American Suzuki Motor Corporation

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FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT
CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
SANTA ANA DIVISION
In re:
AMERICAN SUZUKI MOTOR
CORPORATION,
Debtor(s),
Case No.: 8:12-bk-22808-SC
Chapter 11
ORDER AND MEMORANDUM OPINION ON
OBJECTION TO PROOF OF CLAIM NO.
520-1 [DOCKET NO. 1383]
DATE: MAY 29, 2013
TIME: 9:30 A.M.
CTRM: 5C
CLAIM OBJECTION FILED: MARCH 29,
2013 AS DK. NO. 1383.
Before the Court is an Objection to Claim of South Motors Suzuki, Inc. (Proof of Claim
No. 520-1 the) (the “Claim Objection”) arising from damages resulting from the Debtor’s
rejection of an executory automobile dealership sales and service agreement.
The Court concludes as follows:
South Motors Suzuki, Inc. (“South Motors”) is entitled to compensation for rejection of
the Agreement consisting of the lost profits from the sale of the automobile inventory, parts and
accessories in stock at the time of South Motor’s tender of the automobile inventory, parts and
accessories. South Motors has already been paid the amounts of the contractual repurchase
obligations, and thus nothing is owed further on that account. The lost profits for sales of
FILED & ENTERED
JUN 04 2013
CLERK U.S. BANKRUPTCY COURT
Central District of California
BY DEPUTY CLERK	nbolte
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automobile inventory, and parts and accessories in stock at the time of the tender are
determined to be $21,461.00. South Motors is not entitled to any damages based on lost
profits with respect to future sales or services for the reasons set forth within this decision.
South Motors is not entitled to any common law breach of contract damages based on fair
market value of its Suzuki business for the reasons set forth within this decision.
South Motors is not entitled to receive any damages arising under Florida state law,
because (a) the asserted Florida statutes are preempted by the United States Bankruptcy
Code (11 U.S.C. § 101 et. seq.) (the “Bankruptcy Code”) and (b) even if the Florida statutes
were not preempted by federal law, they are not applicable because (i) it would be
constitutionally impermissible to retroactively apply Florida Law and (ii) the Agreement is
controlled by its California choice of law provision.
The Agreement provides for recovery of attorney fees to prevailing parties. Analyzing
the respective positions of the parties, the demands asserted, and payments initially made
through the executory contract rejection process, and the results of this claim objection, the
Court concludes that the Debtor is the prevailing party in this proceeding, and thus shall be
awarded legal fees and costs in its favor and against South Motors in an amount to be
determined by further evidentiary presentation.
FACTS
On November 5, 2012 (the “Petition Date”), American Suzuki Motor Corporation
(“ASMC” or the “Debtor”) filed its petition under Chapter 11 of Title 11, United States Code (the
Bankruptcy Code”). The Debtor was a California corporation organized in 1986 and privately
owned by Suzuki Motor Corporation, a Japanese corporation. At the time of the petition date,
the Debtor was the sole distributor in the continental United States of Suzuki automobiles,
motorcycles, ATVs, and marine outboard engines (collectively “Suzuki Products”). As of the
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Petition Date, the Debtor wholesaled the Suzuki Products through three primary business
divisions: automotive (the “Automotive Division”), motorcycles and ATV (the “Motorcycles/ATV
Division”), and outboard marine motors and related products (the “Marine Division”). During
the pre-petition operation of its business, the Debtor purchased Suzuki Products from its non-
debtor parent Suzuki Motor Corporation (“SMC”), Suzuki Manufacturing of America
Corporation, an affiliate of the Debtor, and certain other non-debtor affiliates. In turn, the
Debtor wholesaled most of its inventory through a network of independently owned and
unaffiliated dealerships located throughout the continental United States. The dealers then
marketed and sold the Suzuki Products to retail customers. As of the Petition Date, there were
approximately 220 automotive remaining dealerships, over 900 motorcycle/ATV dealerships,
and over 780 outboard marine dealerships.
According to the Debtor’s approved Third Amended Disclosure Statement,
The Debtor commenced this chapter 11 case to restructure its Automotive
Division. The Automotive Division has recently faced and will continue to face
numerous adverse business issues including: (a) declining sales volume and
market-share, (b) unfavorable foreign currency exchange rates for products
manufactured outside the United States, (c) the high cost associated with
growing and maintaining an automotive distribution system in the continental
United States, (d) having a limited number of models in its line-up that are being
offered to consumers in an already highly competitive automotive market, (e)
disproportionally high and increasing compliance costs associated with stringent
state and federal automotive regulatory requirements unique to the continental
United States market, and (f) existing and potential litigation costs. In the face of
these business challenges, the Debtor’s efforts to reduce operating costs have
proven to be insufficient to meet the rising cost of maintaining a competitive and
profitable automobile distribution network in the continental United States.
As part of the Automotive Division restructuring, the Debtor will discontinue new
automotive sales after its existing automotive inventory is sold. Certain of its
existing automotive dealers will be extended an offer to transition their existing
dealerships from new sales to provide only service and parts. Through the
service and parts dealers, manufacturer’s warranties relating to the Debtor’s
automobiles will be honored to the extent that has been authorized by the Court
as discussed below, and the cost associated with such service will continue to be
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reimbursed to the participating dealers as part of the Continuing Business (as
defined below).
Third Amended Disclosure Statement, Dk. No. 587, p. 45, lines 22-28, through p. 46, lines 1-
12.
Immediately following the Petition Date, the Debtor contacted its approximately 220
remaining automotive dealers, offering to enter into letter agreements and service and parts
agreements which would result in resolution of dealer claims. Less than thirty days later, the
Debtor had entered into 213 agreements, culminating in the December 21, 2012, approved
Auto Dealer Agreements Motion (the “Dealers Agreement Motion”). Since that December 2012
approval, the Court estimates that another six dealers have resolved their claims with the
Debtor under the umbrella of the Dealers Agreement Motion or related settlements. That
agreement provided, inter alia, that the approximate 220 dealers, including South Motors,
could have maintained their parts and service dealer status for another eight (8) years, and
maintained whatever financial benefits such status would have bestowed on the accepting
dealers. South Motors was offered the option to continue as a Suzuki service and parts dealer
with the successor owner of the business assets for another eight years, and chose not to
participate in that arrangement.
