Uhl v. Progressive Direct Insurance Company

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
Civil Action No. 1:23-cv-01904-NYW-SBP
DAVID UHL,
Plaintiff,
v.
PROGRESSIVE DIRECT INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant.
ORDER ON MOTION TO COMPEL (ECF No. 41)
Susan Prose, United States Magistrate Judge
In this first-party insurance case, Plaintiff David Uhl brings claims of bad faith against
his insurer Defendant Progressive Direct Insurance Company (“Progressive”), alleging that it
unreasonably delayed payment of uninsured motorist (“UM”) benefits under his policy. This
matter is before the court on Progressive’s Motion to Compel, ECF No. 41 (“Motion” or “Motion
to Compel”), after it was referred to the undersigned magistrate judge for resolution pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 636(b).1 ECF No. 42. Additionally, the court agreed to conduct an in camera review
of several notes from Progressive’s claim file and related emails associated with Mr. Uhl’s claim
to determine whether those materials are discoverable.
1 Additionally, Mr. Uhl has filed a Motion to Supplement, ECF No. 46 (“Motion to
Supplement”), seeking leave to submit additional evidence and arguments regarding
Progressive’s claims of attorney-client privilege and work product. The court GRANTS the
Motion to Supplement and considers the materials and arguments raised in that motion and
Progressive’s response thereto, ECF No. 52.
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For the reasons articulated below, the Motion to Compel is GRANTED in part and
DENIED in part. Mr. Uhl is directed to respond to the written discovery requests at issue, with
the exception of information protected by the physician-patient privilege under Colorado law.
The court finds that the documents submitted for in camera review are protected from discovery
by the attorney-client privilege.
BACKGROUND
I. 	Relevant Factual and Procedural History
On July 5, 2022, Mr. Uhl was involved in a motorcycle accident. See ECF No. 4
(“Complaint”) ¶ 6. Mr. Uhl claims that the accident occurred after he swerved to avoid another
vehicle, id. ¶ 14, and sought UM benefits under his policy with Progressive. See id. ¶ 10.
Throughout its review of Mr. Uhl’s claim, Progressive appears to have had questions
about Mr. Uhl’s entitlement to UM benefits. In its briefing on the Motion to Compel, Progressive
points to information indicating Mr. Uhl’s seemingly evolving recollection of the accident. Mr.
Uhl initially claimed that he could not remember how the accident occurred, but later told his
daughter that he fell off his motorcycle while swerving to avoid a deer. Deposition of James
Kern, ECF No. 41-1 (“Kern Depo.”) at 58:13-59:15. According to Progressive, it was only after
Mr. Kern, the claims specialist assigned to Mr. Uhl’s claim, spoke with Mr. Uhl and explained
the terms of the policy—that UM benefits were unavailable unless another vehicle caused the
accident, see Colorado Motorcycle Policy, ECF No. 41-5 at 22—that Mr. Uhl claimed he
2 Per the policy provision governing “Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Bodily Injury
Coverage,” Progressive agreed to “pay for damages that an insured person is legally entitled to
recover from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle or an underinsured motor
vehicle because of bodily injury . . . .” ECF No. 41-5 at (emphasis added).
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swerved to avoid another vehicle. See Kern Depo. at 57:13-58:6.
Notwithstanding these alleged inconsistencies, on December 7, 2022, Progressive gave
Mr. Uhl “the benefit of the doubt” and made a “business decision” to pay him $500,000—the
maximum UM benefits available under his policy. Motion at 2; Kern Depo. at 44:5-14, 167:3-10.
However, Progressive did not make that payment until April 2023, after Mr. Uhl’s attorney
issued a demand for payment of all UM benefits. See Complaint ¶¶ 40, 42; see also Motion at 2.
