Staton v. Steiner

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Civil Action No. 1:23-cv-03223-SBP
DARLETTE “DEE” STATON,
Plaintiff,
v.
LOUIS DEJOY, Postmaster General, United States Postal Service,
Defendant.
ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S PARTIAL MOTION TO DISMISS
Susan Prose, United States Magistrate Judge
This civil action comes before the court on the Partial Motion to Dismiss filed by Louis
DeJoy, the Postmaster General of the United States (“Defendant” or “USPS”). ECF No. 9
(“Motion to Dismiss” or “Motion”). Plaintiff Darlette Staton (“Plaintiff” or “Ms. Staton”) filed a
response (ECF No. 10), and Defendant filed a reply (ECF No. 11). This court presides fully over
this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), the unanimous consent of the parties (ECF No. 14),
and the order of reference dated July 12, 2024 (ECF No. 15).
The court has carefully considered the Motion, the associated briefing, and the applicable
case law, and finds that oral argument would not materially assist in the disposition of the
Motion. For the reasons set forth below, the Motion is GRANTED in part and DENIED IN
PART.
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BACKGROUND1
Ms. Staton began employment with USPS in 2016 when she was 53 years old. Am.
Compl. ¶¶ 1, 19. In May 2017, she was diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome and related
conditions, including tendinitis, which she attributes to “on-the-job injuries” at USPS. Id. ¶ 24.2
In her pleading, Ms. Staton asserts that these conditions amount to a disability, id., and for
purposes of this order, the court accepts that Ms. Staton is disabled within the meaning of
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. See 29 U.S.C. § 794(a) (“No otherwise qualified
individual with a disability in the United States, as defined in section 705(20) of this title, shall,
solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the
benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program receiving Federal financial
assistance or under any program or activity conducted by any Executive Agency or by the United
States Postal Service.”). To accommodate Ms. Staton’s disability, USPS limited her to an eight-
hour workday (with a requirement of no more than six hours per day of operating a vehicle) and
a six-day work week. Am. Compl. ¶ 27.
1 The following facts are drawn from the Second Amended Complaint (ECF No. 8-1, “Amended
Complaint” or “Am. Compl.”) and are taken as true for purposes of the Motion. The court also
considers Ms. Staton’s EEO Complaint of Discrimination dated November 21, 2020 (ECF No.
1-1), and the related Notice of Final Action dated September 6, 2023, ECF No. 1-2, both of
which were appended to the original complaint in this matter and are referenced in the Amended
Complaint. Gee v. Pacheco, 627 F.3d 1178, 1186 (10th Cir. 2010) (setting forth exceptions to
general rule that sufficiency of a complaint rests on its contents alone, including “documents that
the complaint incorporates by reference”); Oxendine v. Kaplan, 241 F.3d 1272, 1275 (10th Cir.
2001) (“[I]n deciding a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), a court may look both to the
complaint itself and to any documents attached as exhibits to the complaint.”).
2 It is unclear from Ms. Staton’s pleading what position she held with USPS in May 2017 or how
her working conditions at the time triggered her disability.
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From April 2018 to December 2022, Ms. Staton worked as a mail carrier at the United
States Post Office in Littleton, Colorado (“Littleton Post Office” or “Post Office”), where she
was assigned Route 2020. Id. ¶ 22. During the approximately four-and-a-half years she worked
there, Ms. Staton filed three equal employment opportunity (“EEO”) charges.
The first EEO charge covered events that occurred between October 2018 and February
2019, including Ms. Staton’s complaint that she was improperly subjected to a period of leave
without pay in December 2018—an issue she eventually resolved through the USPS collective
bargaining process. Id. ¶¶ 33-38, 41, 46. Ms. Staton settled the first charge at the phase of the
proceedings before the Equal Opportunity Commission in December 2022. Id. ¶ 48.
Ms. Staton filed a second charge of discrimination on December 7, 2020, in which she
alleged discrimination and retaliation on the basis of disability and age. Id. ¶ 75; ECF No. 1-1 at
1 (“Second Charge”).3 In the Second Charge, Ms. Staton complained of events commencing in
August 2020 and continuing through October 2020, when she initiated an informal EEO
complaint that culminated in the filing of the Second Charge. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 49-50, 52, 56, 59,
61, 65-67, 70-72; Second Charge at 6 (asserting that Plaintiff received two “Letters of Warning”
within a week after she filed “a second informal EEO complaint in October 2020”).4 The Second
Charge sets forth eight “Claims,” all of which generally allege that Post Office officials
discriminated against Ms. Staton by refusing to address her complaints concerning her
3 Ms. Staton also alleged discrimination on the basis of her sex, see Second Charge at 1, but she
is not pursuing a sex discrimination claim in this litigation.
4 Ms. Staton separately alleges that she received the Letters of Warning after filing the Second
Charge, Am. Compl. ¶ 76, but, as further discussed below, it is clear from the Second Charge
itself that the Letters were issued after she submitted her second informal complaint of
discrimination and before she filed the Second Charge. Second Charge at 6.
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“overburdened” mail route and by subjecting her work to heightened scrutiny. Second Charge at
4-7. On September 6, 2023, the EEOC issued a Notice of Final Action on the Second Charge, in
which Ms. Staton was notified that USPS had adopted the final decision of an EEOC
administrative law judge who had concluded that Ms. Staton had not shown that she was the
victim of illegal discrimination. ECF No. 1-2 at 1. 5
A third EEO charge filed in August 2021 covered events that post-dated the Second
Charge, including Ms. Staton’s suspension without pay and termination from USPS. See
generally Am. Compl. ¶¶ 76-102 (allegations under heading “Post Charge Harassment,
Retaliation and Hostile Work Environment”). Ms. Staton’s termination from USPS—which was
ultimately revoked—stemmed from allegations that she assaulted fellow USPS employee Teresa
Panos during a meeting on March 26, 2021. Id. ¶ 84. Ms. Staton, who was then a union steward,
had a disagreement with Ms. Panos about the handling of certain union grievance materials,
during which Ms. Staton alleges that she stood up from her chair to reach for the union materials
that Ms. Panos was attempting to take with her in leaving, “the mere act of which blocked the
exit door” from the room where the two were meeting. Id. ¶¶ 88-94. While no criminal charges
were filed, USPS placed Ms. Staton on “emergency off-duty status without pay” because of Ms.
Panos’s allegations that in this conduct, Ms. Staton had assaulted her. Id. ¶ 98. USPS issued a
Notice of Removal on May 19, 2021, informing Ms. Staton that she would be terminated for
“Unacceptable Conduct,” and she was in fact terminated on June 18, 2021. Id. ¶¶ 99, 101.
On August 17, 2021, Ms. Staton and USPS arrived at a settlement of the third charge
during a union arbitration process in which USPS agreed to reinstate her and to compensate her
5 The decision of the administrative law judge is not in the record here.
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for lost wages and benefits. Id. ¶ 105. At some point following that settlement, Ms. Staton
withdrew the third charge. Id. ¶ 106. She returned to duty at USPS on October 4, 2021. Id. ¶ 107.
She apparently worked there in some capacity until December 2022, when she had surgery for
her disability that “ended her ability to perform as a City Carrier.” Id. ¶ 25.