SOUTH MOTORS’ CLAIM AND DEBTOR’S OBJECTION
South Motor’s Claim
South Motors was a Suzuki automobile dealer operating under the terms of a 1995
Three Year Dealer Sales and Service Agreement and its Standards Provisions (the “SMS
Agreement”) with the Debtor.1 The Court finds that the SMS Agreement was extended by
1 The Three Year Dealer and Service Agreement, and its accompanying Standard Provisions, are attached to the
Debtor’s Objection to the South Motors Claim as exhibits “A” and “D”, respectively, and can be found at Dk. No.
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letter agreement for one year, through August 15, 1999.2 Finally, the parties agree that no
other modifications or alterations were made to the SMS Agreement and that they have been
operating under this agreement since that time.
By Order dated January 11, 2013, the Debtor rejected the SMS Agreement, effective as
of December 20, 2012. South Motors filed its Claim on January 31, 2013, in the amount of
$1,595,601, plus attorney fees and costs, based on certain post-termination obligations arising
under the SMS Agreement and applicable state law (the “Claim”). The Claim is comprised of:
(a) $531,867 under the repurchase categories articulated in the SMS Agreement and various
provisions of the Florida Motor Vehicle Licenses Act (the “Act”), and (b) an additional
$1,063,734, based on South Motors’ argument that it is entitled to treble damages under the
Act. South Motors asserts that “[T]he Florida laws (in question), Fla. Stat. §§ 320.64(36) and
320.697, provide for the calculation of South Motors’ base damages claim and, where those
damages are not paid, a trebling of damages and the addition of reasonable attorney’s fees.”
South Motors Opposition, Dk. No. 1533, p. 4, lines 1-3. South Motors asserts that while
certain of these applicable statutes were enacted after it entered into the 1995 SMS
Agreement, they are retroactive in nature. South Motors also provides the Court with an
extensive analysis of claims damages arising from the Act and its analysis that the Act should
be retroactively applied.
1384. These two documents are also marked as Exhibit “1” and Exhibit “3”, respectively, of the jointly submitted
marked exhibits which were admitted into evidence during the hearing.
2 South Motors argued in Court that the one year extension letter was not binding because “South Motors did not
sign it.” This Court finds that South Motors did not repudiate the letter and acted at all times, for the next
approximate 12 years, under its terms and conditions. It seems to the Court that South Motors only argues that
the letter extension does not apply so that they can then argue that they are entitled to three years of future
contract damages, since the initial agreement was three years. No other benefits or detriments exist with respect
to South Motors’ argument. The Court finds South Motor’s argument that the extension letter has no force or
effect disingenuous, opportunistic and simply wrong.
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South Motors alternatively argues that if the Act does not apply, it is entitled to a
common law claim for breach of contract under Florida law. It states:
If, for any reason, the Act did not apply to the current circumstances, South
Motors would hold a common law claim for breach of contract under Florida law.
Pursuant to Section 365(g) of the Bankruptcy Code, “the rejection of an
executory contract or unexpired lease of the debtor constitutes a breach of such
contract or lease[.]” 11 U.S.C. § 365(g). In Florida, “[i]t is a fundamental principle
of contract law that once liability for a contract breach is established, an injured
party is entitled as a matter of right to compensatory damages.” MSM Golf, L.L.C.
v. Newgent, 853 So. 2d 1086, 1087 (Fla. Ct. App. 5th Dist. 2003) (holding that a
jury verdict that finds that one party breached two contracts but fails to award any
damages is inconsistent and cannot stand).
South Motors Opposition, Dk. No. 1533, p. 6, lines 3-10.
South Motors finally asserts that it is entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs
pursuant to both the Act and the SMS Agreement contractual provisions. South Motors
Opposition, Dk. No. 1533, p. 16, lines 17-25.
The Debtor’s Claim Objection
The Debtor raises a number of objections to the South Motors’ claim. First, the Debtor
asserts that any repurchase obligation for inventory was satisfied on March 13, 2013, when the
Debtor paid South Motors the amount of $200,898. Second, the Debtor asserts that the
balance of the repurchase obligation asserted by South Motors consists of reimbursement for
the fair market value of the dealership as of 12 months before the termination, and that amount
is not recoverable because (a) the Florida statutes cited by South Motors were enacted in
2009 and do not retroactively apply to the 1995 SMS Agreement, and (b) this provision of the
Act is preempted by the Bankruptcy Code. Third, the Debtor asserts that even if South Motors
was entitled to the fair market value of its Suzuki franchise pursuant to Fla Stat.
§ 320.64(36)(b), the value claimed is grossly inflated. The Debtor asserts that, based on a
proper analysis, that amount should be no more than $135,992. Fourth, the Debtor argues
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that there is no basis for treble damages, attorney fees or costs under Florida state law
because the Debtor has not violated any provision of the Act. Even if there were a violation,
the Debtor says, there is not an allegation of any pecuniary damages arising from such a
violation that might be trebled.
Finally, the Debtor asserts that it is entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs under
provisions of the SMS Agreement.
DISCUSSION
The Florida Dealer Statutes are Preempted
by Section 365 of the Bankruptcy Code
The Ninth Circuit decision In re Baker & Drake, Inc. (Baker & Drake, Inc. v. Public
Service Commission of Nevada), 35 F.3d 1348 (9th Cir. 1994), teaches that it is “a familiar and
well-established principle that the Supremacy Clause, U.S. Const., Art. VI, cl. 2, invalidates
state laws that 'interfere with, or are contrary to,' federal law." Hillsborough Cty. v. Automated
Medical Labs., Inc., 471 U.S. 707, 712, 85 L. Ed. 2d 714, 105 S. Ct. 2371 (1985) (quoting
Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. 1, 9 Wheat. 1, 211, 6 L. Ed. 23 (1824)).” Baker & Drake, 35 F. 3d
at 1352. In Baker & Drake, a Chapter 11 debtor taxicab company proposed a plan of
reorganization which provided that its drivers would become independent contractors instead
of employees. The court approved the plan and enjoined the Nevada Public Service
Commission from enforcing a Nevada statute requiring drivers to be employees. The District
Court reversed the bankruptcy court, holding that the Bankruptcy Code did not preempt the
Nevada Statute. The Ninth Circuit affirmed the District Court’s finding of non-preemption,
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determining that the specific Nevada statute was a reasonable regulation intended to secure
the public convenience and safety.3
Guided by Baker & Drake, the appropriate analysis for determining preemption is to look
first “to the intent and sweep of the federal statute.” Baker & Drake, 35 F.3d at 1353. The
federal statute’s preemptive intent may be express or implied, and with respect to implicit
preemption, inference may occur where “the scheme if federal regulation is sufficiently
comprehensive to make reasonable the inference that Congress “left no room” for
supplementary state regulation.” Baker & Drake, supra. Drawing from the Supreme Court
decisions Hillsborough County, 471 U.S. at 713, and Louisiana Public Serv. Comm'n v. FCC,
476 U.S. 355, 368-69 (1986), the Ninth Circuit determined that
Even where Congress has not completely displaced state regulation in a specific
area, state law is nullified to the extent that it actually conflicts with federal law.