Progressive states that, during the period from December 2022 to April 2023, it was evaluating
issues regarding potential liens from third parties on any benefits paid to Mr. Uhl. See Motion
at 2; see also Kern Depo. at 60:7-22.3
On June 22, 2023, Mr. Uhl filed suit against Progressive in Colorado state court, raising
common law and statutory bad faith claims. See Complaint ¶¶ 53-63. On July 26, 2023,
Progressive removed the action to this court. Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1. Progressive filed an
Answer, which, in relevant part, asserts as affirmative defenses that (1) Mr. Uhl’s claims are
subject to and limited by all terms, conditions, limitations, and exclusions of his policy and
(2) Mr. Uhl failed to submit evidence and reasonable proof of coverage. ECF No. 16 at 3-4.
II. 	Outstanding Discovery Disputes
Earlier this year, the parties invoked the court’s informal discovery dispute resolution
procedures concerning multiple discovery disputes, two being the discovery sought in the
Motion to Compel and the production of certain notes and emails in Progressive’s claim file. On
February 12, 2024, the court held a hearing on the discovery disputes. At the end of the hearing,
3 For purposes of resolving the Motion, the court need not address the substantive question of
whether this passage of time evinces bad faith on Progressive’s part.
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the court directed Progressive to file the Motion to Compel and submit the notes and emails for
in camera review. See ECF No. 40.
A. 	Motion to Compel
On January 10, 2024, Mr. Uhl submitted responses to Progressive’s First Set of
Interrogatories, ECF No. 41-3, and First Set of Requests for Production (“RFPs”), ECF No. 41-4.
As relevant here, Mr. Uhl refused to provide substantive responses to the following discovery
requests (collectively, “Discovery Requests”), all of which relate to the question of his
entitlement to UM benefits in the first instance:
Interrogatory No. 8: Describe the route that you followed from the beginning of
your trip to the location of the ACCIDENT, and state the location of each stop,
other than routine traffic stops, during the trip leading up to the ACCIDENT.
Interrogatory No. 9: Describe in your own words and with particularity how the
ACCIDENT occurred and provide speeds, directions and locations.
RFP No. 1: Copies of any and all medical records from any and all health care
providers who have treated or examined the plaintiff as a result of the ACCIDENT
and the plaintiff’s injuries.
RFP No. 5: Copies of any and all documentation in the possession of the plaintiff,
Sandra Uhl and/or Michelle Curtis Johnson relating to the ACCIDENT and/or the
plaintiff’s claim for uninsured/underinsured motorist benefits.
RFP No. 9: Copies of all documentation relating to the plaintiff’s claim for benefits
from USAA as a result of the ACCIDENT.
The Motion to Compel asks the court to direct Mr. Uhl to respond to these Discovery Requests.
Mr. Uhl’s refusal to provide responses to the Discovery Requests hinges on his contention
that his entitlement to UM benefits is irrelevant to any claim or defense in this case. As support
for this position, Mr. Uhl relies on the decisions of the Colorado Supreme Court in Schultz v.
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GEICO Casualty Co., 429 P.3d 844 (Colo. 2018), and State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance
Co. v. Brekke, 105 P.3d 177 (Colo. 2005), which he asserts stand for the proposition that the
underlying question of whether an insured is entitled to benefits is not material when the insured
has alleged only bad faith, and the insurer has already paid the full extent of benefits available
under a policy. ECF No. 51 (“Response”) at 3-7; see also, e.g., ECF No. 41-4 at 1-2 (asserting
that RFP No. 5 is neither relevant nor proportional because, “[p]rior to litigation, Defendant
determined and advised plaintiff it determined that the injuries were caused by the tortious
conduct of an uninsured motorist and that it determined Plaintiff’s injuries and damages he was
‘legally entitled to collect’ under Colorado law were valued at or above his policy limits and has
already paid Plaintiff the policy limits of $500,000 without any reservation whatsoever”) (citing
Schultz and Brekke). In making this argument, Mr. Uhl delves into related issues such as waiver
and estoppel, emphasizing what he deems to be uncontradicted evidence that Progressive paid
Mr. Uhl under the policy without making a reservation of rights. Response at 7-13.