USPS moves to dismiss three of Ms. Staton’s four remaining claims: Claims One and
Two, alleging disparate treatment and retaliation in violation of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation
Act, Am. Compl. ¶¶ 118-140, and Claim Three, a disparate treatment claim brought under the
Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 621 et seq. (“ADEA”). Id. ¶¶ 141-148. 6
As to Claims One through Three, USPS argues that Ms. Staton has failed to exhaust any claim
premised on certain discrete acts of discrimination and that, setting aside these unexhausted
allegations, the remaining factual allegations fail to state a plausible claim for relief.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the court may dismiss a claim for
“failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” When considering a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion, the court must “accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations in a complaint and
view these allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Smith v. United States, 561
F.3d 1090, 1098 (10th Cir. 2009). Well-pleaded factual allegations “require[ ] more than labels
and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell
Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause
of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
6 USPS does not seek dismissal of Claim Four, in which Ms. Staton alleges that she was
subjected to a hostile work environment because of her disability. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 149-151.
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662, 678 (2009). “An allegation is conclusory where it states an inference without stating
underlying facts or is devoid of any factual enhancement.” Brooks v. Mentor Worldwide LLC,
985 F.3d 1272, 1281 (10th Cir. 2021).
“[A] court considering a motion to dismiss can choose to begin by identifying pleadings
that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth.”
Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. The court should then identify the well-pleaded factual allegations and
“assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to
relief.” Id. The ultimate duty of the court is to “determine whether the complaint sufficiently
alleges facts supporting all the elements necessary to establish an entitlement to relief under the
legal theory proposed.” Forest Guardians v. Forsgren, 478 F.3d 1149, 1160 (10th Cir. 2007).
ANALYSIS
In analyzing Ms. Staton’s claims, the court first identifies the scope of the allegations
properly before the court by evaluating the threshold issue of exhaustion. Next, the court turns to
the question of whether the exhausted allegations suffice to state a plausible claim for relief
under the Rehabilitation Act or the ADEA.
I. 	Unexhausted Claims
The parties argue at some length about exhaustion and whether it is proper to decide that
issue on a motion to dismiss. Motion at 7-8; Response at 10-13. However, the law is clear that a
court may grant a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) based on the affirmative defense of lack
of exhaustion if the grounds for the defense are apparent on the face of the complaint. Cirocco v.
McMahon, 768 F. App’x 854, 858 (10th Cir. 2019) (“Although failure to exhaust is now an
affirmative defense, it may be raised in a motion to dismiss when the grounds for the defense
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appear on the face of the complaint.”) (citing Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215 (2007)); accord,
e.g., Fernandez v. Clean House, LLC, 883 F.3d 1296, 1299 (10th Cir. 2018); Aquilar-Avellaveda
v. Terrell, 478 F.3d 1223, 1225 (10th Cir. 2007); Tiger v. Powell, No. 21-cv-01892-PAB-SKC,
2022 WL 4182413, at *9 (D. Colo. Sept. 13, 2022). This court therefore may consider USPS’s
argument that Ms. Staton has failed to exhaust certain allegations and claims in this matter.
“Federal employees alleging discrimination or retaliation prohibited by . . . the
Rehabilitation Act must comply with specific administrative complaint procedures in order to
exhaust their administrative remedies.” Hickey v. Brennan, 969 F.3d 1113, 1118 (10th Cir. 2020)
(quoting Showalter v. Weinstein, 233 F. App’x 803, 804 (10th Cir. 2007)); see also 29 U.S.C.
§ 626(d)(1) (ADEA’s administrative-exhaustion process expressly applies to “civil action[s]”).7
These procedures, which are set forth in Part 1614 of Chapter 29 of the Code of Federal
Regulations, require that an employee file a lawsuit in federal district court within 90 days of
either the final decision by the agency, or following an appeal, the decision of an EEOC
administrative law judge.
The record shows that Ms. Staton settled her first charge of discrimination, which
encompassed her placement on leave without pay in December 2018, Am. Compl. ¶¶ 35-38,
47-48, and withdrew her third charge, which incorporated events post-dating the Second Charge
in December 2020—including her suspension without pay commencing on March 26, 2021, and
7 As a federal employee also covered by a collective bargaining agreement and whose federal
employer—USPS—is not subject to 5 U.S.C. § 7121(d), Ms. Staton was allowed to “proceed
with an EEO complaint under Part 16 regardless of whether or not a union grievance is also in
process, except that the agency may hold certain time limits in abeyance while a grievance is
being processed.” Hickey, 969 F.3d at 1119 (citing 29 C.F.R. § 1614.301(c)).
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her termination from USPS on June 18, 2021. Id. ¶¶ 101, 105-106. In settling and withdrawing
these charges, Ms. Staton did not obtain a final agency decision or a decision by an EEOC
administrative law judge, and so she failed to exhaust the events contained in those charges for
purposes of her disability- and age-based disparate treatment and retaliation claims. See, e.g.,
Apsley v. Boeing Co., 691 F.3d 1184, 1210 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[A]dministrative remedies
generally must be exhausted as to each discrete instance of discrimination or retaliation.”);
Goodson v. DeJoy, No. 22-1338, 2023 WL 4782947, at *5 (10th Cir. July 27, 2023)
(“Administrative remedies generally must be exhausted as to each discrete instance of alleged
failure to accommodate.”) (citing Lincoln v. BNSF Ry. Co., 900 F.3d 1166, 1181 (10th Cir.
2018)).
Ms. Staton does not dispute this conclusion. She acknowledges that she “does not assert
claims related to her already resolved 2018 leave without pay charge or 2021 suspension and
termination (handled by the union).” Response at 2 n.1 (emphasis added). Rather, she explains
that she “relies only on the 2018 and 2021 charges [the first and third charges] to the extent that
they provide factual background information to the subject claims which are only associated with
charge two, which has been properly exhausted.” Id. at 12.8 Respectfully, the court disagrees. For
8 As Ms. Staton’s explanation reflects, allegedly discriminatory or retaliatory acts that are
untimely “may constitute relevant background evidence in a proceeding in which the status of a
current practice is at issue.” Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 112 (2002)
(quoting United Air Lines, Inc. v. Evans, 431 U.S. 553, 558 (1977)). Whether evidence of
unexhausted allegations of discrete discriminatory actions may be relevant to establish Ms.
Staton’s claims under the Rehabilitation Act is a question the court need not resolve at this time.
See id. at 117 (“It does not matter, for purposes of [Title VII], that some of the component acts of
the hostile work environment fall outside the statutory time period. Provided that an act
contributing to the claim occurs within the filing period, the entire time period of the hostile
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instance, each of Ms. Staton’s claims expressly incorporates by reference all paragraphs above.
Claim Two specifically alleges (in part) Ms. Staton’s filing of the First Charge as a protected
activity for which USPS retaliated. Am. Compl. ¶ 132. Claim Three alleges USPS discriminated
against Ms. Staton in giving preferential scheduling treatment to younger employees. Id.
¶ 144(a). But she does not make that allegation in the Second Charge. See ECF No. 1-1, passim.