Such a conflict arises when "compliance with both federal and state regulations is
a physical impossibility," or when state law "stands as an obstacle to the
accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress."
Baker & Drake, 35 F.3d at 1353.
The next step of the Baker and Drake analysis is to determine whether the state statute
“stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and
objectives” of the Bankruptcy Code, or whether the state statute is designed to protect the
public health or safety. This step was derived by the Ninth Circuit’s analysis of two Supreme
Court cases, Perez v. Campbell, 402 U.S. 637 (1971), and Midlantic National Bank v. New
Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 474 U.S. 494 (1986).
In Perez, the Supreme Court found that an Arizona statute carved out an exception to
the federal discharge provision of the Bankruptcy Act (the bankruptcy law prior to the
3 The Ninth Circuit in Baker & Drake, Inc. also confirmed that whether a state statute is preempted is a question of
law reviewed de novo, citing Holman v. Laulo-Rowe Agency, 994 F.2d 666, 668 (9th Cir. 1993).
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enactment of the 1978 Bankruptcy Code), and was thus invalid. The Arizona statute provided
that damages arising from accidents involving uninsured motorists were not dischargeable,
and, according to the Supreme Court, preemption existed as such a law frustrated the full
effectiveness of federal law. Baker and Drake, 35 F.3d at 1353, citing Perez, 402 U.S. at 652.
In Midlantic National Bank, which involved the bankruptcy of a waste oil processor, a
chapter 7 trustee wished to quickly abandon two hazardous material contaminated sites faster
than an f/1.4 lens pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 554(a). The City and State of New York, as well as
the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, objected, asserting that such
abandonment would violate local and state laws. The bankruptcy court ordered abandonment;
however a divided three member panel of the Third Circuit (taking a direct appeal from the
bankruptcy court) reversed, holding that Congress did not intend to preempt all state
regulation, but only those grounded on policies which were outweighed by the relevant federal
interests. The Supreme Court granted certiorari and affirmed, holding that the Bankruptcy
Code did not preempt "a state statute or regulation that is reasonably designed to protect the
public health or safety from identified hazards." Midlantic, 474 U.S. at 507 (emphasis added).
Following examination of these Supreme Court rulings, the Ninth Circuit established an
analytical standard as follows:
As we view these cases, they suggest that federal bankruptcy preemption is
more likely (1) where a state statute facially or purposefully carves an exception
out of the Bankruptcy Act, or (2) where a state statute is concerned with
economic regulation rather than with protecting the public health and safety.
Baker & Drake, 35 F.3d at 1353.
A significant body of federal case law exists supporting the view that state laws are
preempted when they seek to impair a bankruptcy trustee or debtor from assuming or rejecting
executory contracts. These include decisions arising from automobile distributor bankruptcies
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seeking to eliminate dealership agreements through the contract rejection mechanism under
11 U.S.C. § 365. The most prominent of these decisions, In re Old Carco LLC (f/k/a Chrysler
LLC), 406 B.R. 180 (S.D.N.Y. 2009), directly addressed the preemption issue arising from the
objections of Chrysler dealers alleging that they would be unduly harmed by the rejection of
their dealership contracts. The New York dealers in Old Carco argued that their contracts
were of a different breed deserving heightened scrutiny in the rejection arena, not unlike
collective bargaining agreements, and that they should be afforded special consideration and
standards for rejection.4 The dealers promoted their argument of heightened standards for
rejection because of the existence of state statutes designed to protect automobile dealers (the
“Dealer Statutes”) or because the loss of a dealership in a community could harm the public.
The dealers also argued that the Dealer Statutes were not preempted by section 365 of
the Bankruptcy Code. This question was addressed in Old Carco.
The Dealer Statutes also set forth the rights and remedies of dealers under such
statutes. Relevant to this case are the rights and remedies related to termination
of dealership agreements. (footnote omitted.) Rights include statutory waiting and
notice periods for wind-downs and buy-back requirements for terminations with
or without cause. Remedies include specific types of damages and
commencement of legal or administrative proceedings. Consistent with the
Order, the Court concludes that the Dealer Statutes are preempted by § 365 with
respect to rejection of the Rejected Agreements. Of course, as with contract
rejection in general, damages are still calculated according to state law.
Old Carco 406 B.R. at 199.
This Court agrees with Carco’s analysis, which continued:
More generally, a bankruptcy court recently held that "Congress enacted [§] 365
to provide debtors the authority to reject executory contracts. This authority
preempts state law by virtue of the Supremacy Clause [and] the Bankruptcy
Clause." In re City of Vallejo, 403 B.R. 72, 77 (Bankr. E.D. Cal. 2009). "Where a
4 Whether to assume or reject an executory contract is generally left to the business judgment of the trustee or
debtor in possession. In re G.I. Indus., Inc., 204 F.3d 1276, 1282 (9th Cir. 2000). The Supreme Court has ruled
that a somewhat higher standard than the business judgment rule applies to collective bargaining agreements
(noting "national labor policies of avoiding labor strife and encouraging collective bargaining" under the National
Labor Relations Act). NLRB v. Bildisco and Bildisco, 465 U.S. 513, 523-24 (1984).
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state law 'unduly impede[s] the operation of federal bankruptcy policy, the state
law [will] have to yield.'" Id. (quoting Perez, 402 U.S. at 649). (footnote omitted.)
