Wind Tower Trade Coalition v. United States

Slip Op 13-44
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
WIND TOWER TRADE COALITION,
Plaintiff,
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant.
Before: Leo M. Gordon, Judge
Court No. 13-00080
Court No. 13-00081
Court No. 13-00082
[Motions for preliminary injunction denied.]
Dated: March 29, 2013
Alan H. Price, Daniel B. Pickard, Robert E. DeFrancesco, III, Lori E. Scheetz,
and Derick Holt, Wiley Rein LLP of Washington, DC for Plaintiff Wind Tower Trade
Coalition.
Joshua E. Kurland , Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, DC for Defendant United States. 	With him
on the brief were Stuart F. Delery, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne
E. Davidson, Director, and Reginald T. Blades, Jr., Assistant Director. 	Of Counsel was
Daniel 	J. 	Calhoun, 	Office 	of 	the 	Chief 	Counsel 	for 	Import 	Administration, 	U.S.
Department of Commerce of Washington, DC.
Bruce M. Mitchell, Ned H. Marshak, Mark E. Pardo, Andrew B. Schroth, and
Andrew T. Schutz, Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt LLP, of New
York, NY for Defendant-Intervenors CS Wind China Co., Ltd., CS Wind Vietnam Co.,
Ltd., and CS Wind Corporation.
Bruce M. Mitchell, Ned H. Marshak, and Kavita Mohan, Grunfeld, Desiderio,
Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt LLP, of New York, NY for Defendant-Intervenor Titan
Wind Energy (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.
Mark 	D. 	Davis, 	Davis 	& 	Leiman 	P.C., 	of 	Washington, 	DC 	for 	Defendant-
Intervenor Chengxi Shipyard Co., Ltd.
Elliot J. Feldman and Michael S. Snarr, BakerHostetler, of Washington, DC for
Defendant-Intervenor Siemens Energy Inc.
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OPINION and ORDER
Gordon, 	Judge: 	These 	actions 	involve 	the 	administration 	of 	trade 	remedy
provisional measures (cash deposits) pursuant to Sections 706(b) and 736(b) of the
Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671e(b) & 1673e(b), 1 by the U.S.
Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) at the conclusion of the antidumping and
countervailing duty investigations covering utility scale wind towers from the People’s
Republic of China (“China”) and the antidumping investigation covering that same
merchandise from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (“Vietnam”). 	Utility Scale Wind
Towers from the People’s Republic of China, 78 Fed. Reg. 11,146 (Dep’t of Commerce
Feb. 15, 2013) (antidumping duty order); Utility Scale Wind Towers from the People’s
Republic 	of 	China, 	78 	Fed. 	Reg. 	11,152 	(Dep’t 	of 	Commerce 	Feb. 	15, 	2013)
(countervailing duty order); Utility Scale Wind Towers from the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam, 78 Fed. Reg. 11,150 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 15, 2013) (antidumping duty
order) (collectively, “Orders”). 	In those investigations the U.S. International Trade
Commission (“ITC”) found injury to the domestic industry in an evenly divided vote (3-3).
Utility Scale Wind Towers from China and Vietnam, 78 Fed. Reg. 10,210 (Int’l Trade
Comm’n Feb. 13, 2013); see also Utility Scale Wind Towers from China and Vietnam,
USITC Inv. Nos. 701-TA-486 and 731-TA-1196 (Final), USITC Pub. 4372 (Feb. 2013);
see also 19 U.S.C. § 1677(11) (tie-breaking provision). 	Among the three affirmative
1 Further citations to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, are to the relevant provision of
Title 19 of the U.S. Code, 2006 edition.
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votes, two Commissioners found material injury, with the third finding threat, but no
material injury in the absence of provisional measures. 	78 Fed. Reg. 10,210 at n.2.
Commerce, in turn, has said that it will instruct U.S. Customs and Border Protection
(“Customs”) to release the cash deposits on subject merchandise entered before the
date of the ITC’s final determination in accordance with 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671e(b)(2) and
1673e(b)(2). See Orders.