Thus, any disparate treatment and retaliation claims based on the discrete incidents of
discrimination alleged in Ms. Staton’s first and third charges—including her placement on leave
without pay in December 2018, her suspension without pay commencing on March 26, 2021,
and her termination from USPS on June 18, 2021—are barred, and Ms. Staton’s Second Charge
defines the scope of all properly-exhausted claims that may proceed in this court. Accordingly,
the Motion to Dismiss is granted insofar as it seeks dismissal of any discrete claim of
discrimination based on the First and Third Charges.9 Any such claim––including without
limitation the portion of Claim Two that relies on the First Charge in Paragraph 132 and the
portion of Claim Three that relies on Paragraph 144(a)––is hereby dismissed without prejudice.
See, e.g., Gallagher v. Shelton, 587 F.3d 1063, 1068 (10th Cir. 2009) (recognizing that a
dismissal based on a failure to exhaust administrative remedies is ordinarily without prejudice).
environment may be considered by a court for the purposes of determining liability.”). Thus, the
dismissal of Ms. Staton’s unexhausted allegations has no effect on the scope of evidence she may
present in support of her claims. See id. at 113 (“Nor does the statute bar an employee from using
the prior acts as background evidence in support of a timely claim.”).
9 USPS does not dispute, at least at this stage of the case, that Ms. Staton properly completed the
exhaustion process for the actions delineated in the Second Charge. See Motion at 9 n.5 (raising
a question as to whether all allegations in the Second Charge were timely exhausted, but
confirming that “USPS does not now seek dismissal on exhaustion grounds for the actions raised
in the Second Charge”).
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The court now turns to the question of whether the exhausted allegations––i.e., those that
Ms. Staton stated in the Second Charge––suffice to state any plausible claim under the
Rehabilitation Act or the ADEA.
II. 	Rehabilitation Act Claims
In Claims One and Two, Ms. Staton asserts that she was subjected to discrimination and
retaliation because of her disability in violation of the Rehabilitation Act. Am. Compl.
¶¶ 118-140.
To state a disparate treatment claim under the Rehabilitation Act, Ms. Staton must allege
facts plausibly showing that she suffered an adverse employment action because of her disability.
Hampton v. Utah Dep’t of Corr., 87 F.4th 1183, 1197 (10th Cir. 2023) (elements of a
discrimination claim under the Rehabilitation Act are that “(1) [she] is disabled; (2) [she] is
qualified to perform the essential functions of the job with or without accommodation; and
(3) [she] suffered an adverse employment action because of [her] disability”) (citing Edmonds-
Radford v. Sw. Airlines Co., 17 F.4th 975, 989-90 (10th Cir. 2021)); see also Morman v.
Campbell Cnty. Memorial Hospital, 632 F. App’x 927, 933 (10th Cir. 2015) (cleaned up)
(observing that the court “can evaluate [a plaintiff’s disability discrimination] claim’s plausibility
only by considering the prima facie case of discrimination that she would need to prove in
court,” and requiring that a plaintiff “allege facts that make such a claim at least plausible”).
With regard to the third element of a disability discrimination case under the
Rehabilitation Act, the well-pleaded facts must support a reasonable inference that Ms. Staton’s
disability was the “sole cause” of the adverse action. 29 U.S.C. § 794(a) (“solely by reason of her
or his disability”). See, e.g., Crane v. Utah Dep’t of Corr., 15 F.4th 1296, 1313 (10th Cir. 2021)
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(recognizing that there are different causation standards under the Americans with Disabilities
Act and the Rehabilitation Act, and holding that “the ADA merely requires that the plaintiff’s
disability be a but-for cause (i.e., ‘by reason of’) the discrimination, rather than—as the
Rehabilitation Act requires—its sole cause (i.e., ‘solely by reason of’)”) (emphasis added);
Williams v. Colorado Dep’t of Corr., No. 21-cv-02595-NYW-NRN, 2024 WL 3069274, at *5
(D. Colo. June 20, 2024) (recognizing “sole cause” standard for Rehabilitation Act claims)
(citing Crane, 15 F.4th at 1313).
To state a retaliation claim premised on disability, Ms. Staton must plead facts plausibly
demonstrating “(1) that [the employee] engaged in protected opposition to discrimination,
(2) that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse, and
(3) that a causal connection existed between the protected activity and the materially adverse
action.” Brown v. Austin, 13 F.4th 1079, 1090 (10th Cir. 2021) (quoting EEOC v. C.R. England,
Inc., 644 F.3d 1028, 1051 (10th Cir. 2011)).
Here, as noted above, USPS does not contest that Ms. Staton’s physical afflictions
constitute a disability within the meaning of the Rehabilitation Act, nor does USPS assert that
Ms. Staton has failed to allege she was qualified for the position of mail carrier. USPS does,
however, challenge the sufficiency of Ms. Staton’s pleading insofar as it purports to allege the
existence of any legally-cognizable adverse action, much less one that is causally connected to
her disability. Motion at 12-14. The court will address these purported pleading deficiencies for
the disparate treatment and retaliation claims, in turn.
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A. 	Disparate Treatment
1. 	Adverse Employment Action Requirement
The Tenth Circuit has long adhered to a liberal interpretation of the term “adverse
employment action.” See, e.g., Hampton, 87 F.4th at 1199 (“Our circuit ‘liberally defines’ the
phrase ‘adverse employment action.”) (cleaned up, quoting Stinnett v. Safeway, Inc., 337 F.3d
1213, 1217 (10th Cir. 2003)). Even so, the Court of Appeals construed the term to require “a
significant change in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment
with significantly different responsibilities, or a decision causing a significant change in
benefits.” Sanchez v. Denver Pub. Schs., 164 F.3d 527, 532 (10th Cir. 1998), abrogated by
Muldrow v. City of St. Louis, 601 U.S. 346 (2024) (quoting Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524
U.S. 742, 761 (1998) (emphasis added)); accord, e.g., Brown, 13 F.4th at 1090 (“an adverse
action is generally one that causes a significant change in employment status or benefits”).
However, the legal landscape for assessing adverse employment actions has recently changed.
In April 2024, the Supreme Court clarified the standard for what constitutes an actionable
adverse employment action for purposes of claims under the federal anti-discrimination statutes.
In Muldrow, which was a Title VII case, the Supreme Court explicitly abrogated the “significant
change” standard in Sanchez and cases from multiple Circuit Courts that had imposed a similarly
“heightened threshold of harm—be it dubbed significant, serious, or something similar.” See 601
U.S. at 353 & n.1 (abrogating, in addition to Sanchez, the adverse-action standards in Muldrow,
30 F.4th 680, 688 (8th Cir. 2022) (“materially significant disadvantage”); Caraballo-Caraballo
v. Correctional Admin., 892 F.3d 53, 61 (1st Cir. 2018) (“materially changes” employment
conditions in a manner “more disruptive than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job
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responsibilities”); Williams v. R. H. Donnelley, Corp., 368 F.3d 123, 128 (2d Cir. 2004)
(“materially significant disadvantage”); James v. Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Inc., 368 F.3d 371,
376 (4th Cir. 2004) (“significant detrimental effect”); O’Neal v. Chicago, 392 F.3d 909, 911 (7th
2004) (“materially adverse”); and Webb-Edwards v. Orange Cnty. Sheriff’s Office, 525 F.3d
1013, 1033 (11th Cir. 2008) (“serious and material change”)).