Specifically and by no means exclusively, statutory notice or waiting periods of,
e.g., 60 or 90 days before termination clearly frustrate § 365's purpose to allow a
debtor to reject a contract as soon as the debtor has the court's permission (and
there is no waiting period under the Bankruptcy Rules). Buy-back requirements
also frustrate § 365's purpose to free a debtor of obligations once the debtor has
rejected the contract. Good cause hearings frustrate § 365's purpose of giving a
bankruptcy court the authority to determine whether a contract may be assumed
or rejected. (footnote omitted.) Strict limitations on grounds for nonperformance
frustrate § 365's purpose of allowing a debtor to exercise its business judgment
and reject contracts when the debtor determines rejection benefits the estate.
(Footnote omitted.) So-called "blocking rights," which impose limitations on the
power of automobile manufacturers to relocate dealers or establish new
dealerships or modify existing dealerships over a dealer's objection, frustrate §
365's purpose of giving a debtor the power to decide which contracts it will
assume and assign or reject by allowing other dealers to restrict that power.
Id. at 205-206.
As South Motors points out, the question before the Court today is not one of rejection
of an executory contract, but of the measure of damages on account of such rejection. State
law is used to measure contract rejection damages; but by state law this Court means the
normal, common or statutory law used to measure breach of contract damages. The dealer
statutes at play here are designed to adjust, in favor of dealers, the normal, common law or
statutory law principles guiding remedies for breach of contract. There are no health or safety
policies at work with these statutes; they are enacted to obtain commercial economic
adjustments to perceived inequities or imbalances between private parties, and are polemic in
nature.5 As a result, the adjustments and penalties set out in dealer statutes skew the cost of
rejection (or breach in non-bankruptcy settings) for the economic benefit of automobile dealers.
As such, dealer statutes, by approaching the political/economic leverage from the damages
5 During the hearing, the Court further amplified its point regarding the penalties that are part of these state dealer
statutes, and the Court’s view that they are designed to dissuade distributors or manufacturers from terminating
dealer agreements because of the “piling on” of punitive damages. Obviously enforceable under certain
circumstances in non-bankruptcy settings, the overarching principles of bankruptcy law preempt these laws in
bankruptcy rejection damages proceedings.
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angle, impair debtors’ opportunities to avail themselves of the overarching principles of federal
bankruptcy law. While perhaps permissible in non-bankruptcy law settings, federal bankruptcy
law preempts these local and state economic windfalls to dealers when no public health or
safety issues are presented.
The purpose of contract rejection under section 365 is to permit the debtor to receive
the economic benefits necessary for reorganization (which includes liquidation under chapter
11) for the ultimate benefit of the estate and its creditors. State legislatively-imposed buy back
requirements, fair market value awards and treble-damages penalties are superimposed onto
the normal contract damage remedy provisions under state common or statutory law. While
Florida and many other states believe that their public policy should provide special protections
for the economic interest of local car dealerships, in the area of federal bankruptcy law those
remedies run counter to the federal policy of bankruptcy reorganization and are therefore
preempted.
The Ninth Circuit has squarely addressed this concept within the section 365 rejection
remedies (i.e. damages) context. Refusing to apply the remedy of specific performance, the
Ninth Circuit held:
Also, rejection of an executory contract serves two purposes. It relieves the debtor of
burdensome future obligations while he is trying to recover financially and it constitutes
a breach of a contract which permits the other party to file a creditor's claim." In re
Norquist, 43 Bankr. 224, 225 (Bankr.E.D.Wash. 1984). Given this purpose, the Fourth
Circuit recently held that specific performance was not an available relief under section
365 because "it would undercut the core purpose of rejection." Lubrizol Enter., Inc. v.
Richmond Metal Finishers, Inc. (In re Richmond Metal Finishers, Inc.), 756 F.2d 1043,
1048 (4th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1057, 89 L. Ed. 2d 592, 106 S. Ct. 1285
(1986).
In re Rega Properties, Ltd., 894 F.2d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. Wash. 1990).
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The Applicable Florida Dealer Statutes
Are Not Retroactive As To the SMS Agreement
South Motors partially bases its claim on repurchase obligations arising under the
Florida Motor Vehicle Licenses Act. These include requirements to:
(1) repurchase the dealership at its fair market value pursuant to Fla. Stat. §
320.64(36)(b), which statute became effective on May 28, 2009;
(2) repurchase new Suzuki vehicles, parts and accessories, signs, and special tools,
data processing equipment, and automotive service equipment, pursuant to Fla.
Stat. § 320.64(36)(a), which statute became effective on July 1, 2006; and
(3) reimburse the cost of transporting, handling, packing, storing, and loading any
property subject to repurchase under Fla. Stat. §320.64(36)(a), which statute also
became effective on July 1, 2006.6
The Debtor entered into the SMS Agreement with South Motors in 1995, and the last
(and only) extension to the SMS Agreement was entered into in 1999. No further written
agreements exist.
Regarding the 2009 Florida statute requiring repurchase of a dealership at fair market
value (Fla. Stat. § 320.64(36)(b)), there is no retroactivity provision (i.e. language that asserts
the statutes controls existing or future contracts) within the statute. Under Florida law, statutes
that affect substantive contractual rights are presumed to apply only prospectively to contracts
entered after the date they are enacted. Only in limited situations may a statute may be applied
retroactively to impact pre-existing contracts.
Florida case law has made it clear that when determining whether an enacted statute
(or amendment thereto) can apply retroactively to existing contracts, the Court must determine
6 The relevant legislative histories of these statutes are set out in the Debtor’s Objection (Dk. No. 1383) and shall
not be repeated here.
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whether there is clear legislative intent to apply the statute retroactively. If there is none, the
statute applies only prospectively, and no other constitutional analysis is necessary with
respect to existing contracts. See Trustees of Tufts College v. Triple R. Ranch, Inc., 275
So.2d 521 (Fla. 1973); In re Seven Barrels of Wine, 79 Fla. 1, 83 So. 627 (1920). The same
analysis is used to determine whether amendments to existing statutes can apply retroactively
to pre-existing contracts. Basel v. McFarland & Sons, Inc., 815 So.2d 687, 692 (Fla. 5th DCA
2002) (refusing to apply statutory amendment retroactively).
With respect to the statutory requirements to repurchase vehicles, parts and
accessories and for the cost of transporting, handling, etc. property subject to repurchase
pursuant to Fla. Stat. § 320.64(36)(a), those 2006 amendments contain a retroactivity
provision, directing that the statute applies to both existing and future dealership agreements.