In addition to these arguments, Mr. Uhl maintains that the RFPs seek records that are
protected by the physician-patient privilege. Id. at 13-15. With regard to that privilege, as
articulated in Colorado law,4 Mr. Uhl asserts that he has not placed his medical condition at issue
in this case and therefore has not waived his statutorily-created privilege regarding personal
medical information. Id.5
4 Because subject matter jurisdiction in this matter is based on diversity, the court applies
Colorado law regarding privilege. Fed. R. Evid. 501.
5 Mr. Uhl also asserts, in a somewhat cursory fashion in a footnote, that RFP No. 5—which seeks
documents in the possession of Plaintiff, Sandra Uhl, and Michelle Curtis Johnson related to the
accident and Mr. Uhl’s claim for UM benefits—would “likely” implicate the attorney-client
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Progressive takes the position that Schultz is inapplicable and that this court should
instead be guided to the Tenth Circuit’s decision in Giertz v. State Farm Mutual Automobile
Insurance Co., No. 22-1114, 2023 WL 3728197 (10th Cir. May 26, 2023), which Progressive
describes as holding that a bad faith claim under Colorado law requires a plaintiff to prove bad
faith and that he or she is entitled to benefits. See generally Motion at 9-15. Progressive contends
as well that the Discovery Requests are proper because they may elicit evidence that bolsters or
detracts from a witness’s credibility. Id. at 8.
Additionally, Progressive emphasizes that it has narrowed the scope of two RFPs. First, it
has limited its request for medical records in RFP No. 1 to only those “where [Mr. Uhl] provided
history to his medical providers relating to how the accident occurred and [his] ability to
remember events relating to same.” Id. at 5. Second, Progressive has cabined RFP No. 5 to
documents in Mr. Uhl’s care, custody, and control “pertaining to how the accident occurred or
[his] UM claim.” Id.
B. 	Documents Submitted for In Camera Review
Progressive provided Mr. Uhl with a redacted version of the internal file used to
investigate and evaluate his claim. Progressive redacted two of the notes in the claim file and
several emails associated with those notes6 on the grounds that they contain attorney-client
privileged communications and attorney work product. Generally, the notes reflect the substance
privilege. Response at 14 n.9. However, because Mr. Uhl did not respond to the Discovery
Requests and has not generated a privilege log, at this point, there are no concrete privilege
assertions for this court to assess. In connection with his responses to the Discovery Requests, as
required by this Order, Mr. Uhl shall provide a privilege log.
6 The notes at issue can be found at Bates #DEF DISC 00906 and are dated April 5 and 6, 2023.
The emails are dated the same and can be found at Bates #DEF DISC 00908-00911.
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of the emails between Mr. Kern and Travis D. Weitzel, corporate claims counsel for Progressive,
discussing various legal issues regarding the potential for third parties to assert liens on any
benefits paid to Mr. Uhl.
Initially, Mr. Uhl asked the court to conduct an in camera review of the notes and emails
to confirm that Progressive’s assertions of privilege and work product were proper, but he now
takes a different position with his Motion to Supplement. There, Mr. Uhl argues that Progressive
has waived any claim of privilege or work product. Motion to Supplement at 4-5. He maintains
that David Werber—an insurance expert serving as a retained expert for Progressive—opined
that the delay in paying Mr. Uhl was reasonable because Progressive needed to ascertain its
obligations under the Federal Medical Care Recovery Act (“FMCRA”), 42 U.S.C. § 1651 et seq.,
before paying benefits to Mr. Uhl.7 Id. at 2-3. Mr. Uhl points out that FMCRA is not mentioned
in the unredacted portions of the claim file and argues that the factual basis for Mr. Werber’s
opinion therefore must be found in the notes and emails. Id. From this, Mr. Uhl insists that any
privilege has been waived because Progressive has offered an expert whose opinion is factually
premised on information contained in the notes and emails. Id. at 3-5.