In disapproving the approach adopted in these cases, the Supreme Court began with Title
VII’s language prohibiting “‘discriminat[ing] against’ an individual ‘with respect to’ the ‘terms
[or] conditions’ of employment because of that individual’s sex.” Muldrow, 601 U.S. at 354.
That language requires a showing of “some ‘disadvantageous’ change in an employment term or
condition.” Id. at 354 (quoting Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80
(1998)). The words “discriminate against” “refer to ‘differences in treatment that injure’
employees.” Id. (quoting Bostock v. Clayton Cnty., 590 U.S. 644, 681 (2020)). The statute thus
targets employment practices that “‘treat[] a person worse’ because of sex or other protected
trait.” Id. (quoting Bostock, 590 U.S. at 658). From these principles, the Court rejected the “high
bar” of a “significance test” for adverse employment actions. Id. at 350. Instead:
To make out a Title VII discrimination claim, [an employee] must show some harm
respecting an identifiable term or condition of employment. What [the employee]
does not have to show, according to the relevant text [of Title VII], is that the harm
incurred was “significant.”
Id. at 354-55 (cleaned up, emphasis added); id. at 350 (finding that “Title VII’s text nowhere
establishes that high bar [of a significance test]”). While the Tenth Circuit has yet to specifically
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opine on the question,10 this court anticipates the newly-clarified “some harm” standard for
adverse actions would apply with equal force to claims brought under the Rehabilitation Act.
See, e.g., Hollingsworth v. Vilsack, No. CV 23-2427 (LLA), 2024 WL 4332118, at *9-10
(D.D.C. Sept. 27, 2024), appeal filed, No. 24-5267 (D.C. Cir. Nov. 21, 2024) (applying the
Muldrow adverse-action standard to discrimination claim brought under the Rehabilitation Act);
Florek v. Creighton Univ., No. 8:22CV194, 2024 WL 4581466, at *19 (D. Neb. Oct. 18, 2024)
(observing that, “[l]ike Title VII, there is no requirement in the text of [the Rehabilitation Act] of
serious, material, or ‘objectively tangible harm,’” in applying Muldrow’s holding to a claim
brought under the Rehabilitation Act).11
Ms. Staton exhausted six allegedly adverse employment actions in the Second Charge:
1. 	During the week of August 14, 2020, Ms. Staton was threatened with “Failure to
Follow” discipline after she could not complete the delivery of mail on her
“overburdened route”12 and returned to the Post Office with “mail for other carriers
10 As of the date of this order, this court has located no Tenth Circuit opinion, published or
unpublished, referencing Muldrow.
11 The parties briefed the Motion to Dismiss before Muldrow was decided, but this court will
apply the “some harm” standard in assessing the plausibility of Ms. Staton’s disability
discrimination claim. See Hollingsworth, 2024 WL 4332118, at *8 (applying Muldrow in
assessing a previously-filed motion to dismiss) (citing Thorpe v. Hous. Auth. of Durham, 393
U.S. 268, 281 (1969) (explaining that courts must apply the law in effect at the time of decision);
Overseas Shipholding Grp., Inc. v. Skinner, 767 F. Supp. 287, 291 (D.D.C. 1991) (“[T]he Court
must review the agency’s decision under the lens of current legal precedent.”)). The court notes
that neither party requested supplemental briefing post-Muldrow.
12 USPS argues that Ms. Staton “did not exhaust her assignment to Route 2020 in her Second
charge,” and that her route assignment was addressed in the first charge. Reply at 4. The court
understands the Second Charge to assert that Ms. Staton continued to be subjected to, and to seek
redress for, the “overburdened” route during the period covered by the Second Charge, and
therefore declines, at the motion-to-dismiss stage, to read the Second Charge so narrowly.
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to deliver.” Second Charge at 413 ; Am. Compl. ¶ 56.
2. 	In August 2020, Ms. Staton was singled out by the Littleton Postmaster for “red
flag[ging]” when she did not “complete her route within an appropriate timeframe.”
Second Charge at 5; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 59-60.
3. 	On September 8, 2020, USPS conducted a “street observation” of Ms. Staton,
which resulted in an “investigative interview” for “backing up” her postal vehicle,
even though the USPS then “had no policy prohibiting a City Carrier from backing
their postal vehicle.” Second Charge at 5; Am. Compl. ¶ 62. Additionally, Ms.
Staton was subjected to more “street observations” than any other carrier at the
Littleton Post Office. Second Charge at 6; Am. Compl. ¶¶ 61, 63, 74. 14
4. 	On September 11, 2020, Ms. Staton was denied “auxiliary assistance” on her route
and received a verbal reprimand for wasting time in completing her route, which
was “overburdened” and “in clear need of an audit.” Second Charge at 5; Am.
Compl. ¶¶ 65-66.
5. 	On September 23, 2020, Ms. Staton was again threatened with disciplinary action
for unauthorized overtime and was simultaneously informed that her request for a
“Special Investigation” of her route was denied. Second Charge at 5 15 ; Am. Comp.
¶¶ 49-50.
13 The Second Charge also states that Ms. Staton was subjected to harassment when she returned
from her route with undelivered mail, Second Charge at 5-6, but USPS has not moved to dismiss
any hostile work environment claim and so the court does not consider this, or any other,
statements concerning harassment in the Second Charge or in the Amended Complaint.
14 In the Second Charge, Ms. Staton also references being put through more “volume counts”
than other carriers, id. at 5, but she does not make any allegations about the numerosity of
“volume counts” in her Amended Complaint.
15 According to Handbook M-239, Management of Delivery Services, for the National
Association of Letter Carriers, “[s]pecial route inspections may be required” when “[a] carrier
requests a special inspection and it is warranted,” when a “carrier consistently leaves and/or
returns late,” or when other circumstances are present. See https://www.nalc.org/workplace-
issues/resources/manuals/m-39/M-39.PDF at 161-62; see also Second Charge at 5 (referencing
this component of the handbook) and 9 (denial of Staton’s request for special inspection, noting
that “[a] letter carrier who is limited to eight hours of duty may still qualify for a special route
inspection if no other limitation exits [sic] which could distort a proper evaluation”).
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6. 	On October 19, 2020, USPS management conducted “an 1838-C Carrier Count”—
presumably to ascertain how much mail Ms. Staton was required to handle on her
route—but “she was instructed not to verify the count.” Second Charge at 6; Am.
Compl. ¶ 72.
This court would be inclined to agree with USPS that, pre-Muldrow, none of the these
actions would have sufficed to allege “a significant change in employment status or benefits” so
as to plausibly show a discrete adverse employment action. Motion at 9 (citing Brown, 13 F.4th
at 1092) (emphasis added). But post-Muldrow, “significant change” is no longer the standard,
and the new criterion of “some harm” to the terms and conditions of conditions of Ms. Staton’s
employment appears to this court to encompass a significantly broader category of actions
entitled to be called “adverse” than previously countenanced by the Tenth Circuit. See id. at 9-11
(discussing Tenth Circuit precedent pre-dating Muldrow).