The Florida Supreme Court has addressed the retroactive application of the Motor
Vehicle Act and had determined retroactive application to existing contracts is impermissible
under the Florida and United States Constitutions. Yamaha Parts Distr., Inc. v. Ehrman, 316
So.2d 557 (Fla. 1975) (finding that retroactive application of dealer termination statutes to
agreements pre-dating its enactment would be unconstitutional); Dept. of Mot. Veh. v.
Mercedez-Benz, Inc., 408 So.2d 627, 630 (Fla. 2nd DCA 1981) (finding that retroactive
application of dealer transfer restrictions to agreements pre-dating its enactment would be
unconstitutional). The Debtor observes, and this Court finds, that while these cases dealt with
the retroactive application of the originally-enacted Motor Vehicle Act, later statutory
amendments are evaluated in the same way, and retroactive application is forbidden if existing
contract rights are disturbed. See Hassen v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 674 So.2d 106
(1996) (refusing to apply statutory amendment retroactively; Basel v. McFarland & Sons, Inc.,
815 So.2d 687, 692 (Fla. 5th DCA 2002) (same); Ellsworth v. Ins. Co., 508 So.2d 395 (Fla. 1st
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DCA 1987) (same); Metro. Prop.and Liab. Ins. Co. v. Gray, 446 So.2d 216 (Fla. 5th DCA 1984)
(same).
The Court also observes that the Attorney General of the State of Florida has issued,
and has never withdrawn, an extensive Attorney General Advisory Legal Opinion AGO 83-47,
dated July 29, 1983, concerning the "Motor Vehicle Warranty Enforcement Act," Ch. 83-69,
Laws of Florida, which reads in pertinent part,
Further, it is a well-settled rule that a statute will not be construed as retroactive
unless its terms clearly show that the Legislature intended such a result. Instead,
the presumption is that a legislative act operates prospectively only, unless there
is a clear showing of retroactive intent. See, e.g., State ex rel. Bayless v. Lee, 23
So.2d 575 (Fla. 1945); Trustees of Tufts College v. Triple R. Ranch, Inc., 275
So.2d 521 (Fla. 1973); Keystone Water Company v. Bevis, 278 So.2d 606 (Fla.
1973); Gulf Pines Memorial Park, Inc. v. Oaklawn Memorial Park Inc., 361 So.2d
695 (Fla. 1978); Seddon v. Harpster, 403 So.2d 409 (Fla. 1981); Indemnity
Insurance Company v. Brooks-Fisher Insulating Co., 140 So.2d 613 (2 D.C.A.
Fla., 1962). See generally 82 C.J.S. Statutes § 414. As stated in Heberle v.
P.R.O. Liquidating Company, 186 So.2d 280, 282 (1 D.C.A. Fla., 1966):
"A law is retroactive or retrospective if it takes away or impairs vested
rights acquired under existing laws, or if it creates a new obligation,
imposes a new duty, or attaches a new disability in respect to transactions
or considerations already past." (e.s.)
That the rule against retroactive application is applied in an especially strict
manner as to laws imposing new penalties or obligations was noted by the court
in Larson v. Independent Life & Accident Insurance Company, 29 So.2d 448 (Fla.
1947), wherein it was stated that "[a]cts which create new obligations and impose
new penalties, have been more rigidly construed as being governed by this rule."
See also Taylor v. Florida Crimes Compensation Commission, 367 So.2d 720 (3
D.C.A. Fla., 1979) (the rule that statutes will not be given retroactive application
unless such application is required in clear and explicit terms applies to statutes
which create new rights and liabilities); AGO 78-22. Compare 15 U.S.C.S. § 2312
(the effective date provision of the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act which states
that, with the exception of one section, the provisions of that Act "shall take effect
6 months after the date of its enactment [enacted January 4, 1975] but shall not
apply to consumer products manufactured prior to such date"). An exception to
the general rules stated above applies to remedial or procedural statutes which
do not create new rights or obligations or enlarge, diminish or destroy vested or
contractual rights but only operate in furtherance of the remedy or confirmation of
rights already existing; such statutes are generally held to operate retrospectively
unless such operation or application would adversely affect substantive rights.
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See 82 C.J.S. Statutes § 416; City of Lakeland v. Catinella, 129 So.2d 133 (Fla.
1961).
***
The obligation of a contract is impaired in the constitutional sense when the
substantive rights of the parties to the contract are changed, Hardware Mutual
Casualty Company v. Carlton, 9 So.2d 359 (Fla. 1942), or where new and
different liabilities are imposed thereunder, Manning v. Travelers Insurance
Company, 250 So.2d 872 (Fla. 1971). As the court stated in Manning v.
Travelers Insurance Company, supra, "[i]n order for a statute to offend the
constitutional prohibition against enactment of laws impairing the obligation of
contracts, the statute must have the effect of rewriting antecedent contracts, that
is, of changing the substantive rights of the parties to existing contracts." 250
So.2d at 874. See also Commodore Plaza at Century 21 Condominium
Association, Inc. v. Cohen, 378 So.2d 307, 309 (3 D.C.A. Fla., 1979), in which
the court found that the statutory imposition of attorneys' fees pursuant to a
legislative enactment effective subsequent to the execution of a ninety-nine year
lease in which attorneys' fees were not bargained for materially changed the
binding force of the agreement and would impair the obligation of the existing
lease and contract between the parties and was unconstitutional as applied to
that instrument. And see Dewberry v. Auto-Owners Insurance Company, 363
So.2d 1077, 1079-1080 (Fla. 1978), and Hausler v. State Farm Mutual
Automobile Insurance Company, 374 So.2d 1037, 1038 (2 D.C.A. Fla., 1979)
(where statute in question was not in effect at time of contracting, it cannot be
retroactively applied to alter obligations of that contract, and this is true even
though the act which triggers the obligation occurs after statute is enacted).
Attorney General Advisory Legal Opinion AGO 83-47, dated July 29, 1983.
The Court also notes the analysis by the Florida Senate’s Professional Staff of the
Transportation Committee, set forth in “The Florida Senate Bill Analysis and Fiscal Impact
Statement” for SB 740, dated March 3, 2011. It is both self-explanatory and illuminating:
I. Summary:
Manufacturers, distributors, and importers (collectively referred to as licensees)
enter into contractual agreements with franchised motor vehicle dealers to sell
particular vehicles that they manufacture, distribute, or import. Existing law
provides for the licensing of motor vehicle dealers and motor vehicle
manufacturers, distributors, and importers, and regulates numerous aspects of
the franchise contracts these businesses enter into to conduct business in the
State of Florida.
The Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles (DHSMV) held, in an
administrative proceeding, amendments to the Florida Automobile Dealers Act
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(§§. 320.60-320.071, F.S.) do not apply to dealers having franchise agreements
which were signed prior to the effective date of the amendment. Motorsports of
Delray, LLC v. Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A., Case No. DMV-09-0935 (Fla.
DOAH 2009). The Petitioner appealed the final order to the First District Court of
Appeal, but ultimately voluntarily dismissed the appeal. The DHSMV has
indicated it will be applying this holding to every amendment to the Florida
Automobile Dealers Act. That means dealers have different protections under the
law depending on when they signed their franchise agreement.
The bill amends § 320.6992, F.S., to provide for the application of §§ 320.60-
320.70, F.S., including any amendments to ss. 320.60-320.70, F.S., to all
existing or subsequently established systems of distribution of motor vehicles in
the state unless such application would impair valid contractual agreements in
violation of the State or Federal Constitution. All agreements amended
subsequent to October 1, 1988, are governed by §§ 320.60-320.70, F.S.,
including any amendments to §§ 320.60-320.70, F.S., which have been or may
be from time to time adopted unless the amendment specifically provides
otherwise.
***
Section 320.6992, F.S., provides this act [Florida Automobile Dealers Act] shall
apply to all presently existing or hereafter established systems of distribution of
motor vehicles in this state, except to the extent that such application would
impair valid contractual agreements in violation of the State Constitution or
Federal Constitution. The provisions of this act shall not apply to any judicial or
administrative proceeding pending as of October 1, 1988. All agreements
renewed or entered into subsequent to October 1, 1988, shall be governed
hereby.
The DHSMV recently held, in an administrative proceeding, amendments to
the Florida Automobile Dealers Act do not apply to dealers having
franchise agreements which were signed prior to the effective date of the
amendment. Motorsports of Delray, LLC v. Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A.,
Case No. DMV-09-0935 (Fla. DOAH 2009). The Petitioner appealed the final
order to the First District Court of Appeal, but ultimately voluntarily
dismissed the appeal.
In this holding, the DHSMV ruled the 2006 amendment to the Florida
Automobile Dealers Act which requires that if a dealer’s franchise
agreement is terminated the manufacturer must buyback from the dealer its
unsold vehicles, parts, signs, special tools, and other items, does not apply
to a dealer terminated in 2008 because the dealer’s franchise agreement
was entered into prior to the effective date of the amendment.
The DHSMV has indicated it will be applying this holding to every
amendment to the Florida Automobile Dealers Act. That means dealers
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have different protections under the law depending on when they signed
their franchise agreement. (Emphasis added).
Fla. S. Comm. on Transp. CS for SB 740 (2011) Staff Analysis (Mar. 3, 2011), available at
http://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2011/0740/Analyses/=PL=vG/aZPamDkEYIJgyh4VVoOS3
9E=%7C7/Public/Bills/0700-0799/0740/Analysis/2011s0740.pre.tr.PDF.
This Court has reviewed the Motorsports of Delray, LLC v. Yamaha Motor Corp.,
U.S.A., decision and finds it persuasive. See Motorsports of Delray, LLC v. Yamaha Motor
Corp., U.S.A., Case No. DMV-09-0935 (Fla. DOAH 2009). The final order in Motorsports of
Delray adopted the recommended order as its final order. The recommended order adopted
the undisputed material facts and analysis of the Administrative law judge. That Court entered
an order “i) granting Yamaha’s Motion, ii) finding that there are no disputed material facts; iii)
ruling that the buyback provision in section 320.64(26), Florida Statutes, is prospective only;
and iv) relinquishing jurisdiction to the Department pursuant to section 120.57(1)(i), Florida
Statutes…The undisputed material facts and analysis as stated in the Administrative Law
Judge’s Order Relinquishing Jurisdiction are adopted herein and made a part of this
Recommended Order.” Motorsports of Delray, LLC v. Yamaha Motor Corp., U.S.A., Case No.
DMV-09-0935 (Fla. DOAH 2009).
Because the SMS Agreement was entered into in 1995 and extended through 1999,
any application of the Act, as amended, to South Motors’ claim would be retroactive in nature.
The Act is not applicable in the case of the fair market value buy-back provisions, and as to all
of the Act’s pertinent provisions, whether they include retroactive language or not, they
unconstitutionally impair the Debtor’s contract rights contained in the SMS Agreement, and are
therefore unenforceable.
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South Motors is Entitled to Breach of Contract Damages
Under the Terms of the SMS Agreement
Termination Obligations Under the Dealer Agreement
Section 11.07 of the Standard Provisions of the operative SMS Agreement provides as
follows:
Suzuki Repurchase Option Upon Termination. Upon termination of this
Agreement for any reason, Suzuki will repurchase from Dealer, free and clear of
all liens, charges and encumbrances, the following:
a. New, unused, unaltered, undamaged, unlicensed and marketable current
model Suzuki Vehicles, with mileage of 100 miles or less, which were purchased
by Dealer from Suzuki, and are in Dealer’s inventory, at Dealer’s vehicle price
less destination charges and any voluntary advertising associated assessments
made on behalf of a Suzuki Advertising Association. Suzuki shall pick up said
Suzuki Vehicles and pay all transportation charges for return of said vehicles;
and
b. The new, current model Suzuki Parts and Accessories at Suzuki’s invoice
price to dealer, less Suzuki’s prevailing restocking charge, but only if delivered by
Dealer at Dealer’s expense, to Suzuki’s Parts Warehouse located nearest Dealer
provided, however, that these Suzuki Parts and Accessories must be in a new,
unused, undamaged and saleable condition and in the original package and
original package quality; provided further, that Suzuki will not purchase any
Suzuki Parts and Accessories which Suzuki deems to be obsolete.
Dealer Sales and Service Agreement Standard Provisions (April 1990), Debtor’s Appx., Ex. D.
[Dk. No. 1384].