Plaintiff seeks preliminary injunctions to (1) enjoin Commerce from terminating
the suspension of liquidation and ordering the refund of cash deposits for entries of
subject merchandise that were entered or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption
prior to February 13, 2013; and (2) enjoin Customs during the pendency of this litigation
before this court, including any subsequent remands and subsequent appeals, from
discontinuing the suspension of liquidation and refunding cash deposits on the subject
merchandise. 	Pl.’s Amend. Mot for Temporary Restraining Order & Prelim. Inj. at 1,
ECF No. 15 (Court No. 13-00080).
The court initially denied Plaintiff’s applications for temporary restraining orders
(“TRO”) and preliminary injunctions because it believed Plaintiff had not made an
adequate showing on the likelihood of success on the merits. 	Order Denying Temp.
Restraining Order, Feb. 28, 2013, ECF No. 21 (Court No. 13-00080) (“Feb. 28 Order”).
Plaintiff then submitted a supplemental response further explaining its position on its
likelihood of success. 	Pl.’s Resp. to the Court’s Mem. and Order, Mar. 1, 2013, ECF
No. 22 (Court No. 13-00080) (“Pl.’s Supp. Br.”). Although the court still harbored doubts
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about Plaintiff’s showing on the likelihood of success, the court entered a TRO to allow
the other interested parties an opportunity to respond to Plaintiff’s motions. 	Second
Mem. and Order on Pl.’s Application for a TRO and Prelim. Inj., Mar. 4, 2013, ECF No.
23 (Court No. 13-00080) (“Mar. 4 Order”). 	Defendant and Defendant-Intervenors, CS
Wind 	Corporation, 	CS 	Wind 	China 	Co., 	Ltd., 	and 	CS 	Wind 	Vietnam 	Co., 	Ltd.
(collectively “CS Wind”), have since expressed their opposition. Def.-Intervenors’ Opp’n
to Pl.’s Mot. for Prelim. Inj., Mar. 8, 2013, ECF No. 25; Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for
Prelim. Inj., Mar. 15, 2013, ECF No. 38. 	For the reasons set forth below, the court will
enter an order denying Plaintiff’s motions.
I. Standard Governing Issuance of Preliminary Injunction
To prevail on a motion for a preliminary injunction, the movant must establish that
(1) the movant is likely to succeed on the merits, (2) the movant is likely to suffer
irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, (3) the balance of equities tips
movant’s favor, and (4) an injunction is in the public interest. 	Winter v. Nat. Res. Def.
Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008); American Signature, Inc. v. United States, 598 F.3d
816, 823 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
In antidumping and countervailing duty cases preliminary injunctions against
liquidation have become almost automatic due to the retrospective nature of U.S. trade
remedies, see 19 C.F.R. § 351.212.(a), the length of the judicial review process, and the
cruciality of unliquidated entries for judicial review, see Zenith Radio Corp. v. United
States, 710 F.2d 806, 810 (Fed. Cir. 1983); SKF USA, Inc. v. United States, 512 F.3d
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1326, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“The Zenith rule renders a court action moot once
liquidation occurs.”); see also Qingdao Taifa Group Co. v. United States, 581 F.3d 1375,
1381-82 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“[T]he court . . . recognizes that 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(2)
envisions the use of preliminary injunctions in the antidumping context to preserve
proper legal options and to allow for a full and fair review of duty determination before
liquidation.”). 	The court has managed the irreparability of liquidation by employing a
sliding scale that requires a somewhat lower burden on the likelihood of success. Id. In
most antidumping and countervailing duty cases, motions for preliminary injunctions are
typically on consent. 	Cf. Ugine & Alz Belgium v. United States, 452 F.3d 1289, 1297
(Fed. Cir. 2006) (reversing denial of preliminary injunction despite all parties consenting
“to entry of a preliminary injunction prior to the trial court's ruling”). 	The other parties in
this action have not consented to Plaintiff’s motions.
Notwithstanding the near automaticity of preliminary injunctions in antidumping
and countervailing duty cases, they are not awarded as of right. 	See Qingdao Taifa,
581 F.3d at 1382 (acknowledging Supreme Court’s “emphasis on the importance of the
likelihood of success in the preliminary injunction calculus” in Munaf v. Geren, 553 U.S.
674, 689-690 (2008)). 	The movant must still demonstrate at least a fair chance of
success on the merits. Id. (quoting U.S. Ass'n of Imps. of Textiles & Apparel v. Dep't of
Commerce, 413 F.3d 1344, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2005)); FMC Corp. v. United States, 3 F.3d
424, 427 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (“Absent a showing that a movant is likely to succeed on the
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merits, we question whether the movant can ever be entitled to a preliminary injunction
unless some extraordinary injury or strong public interest is also shown.”).
