Cruz et al v. Lopez

In re
DOMINGO LOPEZ,
Debtor
______________________________________
LUZ N. CRUZ and INDELFONSO
RAMOS,
Plaintiffs
v.
DOMINGO LOPEZ,
Defendant
U NITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
D ISTRICT OF M ASSACHUSETTS
Chapter 7
Case No. 03-19659-RS
Adversary Proceeding
No. 04-01051
MEMORANDUM OF DECISION
Introduction
Domingo Lopez borrowed $42,500 from Luz Cruz and Indelfonso Ramos in August 2003.
Thereafter, in November 2003, Lopez commenced the underlying Chapter 7 bankruptcy case.
In that case, Cruz and Ramos sued Lopez, seeking to deny his discharge, thereby commencing
this adversary proceeding. They allege that Lopez concealed or transferred certain Puerto
Rican real estate interests which he told them he held in June 2003, and made a false oath
regarding those interests in his bankruptcy case in November 2003. The Chapter 7 trustee has
reported that there are no assets for distribution to creditors (concluding that this is a so-called
“no asset”case) and has neither joined in this discharge denial proceeding nor commenced his
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1Section 727(a)(2) reads in relevant part as follows: “The Court shall grant the debtor a
discharge unless...the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor or an officer of the
estate charged with custody of property under this title, has transferred...or concealed, or has
permitted to be transferred...or concealed...property of the debtor, within one year before the date
of the filing of the petition.” 11 U.S.C. 727(a)(2).
Section 727(a)(4)(A) reads in relevant part as follows: “The Court shall grant the debtor a
discharge unless...the debtor knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection with the
case...made a false oath or account.” 11 U.S.C. 727(a)(4)(A).
2
own. The issuance (or denial) of a discharge to Lopez awaits the outcome of this adversary
proceeding.
I
At Issue
At issue is whether the Debtor should be denied a discharge because (a) he transferred or
concealed real estate he owned in Puerto Rico, and did so within one year of the commencement
of his Chapter 7 case intending to hinder, delay or defraud them; and (b) he knowingly and
fraudulently made a false oath in his Chapter 7 case in failing to disclose that real estate
ownership.
II
Procedural Status
The Debtor commenced his Chapter 7 case on November 20, 2003. The plaintiffs herein
commenced this adversary proceeding by filing a complaint against him on February 13, 2004.
In their complaint, the plaintiffs seek a denial of the Debtor’s discharge on account of his alleged
transfer, concealment and false statements in respect of his real estate interests in Puerto Rico,
citing Section 727(a)(2) and Section 727(a)(4)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code.1
After a dormant interlude followed by some procedural skirmishing, I tried the matter on
June 27, 2006. At trial, four witnesses testified: the plaintiffs (Luz Cruz and Indelfonso Ramos),
the Debtor, and the Debtor’s daughter (Gloria Lopez). The only exhibits admitted at trial were
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the Debtor’s bankruptcy petition, his schedules of assets and debts, and his statement of financial
affairs.
Upon completion of the evidence and after closing argument, I granted the parties’
request to submit posttrial briefs, and they did so. In deciding this matter, I considered the trial
testimony, the admitted exhibits, the parties’ written submissions, the arguments of counsel, and
applicable law.
III
Background
The parties agree that the Debtor borrowed $42,500 from the plaintiffs in August 2003.
They agree on little else.
The plaintiffs allege that, before he borrowed the $42,500 from them in August 2003, the
Debtor represented to them in June 2003 that he owned real estate in Cayey, Puerto Rico and
was developing real estate in Gurabo, Puerto Rico. They do not allege that he promised to grant
them a lien on that real estate to secure their loan to him nor do they produce a real estate
mortgage securing same. Rather, they allege that they relied on his representations of real estate
ownership in making the loan. They do not provide any documentation or other evidence of
such ownership or its transfer or concealment. In support of their allegations, they rely entirely
on their own testimony. They acknowledge that (a) they hired someone in Puerto Rico, perhaps
a lawyer though that is not entirely clear, to examine the relevant Puerto Rican real estate records
in order to establish or to ascertain the Debtor’s real estate interests and (b) he discovered no
documentation of any such interests.
The plaintiffs further contend that the Debtor likely transferred his real estate interests in
Puerto Rico to his daughter, Gloria Lopez, in accordance with a common practice in small
towns in Puerto Rico whereby real estate owners conceal such ownership to avoid taxes.
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However, Ms. Lopez testified that she engaged in no such transfers and that she does not own,
and has never owned, any Puerto Rican real estate.
The Debtor denies the allegations against him, testifying that he has never owned real
estate in Puerto Rico, never transferred or concealed it, never made any representations about it
to the plaintiffs, and did not make any false oath in his bankruptcy case.
There the matters rests.
IV
Discussion
a. 	Section 727(a)(2)
To succeed on their Section 727(a)(2) cause of action, the plaintiffs must prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that there was, on the part of the Debtor, (a) a transfer or
concealment of property (b) belonging to the Debtor (c) within one year of bankruptcy (d) with
actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud a creditor. In re Hayes, 229 B.R. 253, 259 (1st Cir. BAP
1999).