The Court’s first inquiry is whether this provision is the appropriate breach of contract
damages afforded South Motors because of contract rejection under § 365.7 These provisions
7 Executory contract rejection under § 365 does not automatically terminate the contract. The contract is breached
by the trustee/debtor in possession, but the contract is terminated by the innocent party. In this case, South
Motors terminated the contract when it tendered its rolling stock inventory, parts and accessories. This distinction
has been the subject of a multitude of decisions and amplified in CASC Corp. v. Milner (In re Locke), 180 B.R.
245, 259 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1995) (J. Zurzolo). Relying on In re Austin Development Co., 19 F.3d 1077 (5th Cir.
1994), Locke explained:
Further, Congress knew how to authorize the termination of executory contracts and leases in §
365. 'Termination' is used in § 365(h)(i) and (n) as one option available respectively to the
purchaser of an interest in a time share project, the vendee of real property, or the licensee from
the debtor of a right to intellectual property if the trustee has rejected the executory contract.
Accordingly, the trustee may reject any of these contracts, but termination does not occur except
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of the SMS Agreement might be relevant as a measure of damages for breach of contract by
the Debtor, as they are contract provisions agreed to at the beginning of the distributor-dealer
relationship between the Debtor and South Motors to guide the economic unwinding of the
relationship when the SMS Agreement is terminated by the Debtor. Although not called
“liquidated damages” within the SMS Agreement, this is a classic example of parties pre-
determining the final economic results of a concluded contractual arrangement. On the other
hand, just as statutory damages provided under the Florida Motor Vehicle Act tend to skew the
economic outcomes of contract rejection and are thus preempted, liquidated damage
provisions within contracts may also adversely impact the federal policy of executory contract
rejection under § 365. Some cases have permitted a court to consider liquidated damage
provisions, while others have not permitted such consideration. One article addresses the
matter as follows:
In the liquidated damages context, the scenario changes slightly. Although one
would think that a liquidated damages provision - negotiated by the parties as
part of a complex process of give-and-take - would simply constitute one of the
many burdens and benefits of a contract, courts have treated such clauses in
differing manners in the rejection context. Professor Andrew criticized some
courts' treatment of liquidated damages provisions, (footnote omitted) arguing
that liquidated damages provisions should remain enforceable. It was not clear
from Andrew's article whether he meant that courts should grant non-debtor
parties "specific performance" of liquidated damages provision or whether the
value of the non-debtor's unsecured rejection damages claim should be
calculated using the liquidating damages clause of the rejected contract (footnote
omitted). The former proposition is clearly erroneous, and it is not clear that the
latter proposition fares any better. First, if courts are to enforce liquidated
damages provisions, what advantage would the debtor even gain by rejecting
any of those numerous contracts that in fact contain such liquidated damages
at the other party's option. The option to terminate a time share lease, § 365(h)(i), or a license §
365(n)(1)(A), arises where the trustee's rejection 'amounts to such a breach as would entitle the
[party] to treat such lease or [contract] as terminated by virtue of its own term, applicable non-
bankruptcy law or other agreements…" Under an objective reading, the provisions of § 365 may
be redundant and complex, but Congress was not confused in its differing usages of the terms
rejection, breach and termination. Austin Development at 1081-83.
CASC Corp. v. Milner (In re Locke), 180 B.R. 245, 259 (Bankr. C.D. Cal. 1995).
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provisions? As one court has stated: "If liquidated damages clauses were
enforceable, there would be no reason for rejection of the contract by the debtor."
In re Ei Int'l, 123 B.R. 64 (Bankr. D. Idaho 1991). Second, enforcing a
burdensome and perhaps penalty-imposing liquidated damages clause
contradicts the "broad purpose of Chapter 11": facilitating "successful
rehabilitation of debtors." (footnote omitted). In the interests of equity, courts
should grant damages in only the amount of harm the debtor caused. (footnote
omitted). Enforcing liquidated damages provisions merely in the name of state
law comity (footnote omitted) serves only to unnecessarily enrich an individual
non-debtor at the expense of the underlying estate.
Pickerell, Carl N., Executory Contracts Re-Revisited, 83 Am. Bankr. L.J. 63, 91-92 (2009).
This Court believes that the correct general practice is to utilize traditional breach of
damage calculations, and when appropriate, liquidated damages provisions, if on occasion
liquidated damages provisions assist the Court in determining the proper damages, so much
the better.8
Breach of Contract Damages
“The question of the measure and amount of damages for wrongful termination of
automobile dealership contracts has been complicated by the varying contractual provisions,
problems relating to proof and certainty, and the fact that the majority of cases on the subject
date from the early days of automobiles when the future of the industry was uncertain, dealer
investments were low, and the great disparity in bargaining power between the dealer and
manufacturer had not yet developed.” Joseph T. Bockrath, J. D., Damages for Wrongful
Termination of Automobile Dealership Contracts, 54 A.L.R.3d 324, 2a.
8 The unpublished (and thus non-precedential) Ninth Circuit’s decision in In re Dailey, 1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 3890
(9th Cir. Feb. 24, 1994) takes another view about liquidated damage provisions in rejected contracts. Overturning
a bankruptcy court’s decision of ignoring contract termination provisions, the Ninth Circuit held “[t]he gist of the
bankruptcy court's treatment of this issue is that rejection means termination and, since a terminated agreement
cannot provide guidance to a court, the bankruptcy court was free to ignore the lease's liquidated damages clause
and choice of law provision. We disagree. The lease was merely breached, not rescinded or declared void ab
initio, and there is nothing in 11 U.S.C. §§ 365(g) or 502(g) that prohibits a court from examining the terms of the
parties' agreement to determine the amount of damages due the nonbreaching party or the law applicable thereto.
As there is nothing in the lease's formula for calculating damages that runs afoul of the Bankruptcy Code, and
there was nothing improper in the parties' selection of Washington law (footnote omitted), we hold that the
bankruptcy court erred by ignoring the lease's damage calculation formula and choice of law provision.”
Mercedes-Benz Credit Corp. v. Dailey (In re Dailey), 1994 U.S. App. LEXIS 3890 (9th Cir. Feb. 24, 1994).
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Loss of future profits is the method most often used to determine damages from a
wrongful termination of a contract. See, Joseph T. Bockrath, Annotation, Damages for
Wrongful Termination of Automobile Dealership Contracts, 54 A.L.R.3d 324, 4.9 (citing
Volkswagen Interamericana, S. A. v. Rohlsen, 360 F.2d 437 (1st Cir. 1966), cert. den. 385 US
919; Moon Motor Car Co. v. Moon Motor Car Co., 29 F.2d 3 (2nd Cir. 1928); Garvin v.
