Alvarez-Jaime v. Raycraft et al

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
SOUTHERN DIVISION
______
YASMANY YUNIEL ALVAREZ-JAIME,
Petitioner,
v.
KEVIN RAYCRAFT et al.,
Respondents.
____________________________/
Case No. 1:26-cv-862
HON. ROBERT J. JONKER
OPINION
Petitioner, a United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detainee currently
detained at the North Lake Processing Center located in Baldwin, Lake County, Michigan, initiated
this action by filing a counseled petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2241. (Pet.,
ECF No. 1). For the following reasons, the Court will deny Petitioner’s petition.
BACKGROUND
Petitioner is a native and citizen of Cuba. (Pet., ECF No. 1, PageID.6; Notice to Appear
(NTA), ECF No. 4-1, PageID.22.) On September 22, 2006, Petitioner entered the United States as
a parolee via the Diversity Visa Program for Cuban Nationals. (Pet., ECF No. 1, PageID.7; NTA,
ECF No. 4-1, PageID.22.) On June 27, 2008, Petitioner was granted Lawful Permanent Resident
Status. (Pet., ECF No. 1, PageID.7.) However, on April 20, 2011, the Department of Homeland
Security 	(DHS) 	issued 	Petitioner 	an 	NTA, 	charging 	Petitioner 	with 	removability 	under
§ 237(a)(2)(A)(ii) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) because Petitioner had been twice
convicted of crimes involving moral turpitude. (NTA, ECF No. 4-1, PageID.22.)
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ICE detained Petitioner on April 30, 2011. (Notice of Custody Determination, ECF No. 4-
2, PageID.24.) On September 22, 2011, an immigration judge ordered Petitioner removed to Cuba.
(Removal Order, ECF No. 4-3, PageID.26.) Petitioner was not immediately removed. Instead, on
December 21, 2011, DHS released Petitioner from detention on an order of supervision. (Pet., ECF
No. 1, PageID.7; Resp., ECF No. 4, PageID.17.) Petitioner has remained in the United States since
that time.
On March 4, 2026, ICE agents arrested Petitioner when Petitioner appeared for his
scheduled ICE check-in. (Id., PageID.8). On the date of his arrest, ICE conducted an informal
interview with Petitioner that gave him the chance to respond to DHS’s decision to revoke
supervision. (ECF NO. 10-3, PageID.129). Petitioner did not provide a response. (Id.). On March
7, 2026, DHS notified Petitioner that it intended to remove him to Mexico. (ECF No. 10-2,
PageID.127). A couple days later, on March 9, 2026, ICE issued Petitioner a formal Notice of
Revocation of Release. (ECF No. 10-1, PageID.124). The Notice solidified that DHS revoked
Petitioner’s supervision under 8 C.F.R. § 241.13(j) due to a change in circumstances such that
there is a significant likelihood of removal in the reasonably foreseeable future. (Id.). More
particularly, ICE stated that it was attempting to procure travel documents to effectuate Petitioner’s
removal to Mexico. (Id.).
Petitioner filed this writ of habeas corpus on March 17, 2026. (ECF No. 1). The next day,
on March 18, Respondents transferred Petitioner to Louisiana in preparation for his removal to
Mexico. (ECF No. 10, PageID.117; ECF No. 9, PageID.93). Both parties appear to agree that the
Respondents tried to remove Petitioner to Mexico. But, although the facts of this attempt remain
unclear, both parties also agree that the Respondents could not effectuate Petitioner’s removal
because Petitioner “refused to exit the bus” that transported him to the southern border. (ECF No.
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10, PageID.117; ECF No. 9, PageID.94). According to Respondents, Petitioner returned to North
Lake on April 8, 2026. (Id.).
Petitioner challenges the lawfulness of his current detention and asks the Court to, inter
alia, assume jurisdiction over this matter and issue a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 2241 ordering Respondents to release Petitioner. (Pet., ECF No. 1, PageID.11).1 In an order
entered on March 18, 2026, the Court directed Respondents to show cause, within three business
days, why the writ of habeas corpus and other relief requested by Petitioner should not be granted.
(Order, ECF No. 3). Respondents filed their response on March 23, 2026, (ECF No. 4), and
Petitioner filed his reply on March 24, 2026. (ECF No. 5). On April 2, 2026, the Court ordered the
parties to submit supplemental briefing to address both legal and factual issues that the parties
initial briefing did not consider. (ECF No. 8). Both parties filed their supplemental responses on
April 16, 2026). (ECF Nos. 9, 10).
HABEAS CORPUS LEGAL STANDARD
The Constitution guarantees that the writ of habeas corpus is “available to every individual
detained within the United States.” 	Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 525 (2004) (citing U.S.