II. Discussion
A. Background
Following 	a 	preliminary 	affirmative 	determination 	by 	Commerce, 	provisional
measures 	take 	effect 	pursuant 	to 	19 	U.S.C. 	§§ 	1671b(d)(2), 	1673b(d)(2), 	which
suspend liquidation and require cash deposits for entries of merchandise covered by the
investigation. 	These remedies are provisional because at that point in the investigation
only half of the trade remedy equation has been satisfied; the other half is the ITC’s final
injury determination, see 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671(a)(2), 1673(2), which dictates whether the
provisional cash deposits ripen into antidumping or countervailing duties, see 19 U.S.C.
§§ 1671e(b) and 1673e(b).
An ITC final injury determination comprises the votes of the six individual
Commissioners, each of whom chooses from among a menu of statutorily defined
choices (no injury, material injury, threat of material injury, or material retardation of
establishment of industry). 	19 U.S.C. §§ 1671d(b)(1), 1673d(b)(1), 1677(7); see also
U.S. 	Steel 	Group 	v. 	United 	States, 	96 	F.3d 	1352, 	1360 	(Fed. 	Cir. 	1996) 	(“The
Commission 	makes 	its 	determinations 	by 	tallying 	the 	votes 	of 	the 	six 	individual
commissioners.”). 	When a Commissioner votes for threat of material injury, that
Commissioner 	must 	also 	make 	an 	additional 	finding 	about 	whether 	the 	domestic
industry 	would 	have 	been 	materially 	injured 	in 	the 	absence 	of 	(or 	“but 	for”) 	the
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provisional measures. 	19 U.S.C. §§ 1671d(b)(4)(B), 1673d(b)(4)(B). 	This additional
finding correlates with sections 1671e(b) and 1673e(b), and depending on the other
Commissioners’ votes, may affect whether the cash deposits provisionally in place are
refunded under the “special rule” or retained under the “general rule” (and applied
against any antidumping and countervailing duties imposed). 	The additional “but for”
findings, when relevant, enable Commerce to identify whether the ITC has determined
that a domestic industry was materially injured during the provisional measures period
coincident with any sales at less than fair value or countervailable subsidies, thus
completing the trade remedy equation for entries covered by provisional measures.
Plaintiff 	challenges 	Commerce’s 	application 	of 	19 	U.S.C. 	§§ 	1671e(b) 	and
1673e(b), which establish a “general” and “special” rule for handling any provisional
measures in place when antidumping or countervailing duty orders issue. 	The “general
rule” applies if the ITC finds material injury or threat with an affirmative “but for” finding,
and 	duties 	are 	imposed 	on 	any 	provisionally 	suspended 	entries. 	19 	U.S.C.
§§ 1671e(b)(1), 1673e(b)(1). 	Alternatively, the “special rule” applies if the ITC finds
threat of material injury with a negative “but for” finding, or material retardation of the
establishment of an industry, and any provisional cash deposits are refunded because
Commerce’s 	orders 	are 	effective 	from 	the 	publication 	date 	of 	the 	ITC’s 	final
determination. 19 U.S.C. §§ 1671e(b)(2), 1673e(b)(2).2
2 Commerce has combined the two operative rules into one regulation, 19 C.F.R.
§ 351.211(b)(3). 	Although the regulation is somewhat more accessible and readable
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The general and special rules of sections 1671e(b) and 1673e(b) were enacted
by the Trade Agreements Act of 1979, Pub. L. No. 96-39, 93 Stat. 144, which
implemented the United States’ international commitments at the conclusion of the
Tokyo 	Round 	of 	Multilateral 	Trade 	Negotiations, 	including 	the 	Agreement 	on
Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade addressing
antidumping duties, and the Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI,
XVI, and XXIII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade addressing countervailing
duties. 	The 	purpose 	of 	sections 	1671e(b) 	and 	1673e(b) 	was 	to 	implement 	the
provisions of those agreements prohibiting the collection of duties during the provisional
measures period “unless the final determination is that there is material injury or threat
of material injury which, but for provisional measures, e.g., suspension of liquidation,
during the investigation, would have been material injury.” 	S. Rep. No. 96-249, at 59,
77 (1979), reprinted in 1979 U.S.C.C.A.N. 381, 463 (emphasis added). 	Both of those
agreements 	recognize 	that, 	without 	a 	finding 	of 	material 	injury 	or 	threat 	with 	an
affirmative “but for” finding, there is no affirmative injury determination to support the
imposition 	of 	duties 	during 	the 	provisional 	measures 	period. 	See 	Agreement 	on
Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Apr. 12,
than sections 1671e(b) and 1673e(b), it essentially just paraphrases them, meaning that
the issue here does not implicate Commerce’s interpretation of its regulation, but its
application and interpretation of the statutory provisions themselves. 	See Gonzales v.