Progressive responds that these arguments lack merit because Mr. Werber did not review
the notes and emails when formulating his opinion. ECF No. 52 at 5 (“Mr. Werber did not review
or rely on any of the privileged attorney-client and attorney-work product documentation listed
7 For context, Mr. Uhl is a veteran and had medical insurance through Tricare (the federal
government’s health insurance program for veterans), which paid for some or all of his medical
expenses after the accident. Progressive represents that it believed that the United States, via
Tricare, was one of the third parties with a potential lien on Mr. Uhl’s benefits under the policy.
See ECF No. 52 at 2-3.
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on Progressive’s privilege log that is the subject of this discovery dispute when formulating his
opinions. Rather, Mr. Werber’s opinions were founded on his review of the discovery in this
case, including the disclosures from the parties and depositions that were available prior to the
February 12, 2024 discovery hearing.”). Progressive further argues that it has not asserted advice
of counsel as an affirmative defense and that, in any event, only Progressive—as the holder of
the privilege (as opposed to a third-party retained expert like Mr. Werber)—can waive it. Id. at 5-
6. Finally, Progressive asserts that an insurance company’s consultation with an attorney on an
issue related to the adjustment of a claim is generally not an “affirmative act” that waives the
attorney-client privilege. Id. at 5-6 (citing Menapace v. Alaska Nat’l Ins. Co., No. 20-cv-00053-
REB-STV, 2020 WL 6119962, at *10-11 (D. Colo. Oct. 15, 2020)).
LEGAL STANDARDS
“Parties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any
party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case, considering the importance of
the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the parties’ relative access to relevant
information, the parties’ resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and
whether the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 26(b)(1). Rule 401 of the Federal Rules of Evidence defines relevant evidence as evidence
that “has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the
evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 401(a).
Relevance under Rule 26(b)(1) is “broadly construed,” and a request is considered
relevant “if there is ‘any possibility’ that the information sought may be relevant to any party’s
claim or defense.” Byron-Amen v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., No. 21-cv-02364-NYW,
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2022 WL 1567563, at *2 (D. Colo. May 18, 2022) (quoting Martensen v. Koch, 301 F.R.D. 562,
570 (D. Colo. 2014)); Brackett v. Walmart Inc., No. 20-cv-01304-KLM, 2021 WL 1749975,
at *3 (D. Colo. May 4, 2021) (“[R]elevance is not so narrowly construed as to limit a story to its
final chapter, and neither party is entitled to make it impossible for all meaningful parts of the
story to be told.”). As for proportionality, “[t]he Advisory Committee Notes to the 2015
Amendments make clear that the party seeking discovery does not bear the burden of addressing
all proportionality considerations.” Carlson v. Colo. Ctr. for Reprod. Med., LLC, 341 F.R.D. 266,
275 (D. Colo. 2022) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 advisory committee’s notes to 2015 amendment”).
Generally, when the requested discovery appears relevant on its face, “the party resisting
discovery has the burden to establish the lack of relevance by demonstrating that the requested
discovery (1) does not come within the scope of relevance as defined under [Rule 26(b)(1)], or
(2) is of such marginal relevance that the potential harm occasioned by discovery would
outweigh the ordinary presumption in favor of broad disclosure.” Simpson v. Univ. of Colo.,
220 F.R.D. 354, 359 (D. Colo. 2004) (quotation omitted).
Rule 26(b)(2)(C) allows a court to limit discovery if it determines that: (1) the discovery
sought is unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or may be obtained from some other source
that is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive; (2) the party seeking discovery has
had ample opportunity to obtain the information by discovery in the action; or (3) the proposed
discovery is outside the scope permitted by Rule 26(b)(1). Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(C)(j)-(iii).
And “[t]he court may, for good cause, issue an order to protect a party . . . from annoyance,
embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense” from an otherwise relevant discovery
request. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1).