Const., Art I, § 9, cl. 2). Section 2241 of Title 28 confers the federal courts with the power to issue
writs of habeas corpus to persons “in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of
the United States.” This includes challenges by non-citizens in immigration-related matters. See
Zadvydas v. Davis, 533 U.S. 678, 687 (2001); see also A. A. R. P. v. Trump, 605 U.S. 91, 94 (2025).
1 In addition to filing the § 2241 petition, Petitioner also filed an emergency motion to return
Petitioner to this Court’s jurisdiction and to stay Petitioner’s order of deportation (ECF No. 5).
The Court denied Petitioner’s emergency motion. (ECF No. 8).
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DISCUSSION
The parties agree that Petitioner is subject to a final order of removal. Petitioner contends
that Respondents have violated Petitioner’s right to due process by re-detaining him without notice
and a hearing to determine whether re-detention is justified. Respondents, however, contends
that Petitioner is properly detained under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a), following Petitioner’s final order of
removal entered on September 22, 2011.
Although Petitioner contends that the Respondents did not properly revoke Petitioner’s
supervised 	release, 	the 	Respondents’ 	uncontroverted 	evidence 	shows 	otherwise. 	Under
Section 1231, “when an alien is ordered removed, the Attorney General shall remove the alien
from the United States within a period of 90 days (in this section referred to as the ‘removal
period’).” 	8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(1)(A). “During the removal period, the Attorney General shall
detain the alien.” Id. § 1231(a)(2)(A). If, however, the alien is not removed during the removal
period, immigration officials are generally instructed to release the alien “to supervision under
regulations prescribed by the Attorney General.” Id. § 1231(a)(3).
As required by that provision, the government has promulgated regulations in the Code of
Federal Regulations concerning the release of noncitizens who are subject to a final removal order.
See 8 C.F.R. § 241.4; 8 C.F.R. § 241.13. These regulations also address the revocation of such
noncitizens’ release. In particular, under Section 241.13—which governs the detention of
noncitizens under a final order of removal where “there is no significant likelihood of removal in
the reasonably foreseeable future”—release may be revoked if, “on account of changed
circumstances, the Service determines that there is a significant likelihood that the [noncitizen]
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may be removed in the reasonably foreseeable future.” § 241.13(i)(2).2 Further under § 241.13,
upon revocation of release, the noncitizen “will be notified of the reasons for revocation of his or
her release,” and will be given “an initial informal interview promptly after his or her return to
Service custody to afford the alien an opportunity to respond to the reasons for revocation stated
in the notification.” 8 C.F.R. § 241.4(l)(1); 8 C.F.R. § 241.13(i).3
Here, all the parties agree that, under § 1231(a)(3), Petitioner was released from detention
with an order of supervision after his final removal order in 2011. However, contrary to the
Petitioner’s assertions, the Respondents’ uncontroverted evidence indicates that Respondents
properly revoked his release under those procedures. The evidence shows that DHS officials
determined, under 8 C.F.R. § 241.13, that because ICE began seeking travel documents to Mexico,
a third country, Petitioner’s circumstances were changed such that “there is a significant
likelihood” that Petitioner “would be removed in the reasonably foreseeable future.” (ECF No. 10-
1, PageID.124). Then, in line with 241.13(i), DHS notified Petitioner of these determinations and
findings and informed him of its intent to remove him to Mexico. (Id.; ECF No. 10-2, PageID.127).
And, as required by 241.13(i), ICE conducted an informal interview with Petitioner shortly after
detaining him to give him the chance to respond to DHS’s decision to revoke supervision. (ECF
NO. 10-3, PageID.129). Plaintiff does not provide any evidence indicating that DHS did not follow
2 The other regulation—Section 241.4—generally governs the continued detention of noncitizens
under a final order of removal. In particular, Section 241.4(l)(2) provides that “[r]elease may be
revoked in the exercise of discretion when, in the opinion of the revoking official. . . [i]t is appropriate to
enforce a removal order or to commence removal proceedings against an alien; or . . . any other
circumstance, indicates that release would no longer be appropriate. 8 C.F.R. § 241.4.
3 These regulatory procedures require exactly the kind of notice and opportunity to respond that the
Petitioner claims due process requires before revoking supervised release.
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the applicable regulatory procedures. As such, the record shows that DHS’s decision to re-detain
Petitioner was procedurally proper, and for that reason Petitioner’s claim for relief is unwarranted.