Oregon, 546 U.S. 243, 257 (2006) (“the existence of a parroting regulation does not
change the fact that the question . . . is not the meaning of the regulation but the
meaning of the statute.”).
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1979), GATT B.I.S.D. (26th Supp.) at 171, 181 (1980) (“Provisional measures may be
taken only after a preliminary affirmative finding has been made that there is dumping
and that there is sufficient evidence of injury, as provided for in (a) to (c) of paragraph 1
of Article 5.”); Agreement on Interpretation and Application of Articles VI, XVI and XXIII
of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Apr. 12, 1979), GATT B.I.S.D. (26th
Supp.) at 56, 63 (1980) (“Provisional measures may be taken only after a preliminary
affirmative finding has been made that a subsidy exists and that there is sufficient
evidence of injury as provided for in Article 2, paragraph 1 (a) to (c).”).3
The statute does not explicitly address whether the general or special rule
applies to the fragmented ITC voting pattern presented in these cases: an evenly
divided affirmative determination comprising three negative votes and three affirmative
votes, with two commissioners voting for material injury and one voting for threat with a
3 The same restrictions on the imposition of duties during the provisional measures
period carried forward into the current Agreement on Implementation of Article VI
concerning antidumping duties and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing
Measures, both adopted at the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade
Negotiations in 1994. 	“Article 10 provides several exceptions to this general principle
that . . .{“antidumping duties, in the case of a final determination, will apply to imports
entered after” the final determination is made} . . . that permit the national authorities to
apply final duties to imports entered at an earlier stage of an investigation. 	First, as
under current U.S. law, national authorities may apply definitive antidumping duties from
the date of application of provisional measures if the final injury determination is based
on present material injury. Second, as under current law, national authorities may apply
definitive antidumping duties from the date of application of provisional measures if the
final injury determination is based on threat of material injury if the authorities determine
that but for the application of provisional measures injury would have occurred.”
Uruguay Round Amendments Act, Statement of Administrative Action, H.R. Doc. No.
103-316, at 816 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4158.
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“but for” negative material injury finding. 	It is, however, a voting pattern that the court
has addressed once before in MBL (USA) Corp. v. United States, 16 CIT 108, 787 F.
Supp. 202 (1992) (“MBL”).
In MBL the court reviewed Commerce’s interpretation of 19 U.S.C. § 1673e
following an ITC injury determination with the same fragmented voting pattern here.
There were three negative votes and three affirmative votes, including two for material
injury, and one for threat of material injury with a “but for” negative finding pursuant to
19 U.S.C. § 1673d(b)(4)(B). 	Commerce did not apply the special rule of section
1673e(b)(2) despite the 4 negative votes of material injury for the provisional measures
period, and instead planned to apply the general rule of 19 U.S.C. § 1673e(b)(1) and
impose 	duties 	on 	the 	suspended 	entries. 	The 	court 	reviewed 	Commerce’s
interpretation of 19 U.S.C. § 1673e(b) under the second prong of Chevron, U.S.A., Inc.
v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842–45 (1984), and determined that
Commerce’s interpretation was an unreasonable application of the statute to which the
court could not defer.
The court noted Commerce’s position of ignoring the three negative votes and
focusing 	on 	the 	three 	affirmative 	votes: 	“Commerce 	first 	determines 	whether 	the
Commission as a whole has made an affirmative or a negative determination. 	If
Commerce determines that the Commission has made an affirmative determination, it
then analyzes the affirmative votes of the Commissioners to determine the appropriate
date for the imposition of antidumping duties.” 	MBL, 16 CIT at 113-14, 787 F. Supp. at
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207–08 (quoting government brief at 15-16). 	The court questioned the reasonableness
of this approach:
If this was the approach, whether based on agency practice or not,
the court is not persuaded that it led to the proper adherence to 19 U.S.C.