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Finally, “[d]iscovery rulings are within the broad discretion of the trial court, and [the
Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals] will not disturb them absent a definite and firm conviction that
the lower court made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in
the circumstances.” Kenno v. Colo. Governor’s Off. of Info. Tech., No. 21-1353, 2023 WL
2967692, at *7 (10th Cir. Apr. 17, 2023) (cleaned up, quoting Cole v. Ruidoso Mun. Sch., 43 F.3d
1373, 1386 (10th Cir. 1994)), cert. denied, 144 S. Ct. 696 (2024), reh’g denied, 144 S. Ct. 1088
(2024). “[T]he district court’s determinations regarding waiver of attorney-client privilege and
work product protection” are reviewed “for abuse of discretion.” Harte v. Bd. of Comm’rs of
Cnty. of Johnson, Kan., 940 F.3d 498, 522 (10th Cir. 2019); see also S.E.C. v. Merrill Scott &
Assocs., Ltd., 600 F.3d 1262, 1271 (10th Cir. 2010) (discovery rulings are reviewed for abuse of
discretion).
A. 	Relevance
The dispute at the center of the Motion to Compel is whether Mr. Uhl’s entitlement to
benefits is at issue in this case. If it is, then the discovery sought by Progressive is relevant. But
if, as is Mr. Uhl’s view, his entitlement to benefits is not at issue, then Progressive seeks
discovery that would have no bearing on this case. The parties’ arguments place the seemingly
incompatible (at least that is how the parties portray it`) decisions by the Colorado Supreme
Court in Schultz and the Tenth Circuit in Giertz front and center. In essence, the parties have
asked the court to decide which of these two approaches defines the substantive elements of this
case. As Mr. Uhl sees it, Schultz held that when a case simply involves a claim of bad faith—i.e.,
there is no breach of contract claim saying that coverage was wrongly denied—an insured’s
entitlement to benefits is not at issue and any discovery on that topic is not relevant. See 429 P.3d
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at 849. Progressive, by contrast, seizes on the language in Giertz which states that a bad faith
claim necessarily includes entitlement to benefits as an essential element. See 2023 WL 3728197,
at *3.
In asking this court to determine the scope of relevant discovery by choosing between the
Schultz and Giertz approaches and deciding whether Mr. Uhl’s entitlement to benefits is an issue
in this case, the parties invite this court to wade into the merits. While the scope of discovery
cannot be wholly divorced from the merits of a case, a discovery motion is not the proper vehicle
to hash out merits-based arguments. Indeed, courts consistently decline to assess such arguments
when determining whether discovery is relevant. Capture Eleven, LLC v. Otter Prods., LLC,
No. 20-cv-02551-RM-KLM, 2021 WL 12298517, at *5 (D. Colo. May 11, 2021) (“Defendants’
reliance on [case law] is a merits-based argument that normally should not preclude the
discovery of relevant evidence.”); Big City Dynasty v. FP Holdings, L.P., 336 F.R.D. 507, 512-13
(D. Nev. 2020) (“The Court rejects Kaskade’s attempt to shoehorn his merits-based arguments
into a relevance objection. . . . That Kaskade believes he will prevail in defeating or limiting that
defense through merits-based arguments presented in future dispositive motion practice does not
render irrelevant the Palms’ discovery probing the facts of that currently-live defense.”).8
8 See also, e.g., Boardwalk Apartments, LLC v. State Auto Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., No. 11-2714-
JAR, 2013 WL 1411768, at *2 (D. Kan. Apr. 8, 2013) (“Defendant’s arguments concerning the
merits of plaintiff’s claims are misguided and inappropriate in the context of a motion to
compel[.]”); Beaumont v. Branch, No. 2:23-cv-03546-DCN, 2024 WL 3742755, at *44 (D.S.C.
Aug. 9, 2024) (“Courts across the country agree that a party cannot refuse to engage in—and is
not excused from being subjected to—discovery simply because the discovery is relevant to a
claim on which the [resisting] party believes that he will or should prevail.”) (cleaned up); Penn
Eng’g & Mfg. Corp. v. Peninsula Components, Inc., No. CV 19-513, 2023 WL 4139375, at *4
(E.D. Pa. June 22, 2023) (“[T]he Court declines to rule on any of Peninsula’s merits-based
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Declining to choose between the parties’ competing merits arguments is even more
prudent given that United States District Judge Nina Y. Wang already has before her Mr. Uhl’s
Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and accompanying briefing, in which the parties make the
same substantive arguments as those raised here. See ECF Nos. 49 at 7-17; 53 at 10-20. It would
be highly inappropriate for this court to weigh in on an issue that is ultimately Judge Wang’s
prerogative to decide. Big City Dynasty, 336 F.R.D. at 512 (“Moreover, magistrate judges are
rightly reluctant to attempt to predict how a district judge might view merits-based arguments,
both because a different judge may view the arguments differently and because issuance of a
decision addressing the merits could prejudice the outcome on those issues.”).