Under the Muldrow framework, Ms. Staton’s well-pleaded, exhausted allegations—being
threatened with discipline, “red-flagged,” and generally subjected to heightened scrutiny at work;
and being denied requests for inspection of, and assistance with, her mail route—suffice to show,
at the pleading stage, a “negative[] impact[]” on “her work environment” and, thus, “some harm”
to the terms and conditions of her employment. See Hollingsworth, 2024 WL 4332118 at *9
(citing Muldrow, 601 U.S. at 350). It is the case that “some of these claims seem like mere
workplace disputes,” but “if they were motivated by discriminatory animus”—and Ms. Staton
alleges that they were, see, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 58, 122—“they are actionable.” Id.; see also
Muldrow, 601 U.S. at 365 (Kavanaugh, J., concurring in the judgment) (“[T]he text of Title VII
does not require a separate showing of some harm. The discrimination is harm.”) (emphasis
added). Ms. Staton’s pleading therefore has cleared “Muldrow’s low bar” on the adverse action
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point. Hollingsworth, 2024 WL 4332118, at *9; see also Turner v. Buttigieg, No. CV 23-1665
(LLA), 2024 WL 4346332, at *8 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2024) (holding that an evaluation in which
the employee was rated as “exceeds expectations” instead of “outstanding” met “the standard of
‘some harm’ to the terms and conditions of [the plaintiff’s] employment under Muldrow because
it represents a change that negatively impacted her work environment”).
In so finding, this court emphasizes that it currently lacks specific guidance from the
Tenth Circuit concerning the application of Muldrow’s “some harm” standard to the particular
actions at issue here—including mere threats of disciplinary action that, seemingly, never
materialized. Still, the plain language of Muldrow compels this court to conclude that Ms.
Staton’s complaint suffices to meet the Supreme Court’s newly-clarified standard for pleading an
adverse employment action for each of the six adverse actions exhausted in the Second Charge.
2. 	Causal Connection Requirement
Ms. Staton has articulated relevant adverse actions as required to successfully state a
claim for disability discrimination. That conclusion, however, does not end the evaluation of the
plausibility of her claim. The court next must analyze whether Ms. Staton has sufficiently alleged
that her disability was the “sole cause” of each of these adverse actions. Crane, 15 F.4th at 1313.
For the reasons that follow, the court finds—at the motion-to-dismiss stage—that Ms. Staton has
satisfied this elemental obligation for five of the six exhausted adverse actions, but that her
pleading falls short on the sixth.
a. 	Adverse employment actions numbers 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6
These adverse actions hinge on USPS’s alleged response to Ms. Staton’s disability and
the attendant compromise of her ability to timely complete delivery of a mail route she
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characterizes as “overburdened.”
To recap the allegations underlying each of these adverse actions, with regard to adverse
action number 1, Ms. Staton was threatened with discipline because she physically lacked the
ability “to complete the route within her medical restrictions” during an eight-hour work day.
Am. Compl. ¶ 56. Adverse action number 2 is premised on Ms. Staton being singled out for “red
flagging”—which the court understands generally to signify heightened scrutiny of her actions in
the workplace—when she was unable to “complete her route within an appropriate timeframe”
because of her disability-related work restrictions. Id. ¶¶ 59-60, 151(a). Adverse action number 4
focuses on USPS denying Ms. Staton’s requests for “auxiliary assistance,” or additional help,
with her route, which she could not complete “within her medical restrictions.” Id. ¶¶ 57-58.
Adverse action number 5 addresses another threat of disciplinary action against Ms.
Staton, this time for unauthorized overtime, which Ms. Staton asserts forced her “to finish an
overburdened route within eight hours”—something she asserts she physically could not do. Id.
¶ 67. At the same time, USPS denied Ms. Staton’s request for a “special inspection” of her route
and, in so doing, explicitly noted that such inspections were not warranted where “other
limitation exits [sic] which could distort a proper evaluation.” Id. ¶ 70; Second Charge at 9. Ms.
Staton asserts that this statement creates “the inference that, according to USPS, [her] disability
was an ‘other limitation’ that would have distorted the special inspection.” Am. Compl. ¶ 50.
Finally, adverse action number 6 relates to a “carrier count” and USPS management’s instruction
not to verify the count, id. ¶¶ 70-72, from which the court reasonably infers that USPS
effectively thwarted the creation of an accurate accounting of the scope of mail Ms. Staton was
obliged to deliver during the six hours she was allowed to drive a postal vehicle. Am. Compl.
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¶ 27 (Staton’s disability restrictions included operating a vehicle no more than six hours per day).
And Ms. Staton plausibly has alleged that USPS management personnel were aware of her
disability at the time each of these adverse employment actions were undertaken. See id. ¶¶ 57,
59, & passim.
USPS argues that Ms. Staton has failed to allege facts plausibly showing that her
disability was the sole cause of any adverse action, see Motion at 12-13,16 but this court is
respectfully unpersuaded by its analysis. At this stage of the case, the court finds that Ms.
Staton’s allegations sufficiently support an inference that adverse employment actions 1, 2, 4, 5,
and 6 were precipitated solely by reason of her disability. Ms. Staton directs the court to
supporting evidence, articulated in well-pleaded facts, illustrating USPS’s refusal to address
issues concerning her disability that prevented her from timely completing her route and that,
from her perspective, triggered multiple negative consequences. These allegations are not vague,
nor do they reflect a mere “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action, which the
[Supreme] Court stated will not do.” See Robbins v. Oklahoma, 519 F.3d 1242, 1247 (10th Cir.
2008) (cleaned up, quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).
In sum, the court finds that Ms. Staton’s allegations are sufficient at this stage of the case
to tie the articulated adverse employment actions to her protected class and to allow the court to
infer direct discriminatory animus by USPS based solely on her disability. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
678 (“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the
court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”).
16 USPS does not address the causation requirement for the Rehabilitation Act disparate
treatment claim in its reply brief. See generally Reply.
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Accordingly, the Motion to Dismiss is denied with respect to Claim One insofar as it seeks
dismissal of any claim based on adverse employment actions numbers 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6.
b. 	Adverse employment action number 3
The remaining adverse employment action, action number 3, is in a somewhat different
posture from the others. Recall that this adverse action asks the court to infer discrimination
based on a comparison of Ms. Staton with other mail carriers, in that she allegedly was subjected
to more “street observations”—including “an impromptu street observation” in which she was
seen to have improperly (according to USPS) backed up her postal vehicle—than any other
carrier in the Littleton Post Office. Second Charge at 5; see also Am. Compl. ¶ 74 (“As of
December 2020, USPS had conducted at least eight street observations of Ms. Staton in the
preceding eight weeks, a volume that, upon information and belief, far exceeded the number of
observations experienced by any other City Carrier at [the Littleton Post Office], including those
similarly situated and those under work restrictions.”). In contrast with Ms. Staton’s other
allegations concerning adverse actions, which this court has found plausibly evince direct
evidence of discriminatory intent, Ms. Staton asks the court in adverse employment action
number 3 to infer that USPS possessed discriminatory intent by pointing to “similarly situated”
employees without disabilities17 who were treated “more favorably” than herself with regard to
17 Other persons with a disability are not relevant comparators under the Rehabilitation Act. See
Hwang v. Kansas State Univ., 753 F.3d 1159, 1164 (10th Cir. 2014) (Gorsuch, J.) (“a plaintiff
must allege facts suggesting non-disabled—but otherwise similarly situated—employees receive
more favorable treatment”) (emphasis added); see also, e.g., Kimber v. Thiokol Corp., 196 F.3d
1092, 1102 (10th Cir. 1999) (recognizing, in holding that the Americans with Disabilities Act
does not prohibit distinguishing between physical and mental disabilities, that “the ADA does
not mandate equality between individuals with different disabilities”) (quoting Parker v. Metro.