§ 1673e(b). 	To be sure, subsection (2) thereof does not refer to a
“negative” 	determination; 	it 	refers 	to 	a 	“final 	determination” 	of 	the
Commission. 	And, while the final determinations in these cases were
affirmative under section 1677(11), if two of the three commissioners
reporting negative views had considered the facts as constituting instead
threats of material injury and then made negative but-for findings, as
Commissioner Rohr did, the special rule of subsection (2) would have
been applied. Yet, although those three actually reached outright negative
conclusions, the dictate of section 1673e(b)(1) was apparently followed by
the ITA—in the face of the fact that a majority of the ITC members had
found that the domestic industry was not being materially injured, and
would not have been during the time in question in the absence of
provisional relief. 	Inherent in such negative views is the realization that
antidumping duties will not be imposed, just as affirmative views can
signify imposition of such duties from the date of a preliminary less-than-
fair-value determination rather than from the date of a final decision on
material injury.
Id. 	The MBL court did some simple math and could not understand how two votes for
and four votes against material injury during the provisional measures period could
reasonably justify application of the general rule.
In this case respondents alerted Commerce to MBL and argued that Commerce
should therefore apply the special rule. Plaintiff responded, arguing that there were
conflicting precedents at the U.S. Court of International Trade and that Commerce had
a practice of applying the general rule to the voting pattern in question. 	Commerce
ultimately applied the special rule, expressly noting the holding of MBL in each of the
Orders. 	Utility Scale Wind Towers from the People’s Republic of China, 78 Fed. Reg.
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11,146, 1147 n.8 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 15, 2013) (antidumping duty order) (other
footnotes omitted); see also Utility Scale Wind Towers from the People’s Republic of
China, 	78 	Fed. 	Reg. 	11,152, 	11,153 	n.8 	(Dep’t 	of 	Commerce 	Feb. 	15, 	2013)
(countervailing duty order); Utility Scale Wind Towers from the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam, 78 Fed. Reg. 11,150, 11,151-52 n.11 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 15, 2013)
(antidumping duty order).
B. Likelihood of Success on the Merits
Plaintiff contends that Commerce erred in applying the special rule and must
instead follow the general rule of sections 1671e(b)(1) and 1673e(b)(1). 	Given MBL,
the court was initially skeptical of any likelihood of success on this issue. 	See Feb. 28
Order; Mar. 4 Order. Having since reviewed the responses of Defendant and CS Wind,
the court is now even further persuaded that this issue is just not winnable. 	Beginning
from 	the 	premise 	that 	Congress 	did 	not 	address 	the 	specific 	ITC 	voting 	pattern
presented here, it is not difficult to sustain Commerce’s interpretation of sections
1671e(b) and 1673e(b) as a reasonable construction of the statute to which the court
must defer.
When the court examines the lawfulness of Commerce’s statutory interpretations,
it employs the two-pronged test established in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def.
Council, 	Inc., 	467 	U.S. 	837, 	842–45 	(1984). 	The 	court 	first 	examines 	“whether
Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue,” and if it has, the agency
and the court must honor the clear intent of Congress. 	Id. at 842-43. 	If, however, “the
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statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the
court is whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of the
statute.” Id. at 843. 	“Any reasonable construction of the statute is a permissible
construction,” Timken Co. v. United States, 354 F.3d 1334, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2004)
(citation and quotation marks omitted), and Commerce’s “interpretation governs in the
absence of unambiguous statutory language to the contrary or unreasonable resolution
of language that is ambiguous.” United States v. Eurodif S.A., 555 U.S. 305, 316 (2009)
(citation omitted). 	To determine whether Commerce's interpretation is reasonable, the
court “may look to ‘the express terms of the provisions at issue, the objectives of those
provisions, and the objectives of the antidumping scheme as a whole.’” 	Wheatland
Tube Co. v. United States, 495 F.3d 1355, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (quoting 	NSK Ltd. v.
United States, 26 CIT 650, 654, 217 F. Supp. 2d 1291, 1297 (2002)).