Progressive aptly notes that Judge Wang has yet to say that Mr. Uhl’s entitlement to
benefits is not an issue in this case. And given the broad scope of relevance for purposes of
discovery, the court cannot find that the discovery sought by Progressive is not relevant. Thus,
Mr. Uhl’s refusal to respond to the Discovery Requests is not justified on relevancy grounds.
B. 	Physician-Patient Privilege
Next, the court considers whether the Discovery Requests seek information that, even if
relevant, is protected from discovery by the physician-patient privilege created by Colorado
statute, as Mr. Uhl contends. See Response at 13-15.
Under Colorado Revised Statute § 13-90-107(1)(d), a patient may prevent a treating
physician from disclosing information obtained in the course of treatment, and the privilege
applies “equally to in-court testimony and to pretrial discovery of information.” Hoffman v.
arguments and grants Penn Engineering’s motion to compel. If Peninsula wants a ruling on the
merits, it must seek it through the appropriate procedural channels.”).
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Brookfield Republic, Inc., 87 P.3d 858, 861 (Colo. 2004). Once the privilege attaches, “the only
basis for authorizing a disclosure of the confidential information is by express or implied
waiver.” Id. at 862 (quoting Clark v. Dist. Ct., Second Jud. Dist., City & Cnty. of Denver,
668 P.2d 3, 9 (Colo. 1983) (internal quotation marks omitted)).9 Implied waiver occurs when
“the privilege holder has injected his physical or mental condition into the case as the basis of a
claim or an affirmative defense.” Weil v. Dillon Cos., Inc., 109 P.3d 127, 130-31 (Colo. 2005)
(quoting Clark, 668 P.2d at 10 (internal quotation marks omitted)).
The court agrees with Mr. Uhl that he has not put his physical or mental condition at issue
in this case. Even if his medical treatment records might be tangentially relevant in some respect,
the Colorado Supreme Court has held that “‘relevance alone cannot be the test.’” Id. at 131
(quoting Johnson v. Trujillo, 977 P.2d 152, 157 (Colo. 1999)). “Rather, the test is whether [the
plaintiff] significantly injected his physical and mental condition as the basis of his claim.” Id.
(emphasis added) (citations omitted); see also Hoffman, 87 P.3d at 863 (holding plaintiff did not
waive privilege “merely by seeking damages under a generic claim of mental suffering which is
incidental to the physical injuries underlying the suit”). Nevertheless, the court finds that a
narrow sliver of Mr. Uhl’s medical records—which may or may not exist—are discoverable. The
discoverable records are those where Mr. Uhl “provided history to his medical providers relating
to how the accident occurred[.]” See Motion to Compel at 5.
The underlying purpose of the physician-patient privilege is “to enhance the effective
diagnosis and treatment of illness by protecting the patient from the embarrassment and
9 There is no indication of express waiver here, so the court is left to consider whether Mr. Uhl
impliedly waived privilege over his medical records.
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humiliation that might be caused” through disclosure of that information. Clark, 668 P.2d at 8.
By its very terms, § 13-90-107(1)(d) applies only to “information acquired in attending the
patient that was necessary to enable him or her to prescribe or act for the patient.” (emphasis
added). In interpreting this language, the Colorado Supreme Court has been unmistakably clear:
the privilege only covers information necessary for a physician to act or prescribe for the patient.
