Abbasi, 582 U.S. 120, 154
(2017). 	“In some civil contexts, the Supreme Court has adopted an ‘intracorporate conspiracy
doctrine,’ holding that because employees acting within the scope of their employment are agents
of their employer, an employer and its employees are generally considered to be a single actor,
rather than multiple conspirators.” 	Fed. Ins. Co. v. United States, 882 F.3d 348, 368 (2d Cir.
2018); see Ziglar v. Abbasi, 582 U.S. 120, 154 (2017) (noting that “agents of the same legal entity
are not distinct enough to conspire with one another”).
The Second Circuit has extended this “‘intracorporate conspiracy doctrine’ to the context
of conspiracies to interfere with civil rights in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985.” Fed. Ins. Co., 882
F.3d at 368. 	Additionally, as relevant here, courts within this circuit routinely apply the
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intracorporate conspiracy doctrine to civil rights conspiracy claims asserted against DOCCS em-
ployees. 	Richard v. Fischer, 38 F. Supp. 3d 340, 353 (W.D.N.Y. 2014) (collecting cases); see,
e.g., Vega v. Artus, 610 F. Supp. 2d 185, 206 (N.D.N.Y. 2009) (dismissing § 1985 conspiracy
claim against DOCCS employee-defendants as barred by intracorporate conspiracy doctrine);
Mitchell v. Chappius, 750 F. Supp. 3d 123, 151 (W.D.N.Y. 2024) (holding that intracorporate
conspiracy doctrine barred § 1983 conspiracy claim against DOCCS employee-defendants).
Taking the factual allegations in plaintiff’s amended complaint as true, plaintiff’s conspir-
acy claim is barred by the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine. Plaintiff’s amended complaint al-
leges that all of the named defendants were employed by DOCCS at the time of the events under-
lying plaintiff’s claims. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 4 (C.O. Hooper), 7 (Sgt. Stevens), 10 (C.O. Norman),
13 (C.O. Brooks), 16 (Larose); see also Dkt. No. 18 ¶ 2 (admitting allegations that defendants were
employees of DOCCS at all relevant times). And when the alleged misconduct occurred, plain-
tiff’s amended complaint alleges that all of the named defendants were acting within the scope of
their employment. 	See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 22 (“[P]laintiff and [C.O.] Hooper were involved in a
verbal dispute over the manner in which Hooper was performing her duties as a corrections of-
ficer.”), 26 (alleging that plaintiff was physically assaulted by Sgt. Stevens, C.O. Norman, and
C.O. Brooks in Riverview’s Special Housing Unit), 35–37 (describing Larose’s medical evaluation
of plaintiff at DOCCS facility).2
To be sure, there is an exception to the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine that applies
where a plaintiff has alleged that “individual defendants were motivated by an[ ] independent per-
sonal stake.” Girard v. 94th St. & Fifth Ave. Corp., 530 F.2d 66, 71–72 (2d Cir. 1976). But the
2 Moreover, although a court cannot “give effect to a complaint’s assertions of law or legal conclusions” in deciding
a motion for judgment on the pleadings, see Lynch, 952 F.3d at 75–76, plaintiff’s amended complaint explicitly pro-
vides that defendants were acting “within the course and scope of [their] employment” at all relevant times, see Am.
Compl. ¶¶ 5 (C.O. Hooper), 8 (Sgt. Stevens), 11 (C.O. Norman), 14 (C.O. Brooks), 17 (Larose).
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amended complaint lacks any plausible allegation that defendants were motivated by the kind of
personal interests that would be sufficient to warrant departure from the general rule barring these
claims based on the intracorporate conspiracy doctrine. See generally, Am. Compl. Accordingly,
plaintiff’s §1985 civil rights conspiracy claim must be dismissed.3
IV. 	CONCLUSION
Therefore, it is
ORDERED that
1. 	Defendants’ partial motion for summary judgment is GRANTED; and
2. 	Plaintiff’s § 1985 civil rights conspiracy claim is DISMISSED.
The Clerk of the Court is directed to:
a. Terminate the pending motion (Dkt. Nos. 59).
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: May 19, 2026
Utica, New York.
3 Plaintiff’s civil rights conspiracy claim fails on another, independent ground not raised by defendants. “To recover
under section 1985(3), a plaintiff must allege ‘some racial, or perhaps otherwise class-based, invidiously discrimina-
tory animus behind the conspirators’ action.’” Gagliardi v. Vill. of Pawling, 18 F.3d 188, 194 (2d Cir. 1994) (quot-
ing Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102 (1971)). Plaintiff has not alleged membership in any class, nor has he
alleged that defendants acted with any class-based animus. See generally, Am. Compl.
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