Commerce’s application of the special rule to the fragmented ITC voting pattern
here (3 negative, 2 material injury, 1 threat plus “but for” negative) flows reasonably
from the specific statutory provisions, their purposes, and the statute as a whole, as the
court explained in MBL. The statute states that imposing an earlier effective date for the
orders under the general rule is proper when the ITC “finds material injury or threat of
material injury [with an affirmative “but for” determination.]” 	19 U.S.C. §§ 1671e(b)(1),
1673e(b)(1). 	And 	here, 	although 	the 	Commission 	reached 	an 	affirmative 	injury
determination, it was fragmented with a majority of four Commissioners finding that the
domestic industry was not materially injured during the provisional measures period.
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This was the same circumstance analyzed and explained 20 years ago by the court in
MBL. 	Commerce’s decision to apply the special rule consistent with the analysis of
MBL is reasonable.
Plaintiff 	insists 	that 	the 	special 	rule 	cannot 	apply 	because 	only 	one
Commissioner voted for threat. Pl.’s Supp. Br. at 10. 	Plaintiff misunderstands the
consequences 	of 	a 	fragmented 	ITC 	affirmative 	determination. 	The 	fragmented
determination here necessarily involved a finding that the domestic industry was at least
threatened with material injury because in addition to the one threat finding, the two
broader material injury findings inherently entail the narrower finding of threat. Cf. MBL,
16 CIT at 113-14, 787 F. Supp. at 208 (explaining that three negative determinations
inherently entailed negative “but for” determinations as well). 	And in trying to resolve
the proper treatment of the provisional measures under the general or special rule, it
was 	reasonable 	for 	Commerce 	to 	interpret 	the 	ITC’s 	fragmented 	affirmative
determination based upon the narrower ground of the one vote for threat plus the
negative “but for” determination rather than the two Commissioners’ material injury
votes that were outnumbered by the four Commissioners voting against material injury
during the provisional measures period.
Plaintiff also contends that there are conflicting precedents at the Court of
International Trade. 	Pl.’s Supp. Br. at 8-9. 	The court does not agree. 	There is one
applicable precedent covering the ITC voting pattern presented in this case: MBL. 	The
earlier case upon which Plaintiff relies, Metallverken Nederland B.V. v. United States,
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13 CIT 1013, 728 F. Supp. 730 (1989), did not involve the same ITC voting pattern, nor
did it involve Commerce’s interpretation of an ITC final determination, as Commerce
was not a party to the action. 	The court in MBL examined the Metallverken decision
and found it of limited persuasive weight on the question of the proper treatment of
provisional measures. MBL, 16 CIT at 111-12, 787 F. Supp. at 206.
Finally, 	Plaintiff 	contends 	that 	Commerce’s 	application 	of 	the 	special 	rule
represents an unexplained departure from agency practice. 	Pl.’s Supp. Br. at 8, 12.
Plaintiff attempts to identify an agency “practice” from Silicomanganese from Brazil,
59 Fed. Reg. 66,003 (Dep’t of Commerce Dec. 22, 1994) (antidumping duty order), a
single instance post-dating MBL in which Commerce appears to have treated the same
ITC voting pattern as requiring imposition of duties from the date of suspension of
liquidation following a preliminary affirmative determination by Commerce. 	Of note, the
lone respondent in the investigation withdrew its participation. 	See Silicomanganese
from Brazil, 59 Fed. Reg. 55,432, 55,433 (Dep’t of Commerce Nov. 7, 1994) (final
antidumping 	determination). 	Despite 	Commerce 	not 	explaining 	its 	reasoning, 	or
mentioning MBL, see Silicomanganese from Brazil, 59 Fed. Reg. at 66,003-04, Plaintiff
overstates 	this 	single, 	nearly 	20-year-old 	post-MBL 	proceeding 	as 	Commerce
“disagree[ing] with the [C]ourt’s finding in MBL” and establishing or continuing an
operative agency “practice” regarding provisional measures. Pl.’s Supp. Br. at 12.