People v. Marquez, 692 P.2d 1089, 1095-96 (Colo. 1984), rejected in part on other grounds,
James v. People, 727 P.2d 85 (Colo. 1986) (finding that a bullet that was surgically removed
from the defendant’s body, and the testimony of attending medical personal concerning that fact,
did not violate the defendant’s physician-patient privilege). Such has been the construction of the
statutory physician-patient privilege in Colorado for more than one hundred years. See, e.g.,
People v. Covington, 19 P.3d 15, 19 (Colo. 2001) (“The physician-patient privilege attaches
when the information acquired by the physician is necessary for the physician to ‘act or prescribe
for the patient.’ Names, addresses, and phone numbers do not fall within the privilege because a
doctor does not need them to prescribe or act on behalf of the patient.”) (citing Belle Bonfils
Mem’l Blood Ctr. v. Dist. Ct., 763 P.2d 1003, 1009 (Colo. 1988) (internal citation omitted));
People v. Palomo, 31 P.3d 879, 883 (Colo. 2001) (drug screening and physical ability test results
did not fall under the physician-patient privilege where neither test was “performed in order to
enable a physician to treat” the defendants); People v. Reynolds, 578 P.2d 647, 648-49 (Colo.
1978) (noting that individual claiming sexual assault had informed her physician that “she had
not fought her assailant nor sustained bodily injuries, and finding that “the trial court should have
determined whether the particular information which defense counsel sought to elicit from the
doctor was in fact necessary for treatment”); Hanlon v. Woodhouse, 160 P.2d 998, 1001 (Colo.
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1945) (blood alcohol test results that were not necessary for treatment were not privileged); Cook
v. People, 153 P. 214, 216 (Colo. 1915) (patient telling physician how he received gunshot
wound and later refusal to allow physician to remove bullet was not necessary for treatment and
was not privileged).
Thus, information that was not necessary to Mr. Uhl’s treatment, even if obtained during
the course of treatment, cannot be privileged. Evaluated pursuant to this well-established law,
Progressive’s request for records containing Mr. Uhl’s recollection of how the accident occurred
falls outside the scope of the physician-patient privilege. Ultimately, Progressive wants to know
whether Mr. Uhl’s crash resulted from the actions of another driver or not. If Mr. Uhl conveyed
this information to his medical providers, there was no medical purpose to do so. The court
cannot envision how the treatment of Mr. Uhl’s injuries would have depended on whether he
swerved to avoid a vehicle or something else, and Mr. Uhl does not articulate how the impetus
for his swerving could be of any medical consequence. See Cook, 153 P. at 216 (“How
[defendant] came to be shot” was not protected by the physician-patient privilege because it “was
not necessary information to enable the doctor to prescribe or act for his patient.”).
The same cannot be said, however, for Progressive’s request for medical records
regarding Mr. Uhl’s ability to remember the accident. See Motion at 5. Records that expose Mr.
Uhl’s capacity to remember, and any memory loss, would implicate information that may have
been used to ascertain the extent of his injuries. Therefore, Mr. Uhl’s assertion of privilege
forecloses this aspect of his medical records from scrutiny by Progressive.
Accordingly, the court concludes that Mr. Uhl’s medical records are discoverable to the
extent they contain his description of how the accident occurred.
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II. 	Claim Notes and Emails
Progressive asserts that the notes and emails submitted for in camera review are protected
by both the attorney-client privilege and the work-product doctrine. The court has reviewed the
materials and finds that they are privileged and so it foregoes an analysis of whether the
documents also constitute protected work product.
Pursuant to Colorado Revised Statute § 13-90-107(1)(b), “[a]n attorney shall not be
examined without the consent of his client as to any communication made by the client to him or
his advice given thereon in the course of professional employment.” The attorney-client privilege
“is established by the act of a client seeking professional advice from a lawyer and extends only
to confidential matters communicated by or to the client in the course of gaining counsel, advice,
or direction with respect to the client’s rights or obligations.” People v. Tucker, 232 P.3d 194, 198
(Colo. App. 2009).