Life Ins. Co., 121 F.3d 1006, 1019 (6th Cir. 1997) (en banc)).
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the number of “street observations.” See Beasley v. Kendall, No. 22-cv-00971-NYW-MDB, 2023
WL 2824415, at *7 (D. Colo. Feb. 6, 2023), report and recommendation adopted, 2023 WL
2824402 (D. Colo. Feb. 22, 2023) (“When a plaintiff does not purport to have direct evidence of
discriminatory intent, such intent is commonly established by showing that ‘similarly situated
employees’ were treated ‘more favorably’ than the plaintiff.”) (citing Brown v. Esper, No. 17-cv-
02004-RM-STV, 2019 WL 6893019, at *5 (D. Colo. Dec. 18, 2019), aff’d sub nom. Brown v.
Austin, 13 F.4th 1079 (10th Cir. 2021)); Glover v. NMC Homecare, Inc., 13 F. App’x 896, 907
(10th Cir. 2001) (explaining that an employee can “show pretext on a theory of disparate
treatment by providing evidence that he was treated differently from other similarly situated,
nonprotected employees who violated work rules of comparable seriousness”) (quoting Kendrick
v. Penske Transp. Servs., Inc., 220 F.3d 1220, 1232 (10th Cir. 2000)) (emphasis in original); Fox
v. Nicholson, 304 F. App’x 728, 730 (10th Cir. 2008) (“A showing that similarly situated
employees were treated differently is not ‘an indispensable element of the prima facie case,’
although it may be relevant to show the existence or absence of the third element of
discrimination.”) (internal citation omitted).
The fatal defect in Ms. Staton’s pleading with regard to adverse employment action
number 3 is that she pleads no facts whatsoever concerning those “similarly situated” persons
with whom she purports to compare herself, “let alone facts suggesting they are like her in any
relevant way.” See Hwang, 753 F.3d at 1164. For example, there are no facts indicating that
anyone in this comparator group consistently complained about the volume of mail on his or her
route, asserted that it was “overburdened,” or routinely returned to the Post Office with mail that
other carriers were obliged to deliver—all issues that, by her own admission, plagued Ms. Staton.
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Nor has Ms. Staton alleged any other facts that would allow this court to infer discriminatory
animus from USPS’s decision to conduct multiple observations of her work. Indeed, an equally
plausible inference to draw from the number of observations is that USPS officials acted in
response to her complaints and desired to understand more clearly the circumstances that were
prompting them. Cf. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (“Where a complaint pleads facts that are ‘merely
consistent with’ a defendant’s liability, it ‘stops short of the line between possibility and
plausibility of entitlement to relief.’”) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557) (cleaned up). And
with regard to USPS’s decision to conduct an “investigative interview” following its observation
that Ms. Staton backed up her postal vehicle, Am. Compl. ¶ 62, she pleads no facts plausibly
indicating that any non-disabled USPS employee who was seen to have done the same thing was
not required to participate in such an interview. Ms. Staton thus has failed to allege that the
decision to investigate the backing-up incident bears any connection to her disability.
While Ms. Staton was not obliged “to incant any particular litany of facts to support a
claim of differential treatment, [she does] have to allege some set of facts that taken together
plausibly suggest differential treatment of similarly situated employees.” Hwang, 753 F.3d at
1164-65 (citing Khalik v. United Air Lines, 671 F.3d 1188, 1193-94 (10th Cir. 2012) (emphasis
in original); McGowan v. City of Eufala, 472 F.3d 736, 745 (10th Cir. 2006)). This Ms. Staton
has failed to do. Her bare assertion that she is “similarly situated” to other employees,” see Am.
Compl. ¶ 74, is just a legal conclusion, and “a legal conclusion is never enough.” Hwang, 753
F.3d at 1164; see also Bekkem v. Wilkie, 915 F.3d 1258, 1275 (10th Cir. 2019) (same) (quoting
Hwang); cf. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 (stating that legal conclusions “are not entitled to the
assumption of truth” and “must be supported by factual allegations”).
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Ms. Staton argues that she does not yet have access to the full scope of information
concerning “Defendant’s decision-making process and the considerations made related to the
adverse employment actions alleged throughout the Complaint.” Response at 7. That may be, but
the same could be said of almost every plaintiff at the outset of nearly every case. As the
Supreme Court has emphasized, while “Rule 8 marks a notable and generous departure from the
hypertechnical, code-pleading regime of a prior era, . . . it does not unlock the doors of discovery
for a plaintiff armed with nothing more than conclusions.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. 678-79; see also
Sheldon v. Khanal, 502 F. App’x 765, 773 (10th Cir. 2012) )”[D]iscovery is not necessary to
resolve a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim for relief; the court’s function on a Rule
12(b)(6) motion is not to weigh potential evidence that the parties might present at trial, but to
assess whether the plaintiff’s complaint alone is legally sufficient to state a claim for which relief
may be granted.”) (cleaned up, quoting Peterson v. Grisham, 594 F.3d 723, 727 (10th Cir.
2010)). Even without discovery, Ms. Staton is in a position to know facts indicating that USPS
treated her less favorably than a specific, similarly situated comparator. She should know such
facts, if any exist, simply by virtue of having worked at the Littleton Post Office and engaged in
day-to-day interactions with management and co-workers.” See Am. Compl. ¶ 83; see also
Khalik, 671 F.3d at 1194 (observing that an employee “should know details about how
Defendant treated her compared to other non-Arabic or non-Muslim employees,” among other
information, and affirming the dismissal of her complaint which “offer[ed] none of this detail”).
Yet, she pleads no such facts.
At bottom, Ms. Staton’s pleading fails to allege any non-conclusory facts connecting
adverse employment action number 3 to her disability. Her allegations being too threadbare to
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demonstrate a causal connection between that adverse action and her disability, a disparate
treatment claim based on that action is dismissed.
B. 	Retaliation
Claim Two, in which Ms. Staton asserts that she was subject to retaliation in violation of
the Rehabilitation Act, Am. Compl. ¶¶ 127-140, has undergone some clarification during the
course of briefing on the Motion to Dismiss. In her response, Ms. Staton explains that she relies
on the Second Charge as the protected conduct on which she bases her retaliation claim.
Specifically, she cabins the allegedly retaliatory conduct to her receipt of two Letters of Warning
“following her filing of the Second Charge of Discrimination.” Response at 8 (citing Am.
Compl. ¶¶ 76-80). She also characterizes as retaliatory conduct “an Observation of Driving
Practices” which USPS personnel conducted on March 25, 2021. Id. at 8-9 (citing Am. Compl.
¶ 81).
As an initial matter, the observation of Ms. Staton and her driving practices that occurred
in March 2021 obviously was not exhausted in the Second Charge, which was filed on December
7, 2020. See Am. Compl. ¶ 75. For the reasons previously discussed, the Second Charge defines
the scope of claims Ms. Staton can pursue in this litigation, and therefore any purported
retaliation that post-dates the Second Charge is unexhausted and therefore not actionable.