More 	fundamentally 	though, 	Commerce’s 	interpretation 	of 	the 	statute 	in
Silicomanganese from Brazil does not preclude Commerce’s interpretation here. To the
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extent Silicomanganese from Brazil, a single case from 19 years ago, can be said to
establish any sort of post-MBL agency practice, Commerce provided an explanation in
the Orders citing directly to MBL as to why interpreting the statute in a different manner
is reasonable. 	Under the Chevron framework initial agency interpretations are not
“instantly carved in stone” and may change so long as an agency provides a reasonable
basis for doing so. 	Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173, 186-87 (1991); see also National
Cable & Telecomms. Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 981 (2005)
(“Agency inconsistency is not a basis for declining to analyze the agency’s interpretation
under the Chevron framework. . . . For if the agency adequately explains the reasons for
a reversal of policy, ‘change is not invalidating, since the whole point of Chevron is to
leave the discretion provided by the ambiguities of a statute with the implementing
agency.’” (internal citations omitted)). 	In issuing the Orders Commerce provided an
interpretation of the statute that has already been validated by the court in MBL.
Given the reasonableness of Commerce’s application of the special rule, the
court cannot direct Commerce by affirmative injunction to apply the general rule, leaving
Plaintiff without a fair chance of success in this action.
C. Irreparable Injury
As noted above, parties tend to establish irreparable injury fairly easily in trade
cases because of the negative consequences of liquidation. 	Here, the court believes
that Plaintiff has established such injury because once the entries covered by the
provisional measures are liquidated, the court cannot provide any meaningful relief for
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Plaintiff. 	Both Defendant and CS Wind suggest that Plaintiff may not satisfy the Zenith
standard of irreparable harm because the underlying proceeding was an investigation,
not an administrative review. 	See American Spring Wire Corp. v. United States, 7 CIT
2, 5, 578 F. Supp. 1405, 1408 (1984) (if court is reviewing “a final agency determination
under 19 U.S.C. §§ 1303, 1671d or 1673d, the party seeking injunctive relief must make
some showing of immediate and irreparable injury beyond the mere invocation of
Zenith.”). 	The court, though, does not see much merit in this contention and believes
Plaintiff has easily satisfied the Zenith standard.
D. Balance of Equities
Although Plaintiff appears to have established irreparable injury in the absence of
an injunction, and this usually is enough to tip the equities in the movant’s favor in a
trade case, here, in addition to the problem of Plaintiff failing to establish a likelihood of
success on the merits, the unique aspects of provisional measures adds additional
considerations to the balance of the equities. 	Provisional measures are accorded
distinct treatment in the antidumping and countervailing duty laws. 	They take effect
when Commerce issues a preliminary affirmative less than fair value or countervailing
duty determination, and generally “may not remain in effect for more than 4 months.”
19 U.S.C. §§ 1671b(d), 1673b(d). 	An injunction against liquidation for the pendency of
the litigation would necessarily prolong the provisional measures well beyond their
statutory limits. 	Another characteristic of provisional measures is that there is no
interest on refunds of provisional cash deposits under the special rule. 	See 19 U.S.C.
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§§ 1671e(b)(2), 1673e(b)(2), 1677(g); see also Dynacraft Indus., Inc. v. United States,
24 CIT 987, 118 F. Supp. 2d 1286 (2000). Therefore, the longer the entries covered by
the provisional remedies remain unliquidated, the longer importers who have paid
provisional cash deposits are denied access to their refunds without any possibility of
obtaining interest.
Given the weakness of Plaintiff’s arguments on the merits, the court is concerned
that issuance of preliminary injunctions against liquidation here may be a misuse of the
court’s equitable power by keeping the provisional measures in place beyond their
prescribed 	4-month 	period 	and 	by 	depriving 	importers 	of 	the 	time 	value 	of 	their
provisional cash deposits. 	The court therefore does not believe that the balance of the
equities favors the movant.
E. Public Interest
A preliminary injunction is generally in the public interest in order “to maintain the
status quo of the unliquidated entries until a final resolution of the merits.” Smith–
Corona Group v. United States, 1 CIT 89, 98, 507 F. Supp. 1015 (1980). Nevertheless,
the court does not believe it is in the public interest to issue preliminary injunctions in
actions where there is no likelihood of success on the merits.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the court does not believe that issuance of preliminary
injunctions in these actions is appropriate. Accordingly, it is hereby
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ORDERED that Plaintiff’s motions for preliminary injunctions are denied; and it is
further
ORDERED that the Temporary Restraining Orders issued March 4, 2013 are
dissolved.
/s/ Leo M. Gordon
Judge Leo M. Gordon
Dated: 	March 29, 2013
New York, New York
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