The plaintiffs support their Section 727(a)(2) claim primarily through their own
testimony whereby they offer the following account of the facts material to that claim: (a) the
Debtor told them in June 2003 that he owned real estate in Puerto Rico; (b) they believed him;
(c) they relied on that ownership in making the loan in August 2003; (d) he failed to disclose his
real estate ownership in his bankruptcy case; (e) therefore, he must have transferred or otherwise
concealed it; (f) such concealment is a common practice in small Puerto Rican towns; (g) his
daughter is the likely transferee; and (h) their contentions regarding such transfer and
concealment are particularly believable because Cruz has special detection skills developed
during her long service as a social services investigator.
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But for their assertion that the Debtor told them he owned real estate in Puerto Rico,
which statement and ownership he denies and which they do not otherwise substantiate, their
testimony is entirely conjectural, neither probative nor credible, and ultimately insufficient to
establish any of the elements of this cause of action. They provide no corroborative or
independent evidence of the Debtor’s ownership of real estate. They do not identify and have
not located any such real estate (despite their own inquiries). They provide no evidence of its
transfer or concealment. Even if I were to find that there is a small town Puerto Rican real estate
ownership concealment practice, they have not established that the Debtor engaged in that
practice. And even if I were to find that Cruz has special detection skills, they have not
established that those skills have uncovered evidence of the alleged ownership, transfer or
concealment. Lastly, they fail altogether to demonstrate that the Debtor acted with an actual
intent to hinder, delay or defraud them or anyone else. In sum, they advance no credible
evidence that proves, and none from which an inference can be drawn so as to prove, their
claims. In re Yonikus, 974 F.2d 901, 905 (7th Cir. 1992).
Accordingly, I find that the plaintiffs have not met their burden of proof with respect to
their Section 727(a)(2) cause of action.
b. 	Section 727(a)(4)(A)
To succeed on their Section 727(a)(4)(A) cause of action, the plaintiffs must prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that (a) the Debtor knowingly and fraudulently (b) made a false
oath (c) relating to material fact in connection with his Chapter 7 case. In re Tully, 818 F.2d
106, 110 (1st Cir. 1987); In re Varrasso, 37 F.3d 760, 764 (1st Cir. 1994).
The Debtor’s prepetition ownership of real estate is clearly a material fact incident to his
bankruptcy case. In re Chalik, 748 F.2d 616, 618 (11 th Cir. 1984). Here, the question is whether
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he did own real estate in June 2003 and not whether he told the plaintiffs that he did.
Nonetheless, what he said (or did not say) to them bears consideration.
First, if he truthfully told them he owned real estate in June 2003, then he made a false
oath in November 2003 in omitting that real estate from his schedule of assets, and the question
becomes whether he made that false oath knowingly and fraudulently. Conversely, if he
untruthfully told them that he owned real estate, then, whatever dischargeability issues may
result from that representation, he cannot be found to have made a false oath in November 2003
(since he did not own real estate and that is precisely what his schedule of assets reflects) and the
“knowingly and fraudulently” element is not implicated. Finally, if he said nothing about his
ownership of real estate in June 2003, then his ownership must be established by other credible
evidence.
I conclude that the plaintiffs’ testimony does not establish either that the Debtor told
them he owned real estate in Puerto Rico in June 2003 or that he did own such real estate at that
time. First, as I noted above, while I do not determine that the plaintiffs have intentionally
testified falsely, their testimony is so speculative that it is simply not reliable. For example, they
contend that the omission of any real estate asset from the Debtor’s schedules confirms and
establishes their allegation that he has concealed it, and therefore he must disprove both
ownership and concealment. This is very much a matter of requiring that the Debtor prove that
he has stopped beating a drum - it assumes that he started in the first place. Second, in his
denials, the Debtor’s testimony was credible. Third, in supporting her father’s denials, his
daughter’s testimony was also credible.
Hence, the matter reduces to this: does the evidence at trial support a finding that the
debtor owned real estate in Puerto Rico in June 2003. It does not. The plaintiffs would have the
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Debtor disprove his ownership, which wrongly shifts the burden of proof from them to him
without their having established any facts evidencing such ownership. Indeed, their own
inquiries are probative of the absence of any local record of such ownership. 	Hence, I find (a)
that the plaintiffs have not established that the Debtor owned real estate in Puerto Rico in June
2003 (or any other time), and (b) that the Debtor did not make a false oath in his bankruptcy case
regarding such ownership.
Accordingly, I find that the plaintiffs have not met their burden of proof with respect to
their Section 727(a)(4)(A) cause of action.
V
Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, judgment shall enter dismissing the complaint for denial of
discharge.
Date: 	May 7, 2007 	__________________________________________
Robert Somma
United States Bankruptcy Judge
cc: 	Nina Parker, Counsel to Domingo Lopez
Robert O. Berger, Counsel to Luz N. Cruz and Indelfonso Ramos
John O. Desmond, Trustee
John Fitzgerald, Office of the US Trustee
Domingo Lopez
Robert O. Berger
Luz N. Cruz
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