With regard to the two Letters of Warning, Ms. Staton’s explanation of the grounds for
claiming retaliation on that basis is somewhat at odds with the record. The protected conduct on
which she relies—the December 2020 Second Charge—obviously post-dates the Letters of
Warning, both of which were issued in October 2020. Response at 6-7 (describing the Letters as
warning Staton about “backing up her vehicle for two feet” and making an unsafe left turn).
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“[B]y its very nature, retaliatory conduct must come after the protected activity.” Kenfield v.
Colo. Dep’t of Public Health & Env’t, 557 F. App’x 728, 733 (10th Cir. 2014) (citing Marx v.
Schnuck Markets, Inc., 76 F.3d 324, 329 (10th Cir. 1996) (emphasis in original)). The protected
activity of filing the Second Charge therefore could not have caused the allegedly discriminatory
conduct underlying the pre-existing Letters of Warning. However, the court discerns from Ms.
Staton’s papers that her retaliation claim actually tees off what she describes as her “second
informal EEO complaint,” see Second Charge at 6 (emphasis added), which she submitted
sometime in October 2020 and which predated the Letters of Warning by only one week. Id.18
In assessing whether Ms. Staton has plausibly alleged unlawful retaliation, the court
begins by recognizing that Muldrow did not alter the requirement that a retaliatory action must
be “‘materially adverse,’ meaning that it causes ‘significant’ harm.” See 601 U.S. at 357
(declining to “import the [material adversity] standard into [Title VII’s] anti-discrimination
provision”) (discussing Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006)); see
also, e.g., Hollingsworth, 2024 WL 4332118, at *12 n.7 (“While the Chambers and Muldrow
Courts changed the adverse-action standard for discrimination claims, both Courts clarified that
the threshold did not change for retaliation claims, and thus the ‘materially adverse’ standard
remains.”) (citing Chambers v. District of Columbia, 35 F. 4th 870, 877 (D.C. Cir. 2022);
Muldrow, 601 U.S. at 357-58)); Stewart v. United States Dep’t of Agric., No. 23-CV-1194
18 While the court is not bound to liberally construe Ms. Staton’s filings because she is
represented by counsel, see Mann v. Boatright, 477 F.3d 1140, 1148 n.4 (10th Cir. 2007), it does
so in this instance, at this early stage of the case. It is apparent that the confusion regarding the
pertinent protected activity is attributable to a simple error, and the court need not engage in a
strained construction of the record to understand the pertinent timeline and the basis of Ms.
Staton’s argument.
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(TSC), 2024 WL 4332618, at *6 (D.D.C. Sept. 27, 2024) (recognizing that material adversity
remains the standard for evaluating retaliation claims post-Muldrow). Consequently, the material
adversity standard governs this court’s assessment of whether Ms. Staton has plausibly alleged
that the Letters of Warning constitute actionable retaliation. See Brown, 13 F.4th at 1090 (prima
facie case of retaliation under the Rehabilitation Act requires a showing “that a reasonable
employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse”).
To rise to the level of materially adverse, the action must be one that “well might have
dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” See
Burlington N., 548 U.S. at 68 (citation omitted). The Tenth Circuit has made clear that
“[d]isciplinary proceedings, such as warning letters and reprimands, can constitute an adverse
employment action” for purposes of a retaliation claim. Medina v. Income Support Div., N.M.,
413 F.3d 1131, 1137 (10th Cir. 2005) (emphasis added). A reprimand is an adverse employment
action if it “adversely affects the terms and conditions of the plaintiff’s employment—for
example, if it affects the likelihood that the plaintiff will be terminated, undermines the
plaintiff’s current position, or affects the plaintiff’s future employment opportunities.” Id. Under
this standard—although a close call—the court finds that Ms. Staton’s pleading does enough to
allege that the Letters of Warning constitute materially adverse employment actions.
Ms. Staton asserts that, within just a week of her initiating an informal complaint of
discrimination, USPS issued both Letters, and she further contends that both Letters criticized
her for trivial actions that did not jeopardize safety and that were not prohibited by USPS policy:
backing up her vehicle just two feet (while “not near another vehicle”) and executing “a legal left
turn.” See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 77, 79; see also id. ¶ 78 (Staton not aware of any USPS policy “that
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prohibited the backing of a postal vehicle); id. ¶ 80 (Staton not aware of any “USPS policy
prohibiting or even discouraging Letter Carriers from turning left”). So, according to Ms. Staton,
she received formal discipline even though she did not engage in any misconduct. These facts
plausibly indicate that the Letters of Warning were unwarranted and thus demonstrate the
existence of inappropriate criticism of Ms. Staton’s work that could have affected her position
with USPS and her future employment prospects. These allegations are sufficient at the motion-
to-dismiss stage to establish that the Letters of Warning would dissuade a reasonable employee
from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. See Dial v. McDonough, No. 21-01071-
KHV-ADM, 2022 WL 17289152, at *13 (D. Kan. Nov. 29, 2022) (finding that an “unwarranted
letter of reprimand could dissuade a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of
discrimination”).
Ms. Staton therefore has plausibly established the second element of a retaliation claim,
and the passage of just a week between the protected activity and the issuance of the Letters
satisfies the causal connection element. Cf. O’Neal v. Ferguson Constr. Co., 237 F.3d 1248,
1253 (10th Cir. 2001) (“Unless there is very close temporal proximity between the protected
activity and the retaliatory conduct, the plaintiff must offer additional evidence to establish
causation.”); Kenfield, 557 F. App’x at 733 (“Without other evidence, three or more months
between the protected activity and the adverse action is insufficient to establish a causal
connection.”) (citing Richmond v. ONEOK, Inc., 120 F.3d 205, 209 (10th Cir. 1997)). The court
therefore denies that aspect of the Motion seeking dismissal of Ms. Staton’s retaliation claim,
which may proceed in accordance with the foregoing parameters, limited to the issuance of the
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Letters of Warning.19
III. 	Age Discrimination Claim
In Claim Three, Ms. Staton asserts that she was discriminated against due to her age in
violation of the ADEA. To successfully press a case of age discrimination, Ms. Staton must
plausibly allege: “(1) she is a member of the class protected by the [ADEA]; (2) she suffered an
adverse employment action; (3) she was qualified for the position at issue; and (4) she was
treated less favorably than others not in the protected class.” Jones v. Oklahoma City Public
Schs., 617 F.3d 1273, 1279 (10th Cir. 2010) (quotation omitted). The Muldrow “some harm”
standard applies to adverse employment actions under the ADEA. See, e.g., Yates v. Spring
Indep. Sch. Dist., 115 F.4th 414, 420 n.4 (5th Cir. 2024) (applying Muldrow to an ADEA claim
and recognizing that “the core sections” of Title VII and ADEA “overlap almost identically”)
(cleaned up, quotation omitted); Watkins v. Dep’t of Justice, No. CV 23-766 (RDM), 2024 WL
4362156, at *5 (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2024) (applying Muldrow to an ADEA disparate treatment
19 USPS also argues that the retaliation fails because Ms. Staton has not specifically alleged that
“the relevant manager knew of the [protected] conduct”—here, the submission of the informal
EEO charge in October 2020. Reply at 9 (citing Littlefield v. Weld Cnty. School Dist., No. 22-cv-
02241-PAB-KAS, 2023 WL 6962087, at *8 (D. Colo. Oct. 19, 2023)). USPS may well prevail
on this argument at summary judgment, but the court respectfully declines to dismiss the
retaliation claim on that basis at this stage of the case. Notably, Littlefield addressed the pleading
requirements for a First Amendment retaliation claim. Id. at *8 (finding that the plaintiff failed to
allege that his association with a church “was a ‘substantial’ or ‘motivating’ factor” underlying
the alleged retaliatory actions, and observing that it is “[a]xiomatic to establishing causation in
[the First Amendment retaliation] context . . . that the employer knew of the employee’s
protected conduct”) (quoting Hook v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 394 F. App’x 522, 539 (10th Cir.