With that factual clarification in mind, Petitioner’s post-removal detention is lawful under
8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(6) and Zadvydas. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(6), “[a]n alien ordered removed
who is inadmissible under section 1182 of this title, removable under section 1227(a)(1)(C),
1227(a)(2), or 1227(a)(4) of this title . . . may be detained beyond the removal period.” In
Zadvydas, the Supreme Court considered whether 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(6) authorizes indefinite
detention when no other country is willing to take a person who has been ordered removed. 533
U.S. at 682. 	In answering that question, the Court noted that the purpose of the statute was to
assure the “alien’s presence at the moment of removal.” Id. at 699. Therefore, the Court concluded
that for post-removal-order detention to be authorized by the statute, the removal itself must be
reasonably foreseeable. Id. The Court indicated that this inquiry would vary from case to case
and that there was no specific point in time at which the detention became constitutionally
impermissible. 	Id. 	Still, to assist the lower courts in making the difficult judgment calls about
when the detention was no longer authorized by the statute, the Court designated six months as a
“presumptively reasonable period of detention.” 	Id. at 701. 	Even after six months has passed,
though, the Court made clear that the alien may continue to be held unless the alien “provides good
reason to believe that there is no significant likelihood of removal in the reasonably foreseeable
future.” Id.
Under this framework, it is the petitioner’s burden to come forward with evidence showing
that removal is not significantly likely to occur sometime soon. Id. Only after the petitioner has
come forward with such evidence does the burden flip to the respondents, who must then show
evidence that the removal is, in fact, reasonably foreseeable. 	See Abdalla v. Johnson, No.
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16-14422, 2017 WL 345731, at *4 (E.D. Mich. Jan. 24, 2017) (rejecting Petitioner’s claim that
detention of more than a year violated Zadvydas when the petitioner “provide[d] no evidence” that
removal was unlikely to occur in the near future).
Here, Petitioner has not provided any evidence showing that his removal is not significantly
likely to occur soon. In fact, both parties agree that Petitioner has only been detained since March
4, 2026. As such, Petitioner has remained in detention for roughly 1-and-a-half months—which is
well within Zavydas’s “presumptively reasonable period of detention.” 533 U.S. at 701. Moreover,
at the time of his detention, DHS indicated that it was seeking travel documents to effectuate
Petitioner’s removal to Mexico. (ECF No. 10-1, PageID.124). And, most persuasively, both parties
recognize that 	DHS 	already 	attempted 	to 	remove Petitioner 	to 	Mexico.4 (ECF 	No. 	10,
PageID.117). Thus, at this point in time, Petitioner is not in the state of “indefinite, perhaps
permanent, detention” that the Court in Zadvydas said would violate the constitution.” Zadvydas,
533 U.S. at 699; see also Martinez v. Larose, 968 F.3d 555, 565 (6th Cir. 2020) (holding that a
detention of over two years was constitutionally permissible because the removal was likely to
occur once Petitioner’s appeals were concluded). To the contrary, DHS is actively seeking to
remove Petitioner from the United States.
4 Although the record is unclear on this issue, the parties appear to agree the government did not
effectuate Petitioner’s removal because he refused to exit the vehicle that transported him to the
southern border. (See ECF No. 10, PageID.117; ECF No. 9, PageID.94). Petitioner’s bizarre
removal story does not affect the Court’s Zavydas analysis, so the Court need not flesh out factual
details at this point. If, however, Defendant’s current detention continues long enough to raise a
potential Zavydas issue, the details may become important. For example, when evaluating the
whether the length of detention is reasonable under Zavydas, some courts consider whether the
removal delay is “due to actions taken by the petitioner or the government.” German Santos v.
Warden Pike Cnty. Corr. Facility, 965 F.3d 203, 211 (3d Cir. 2020). If Petitioner did, in fact,
thwart DHS’s removal attempt by refusing to exit the vehicle that took him to the border, that
suggests that any removal delay that he currently faces would be due to his own actions rather than
the government’s, which would weigh against relief.
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The Court recognizes that continued detention may, over time, come to resemble the kind
of indefinite confinement that Zadvydas may not permit. 	“[A]s the period of prior postremoval
confinement grows, what counts as the ‘reasonably foreseeable future’ conversely [has] to shrink.”
Zadvydas, 533 U.S. at 701. 	Courts applying this principle recognize that even where the
Government continues to pursue removal in good faith, the passage of time can eventually erode
the reasonableness of continued detention. 	See Martinez, 968 F.3d at 565 (explaining that
prolonged detention may become unreasonable if the petitioner later demonstrates that removal is
no longer likely).
Here, however, the Court is not yet faced with that situation. Petitioner’s one-and-a-half-
month detention, while the government actively pursues removal, is not unreasonable. At this
point, it seems to the Court that Petitioner’s removal remains significantly likely in the reasonably
foreseeable future. 	Accordingly, the petition will be denied without prejudice. Should the
Government’s efforts to secure removal ultimately stall or fail to bear fruit, Petitioner remains free
to file a new petition asserting that continued detention is no longer reasonable.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed above, the Court will enter a judgment dismissing Petitioner’s
petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 without prejudice.
Dated: 	April 23, 2026 	/s/ Robert J. Jonker
Robert J. Jonker
United States District Judge
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