Even where the attorney-client privilege applies, its protections are not absolute. “The
client may impliedly or expressly waive the privilege that attaches to a protected
communication.” Wesp v. Everson, 33 P.3d 191, 198 (Colo. 2001). “[A] client impliedly waives
the privilege when he or she (1) discloses privileged communications to a third party or
(2) asserts a claim or defense focusing on advice given by the attorney, thereby placing the
allegedly privileged communications at issue.” State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Griggs, 419 P.3d
572, 575 (Colo. 2018). “[T]he fact that privileged information might become relevant in a given
lawsuit could not alone be enough to establish an implied waiver”; instead, it must be shown
“that the client asserted a claim or defense that depends on privileged information.” Id.
(emphasis in original). “The burden of establishing such a waiver rests with the party seeking to
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overcome the privilege.” Wesp, 33 P.3d at 197.
The court’s review has confirmed that the emails fall squarely in the realm of privileged
legal advice. The notes summarize that advice; thus, they, too, are privileged. And the court
discerns no basis to conclude that Progressive has impliedly waived the attorney-client privilege
as a consequence of the opinions offered by its retained expert, as Mr. Uhl argues. See Motion to
Supplement at 3-5. The court finds no reason to discredit Progressive’s statement that Mr. Werber
did not review the challenged materials in formulating his opinions, and so no implied waiver
could have occurred by that means. Cf. Jordan v. Terumo BCT, Inc., 550 P.3d 628, 636 (Colo.
2024), reh’g denied (July 1, 2024) (recognizing, in finding that the district court erred in
determining that plaintiffs had waived the attorney-client privilege with regard to
communications, that “for plaintiffs to have impliedly waived the attorney-client privilege over
their confidential communications, they would have needed to disclose the communications to
the expert. Nothing in the record indicates, however, and [defendant] does not appear to suggest,
that the expert saw any of the communications sent from plaintiffs to their counsel.”) (emphasis
in original); In re Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) Prods. Liab. Litig., 293 F.R.D. 568, 574
(S.D.N.Y. 2013) (“[F]urnishing work-product of a factual nature to a testifying expert constitutes
implied waiver of work-product protection to the extent that the expert considers the facts or data
disclosed in forming her opinion.”) (citations omitted). The court further notes that Progressive
has not pleaded advice of counsel as an affirmative defense and therefore has not placed any
legal advice from its counsel at issue. See generally Answer; see also Griggs, 419 P.3d at 575
(“[T]he fact that privileged information might become relevant in a given lawsuit could not alone
be enough to establish an implied waiver.”).
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In sum, the court finds that the challenged notes and emails are privileged and are not
discoverable.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the Motion to Compel, ECF No. 41, is GRANTED in
part and DENIED in part. The court respectfully orders Mr. Uhl to respond to the Discovery
Requests, as Progressive has agreed to narrow them, in accordance with this Order. It is further
ordered that Mr. Uhl produce an accompanying privilege log setting forth any objections that are
not inconsistent with this Order. The Motion to Supplement, ECF No. 46, is GRANTED. This
Order shall be stayed for fourteen days or until the resolution of any objection thereto.10
DATED: December 20, 2024 	BY THE COURT:
______________________________
Susan Prose
United States Magistrate Judge
10 Rule 72 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that within fourteen (14) days after
service of a Magistrate Judge’s order or recommendation, any party may serve and file written
objections with the Clerk of the United States District Court for the District of Colorado.
28 U.S.C. §§ 636(b)(1)(A), (B); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a), (b). Failure to make any such objection
will result in a waiver of the right to appeal the Magistrate Judge’s order or recommendation. See
Sinclair Wyo. Ref. Co. v. A & B Builders, Ltd., 989 F.3d 747, 783 (10th Cir. 2021) (firm waiver
rule applies to non-dispositive orders); but see Morales-Fernandez v. INS, 418 F.3d 1116, 1119,
1122 (10th Cir. 2005) (firm waiver rule does not apply when the interests of justice require
review, including when a “pro se litigant has not been informed of the time period for objecting
and the consequences of failing to object”).
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