2010)). It is unclear to this court that a similar pleading mandate applies in the context of a claim
asserting retaliation on the basis of disability, and USPS cites to no precedent supporting that
proposition. This is a matter better addressed at summary judgment.
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claim brought by a federal employee). The court is also guided by the principle that, for an
ADEA claim brought by a former federal-sector employee like Ms. Staton, “age must be a but-
for-cause of discrimination—that is, of differential treatment—but not necessarily a but-for
cause of a personnel action itself.” Babb v. Wilkie, 589 U.S. 399, 406 (2020) (emphasis added);
see also id.at 402 (stating that the “plain meaning” of 29 U.S.C. § 633a(a)—that personnel
actions be “made free from any discrimination based on age”—is “that personnel actions be
untainted by any consideration of age”).
The allegations concerning age in the Amended Complaint, though very sparse, hinge on
two core points. First, Ms. Staton contends that “younger employees who engaged in substandard
performance” were given “preferential treatment” in the realm of scheduling and receiving
“more days off than were provided to Ms. Staton.” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 144(a), 145. Second, she
emphasizes her “overburdened route,” which USPS forced her to complete “within eight hours
despite younger employees being unable to complete the same route within that timeframe.” Id.
¶ 144(b); see also id. ¶ 32 (USPS “began discriminating against . . . Ms. Staton as her Disability
and/or her age caused her to bring back undelivered mail to meet her work restrictions.”).
Preliminarily, the contention that younger employees were afforded preferences when it
came to scheduling (or in any other way, for that matter) finds no mention in the Second Charge.
See Section I, supra. The unexhausted allegations concerning supposed preferences for younger
individuals therefore cannot be considered as support for Ms. Staton’s ADEA claim.
Turning then to the “overburdened” route issue, which was exhausted in the Second
Charge, there is no dispute that Ms. Staton is within the class of persons protected under ADEA,
and this court has already determined that USPS’s compelling her to complete the delivery of
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this route in an eight-hour shift (in the face of her disability-related work restrictions) meets the
“some harm” requirement for an adverse employment action under Muldrow. Nevertheless, the
ADEA claim still fails.
Having parsed each of the well-pleaded, nonconclusory allegations in Ms. Staton’s 22-
page Amended Complaint and carefully reviewed her briefing, the court can extract no support
for an inference that her age was a but-for cause of any “differential treatment.” See Babb, 589
U.S. at 406. To the contrary, the only reasonable inference that emerges is that officials at the
Littleton Post Office set up a regime in which all employees—regardless of their age—struggled
to deliver the route assigned to Ms. Staton. Am. Compl. ¶ 57 (“managers knew that Ms. Staton
could not consistently complete that task and knew that able-bodied and younger employees were
often unable to complete Route 2020 within eight hours”) (emphasis added); see also id. ¶ 51
(“much younger males” could not timely complete the route); id. ¶ 144(b) (same).20 These
allegations indicate consistency of treatment, irrespective of age, rather than differential
treatment because of age. And the only other two allegations that even mention age are wholly
conclusory proclamations of age-based discrimination that cannot support an inference of
discrimination, either. Id. ¶ 32 (USPS “began discriminating against . . . Ms. Staton as her
Disability and/or her age caused her to bring back undelivered mail to meet her work
20 While Ms. Staton alleges that even non-disabled persons could not always complete the route,
the court reaches a different conclusion with regard to her Rehabilitation Act claims because—in
contrast with her genuinely threadbare age-related allegations—she has alleged facts sufficient to
establish (at the pleading stage) a connection between her disability and the relevant adverse
actions. Put another way, Ms. Staton has done enough to “nudg[e]” her Rehabilitation Act claims
“across the line from conceivable to plausible.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. Not so with her
ADEA claim.
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restrictions.”); id. ¶ 55 (USPS forced “an elderly and disabled Ms. Staton to work on Route 2020
as constructed”).
Ms. Staton’s sparse and nonspecific allegations do not suffice to plausibly allege that her
age was the but-for cause of any differential treatment concerning her “overburdened” route. She
identifies no younger employees in the Littleton Post Office who were treated more favorably in
terms of their routes and the work they were asked to complete, nor has she pleaded any other
facts that would support an inference that any differential treatment occurred because of her age.
See Ariston v. USPS, No. 21-cv-01669-HL, 2023 WL 6004200, at *6 (D. Or. Aug. 1, 2023),
report and recommendation adopted sub nom. Ariston v. United States Postal Serv., 2023 WL
6296651 (D. Or. Sept. 26, 2023) (dismissing ADEA claim where plaintiff “has not alleged any
factual examples where similarly situated individuals ‘substantially younger’ than her were
afforded benefits she was denied, nor provided any other inference of age discrimination”).
In sum, giving Ms. Staton’s well-pleaded facts the maximum possible credit, she has
failed to plausibly allege that her age was “a but-for-cause of discrimination—that is, of
differential treatment[.]” Babb, 589 U.S. at 406. The court therefore concludes that her age
discrimination claim cannot survive USPS’s motion to dismiss Claim Three, which is granted.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 9, is GRANTED in
part and DENIED in part, as follows:
1. 	Any claim based on Ms. Staton’s first and third charges of discrimination
(including without limitation Paragraph 132 of the Amended Complaint to the extent it refers to
the first charge, and Paragraph 144(a)) is dismissed without prejudice for failure to exhaust;
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2. 	The Motion is denied with respect to Claim One, a claim asserting disparate
treatment under the Rehabilitation Act, insofar as it seeks dismissal of any claim based on
adverse employment actions numbers 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6;
3. 	The Motion is granted with respect to Claim One insofar as it seeks dismissal of
any claim based on adverse employment action number 3, which is hereby dismissed without
prejudice to seeking leave to amend by January 21, 2025;
4. 	The Motion is denied insofar as it seeks dismissal of Claim Two, a retaliation
claim under the Rehabilitation Act, which may proceed in accordance with the parameters
articulated above, limited to the Letters of Warning; and
5. 	The Motion is granted insofar as it seeks dismissal of Claim Three, an ADEA
claim, which is hereby dismissed without prejudice to seeking leave to amend by January 21,
2025.
If Ms. Staton seeks leave to amend, she shall also correct her mistake in alleging the
Letters of Warning as retaliation for the Second Charge instead of the second informal EEO
complaint. If Ms. Staton does not timely seek leave to amend, the dismissal in Paragraphs Three
and Five will become with prejudice without further order of this court.
DATED: January 7, 2025 	BY THE COURT:
Susan Prose
United States Magistrate Judge
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