American Motors Sales Corp. 202 F. Supp 667, (D.C.Pa. 1962), rev’d. on issue of liability 318
F.2d 518 (3rd Cir. 1962); Chevrolet Motor Co. v. Gladding 42 F.2d 440 (4th Cir. 1930), cert.
den. 282 U.S. 872; Chevrolet Motor Co. v. McCullough Motor Co. 6 F.2d 212 (9th Cir. 1925);
American Motors Sales Corp. v. Semke 384 F.2d 192 (10th Cir. 1967)).
The A.L.R. 3d analysis of future profit awards continues:
The determination of what constitutes "future profits" has been inconsistent. The
inconsistency stems partly from the fact that in some cases the contract is
terminable at will, while in others it has a set period. Some cases hold that the
prospective profits can be awarded for no further into the future than the term of
the contract. (Footnote omitted). In one case, it was said that the notice period
was the furthest into the future that damages could be projected. (Footnote
omitted). Cases arising under the Automobile Dealers' Fair Day in Court Act,
(footnote omitted) however, indicate that the contrary is true and expressly hold
that there is no basis to limit damages to a single year. (Footnote omitted). In a
few early cases, recovery was allowed only for prospective profits on cars
already ordered at the time of the termination, and one case held that recovery
might be had only for cars on order for which the dealer had binding purchase
orders. (Footnote omitted). In one situation, where the dealership contract was
terminable at will and the manufacturer was under no obligation to supply
vehicles, it was held that damages must be based on proof of how many cars the
manufacturer would have supplied voluntarily. (Footnote omitted).
54 A.L.R.3d 324, 2a.
Several cases, Chevrolet Motor Co. v Gladding, supra, and Chevrolet Motor Co. v
McCullough Motor Co., supra, have determined that where recovery was sought for a wrongful
9 The Court particularly enjoyed reviewing the 1912 decision in Isbell v Anderson Carriage Co. (1912) 170 Mich
304, 136 NW 457, where the court found that the automobile business was too competitive and speculative for
future profits to be awarded.
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termination of an auto dealership contract, and in which a "future profits" measure of damages
was adopted, the "future" was limited to the period of the dealership contract.
An alternative method for measuring damages for the wrongful termination of an
automobile dealership franchise is the value of the franchise at the time of the termination.
“Although no cases rule directly that this measure should be applied, its use has been
approved by implication.” Joseph T. Bockrath, J. D., Damages for Wrongful Termination of
Automobile Dealership Contracts, 54 A.L.R.3d 324, 2a (citing Volkswagen Interamericana, S.
A. v Rohlsen, 360 F.2d 437 (1st Cir. 1966), cert. den. 385 U.S. 919.) In reviewing
Volkswagen Interamericana, this Court finds it to be a very thin implication, justifying A.L.R.’s
comment that no cases have ever directly ruled on this measure. Indeed, this Court has found
none.
The Court has heard from three expert witnesses in this matter. The first was Mr. John
W. Forehand, in house counsel to “South Motor Company of Dade County”. His testimony
consisted of his opinion of the fair market value (the “FMV”) of South Motors as of October 31,
2011. He testified that this particular date was selected based upon his interpretation of
property damages provided by Florida statute. No effort to value South Motors on the Petition
Date, at the time of (or the effective date of) the rejection of the executory contact, or any date
perceived by South Motors as the date of termination of the contract, was undertaken by Mr.
Forehand. Mr. Forehand opined that the value of the business on October 31, 2011 was
$330,000.00.
While the Court declared Mr. Forehand as an expert for purposes of valuation of car
dealerships during the initial portions of the hearing, the Court also noted that it would be
determining the weight to be given to his FMV analysis. Based on his Declaration, his
testimony during cross-examination and re-direct examination, as well as responses to
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questions directly poised by the Court, the Court finds that Mr. Forehand’s valuation opinion is
neither temporally nor substantively significant so as to allow the Court to grant any weight at
all to the valuation. The opinion of $330,000 value was based upon stale and significantly
incomplete financial information and lacked true economic analysis that would be utilized in an
actual valuation or sales transaction. For instance, Mr. Forehand never attempted to allocate
significant and accurate operations costs to his valuation, since most of the operational costs
of the Suzuki portions of South Motor’s business operations were subsidized by other
automobile line businesses. Simply put, as the Court hears the testimony and evidence, it is
as likely as not that South Motors’ Suzuki sales and service operations would have lost money
all of the years analyzed by Mr. Forehand had the other automobile line operations not been
subsidizing the Suzuki operations. Further, Mr. Forehand’s own testimony clearly implied that
his activities, skills, experience and analysis were quite similar to a real estate broker or agent
undertaking determination of an appropriate “listing price” for a home being put on the market.
He had no information on South Motors sales for 2012 or 2013 at his disposal for purposes of
his analysis, and he undertook no effort to acquire such information. No meaningful weight
can be given to Mr. Forehand’s valuation, and the Court declines to do so.
On a bright note, Mr. Forehand testified that in 2011, the “average” profits from sales of
new Suzuki automobiles (69 that year) were approximately $531.00 per vehicle. Mr. Forehand
also confirmed to the Court that eight (8) automobiles were repurchased by the Debtor at the
time of the tender. Finally, Mr. Forehand testified that with respect to the parts and
accessories sales, typical profit margins were between 65% and 70%. The Court has no
problem adopting this testimony, and does so later in its own calculations.
A second valuation expert was offered by South Motors, Mr. Joseph Roesner. Mr.
Roesner provided the Court with testimony concerning loss of profits based solely on the parts
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and service sales for South Motors over a period running through March 2016. His testimony
brought out that the South Motors new sales component of business brought little or no net
profit to South Motors. His analysis was based solely on parts and service sales for the period
of December, 2013 through March, 2016 (which was a period requested by South Motors and
based on the original three year sales and service contract and not the one year extension).
Mr. Roesner’s opinion was that the loss of profits for a three and a half year period was
$294,242. Within his declaration and on cross-examination, Mr. Roesner explained that his
conclusion of lost profits amounts was based, first, on a regression analysis of South Motors
gross sales and service profits from January 2009 through November 2011, demonstrating a
decline of sales and services net profits, combined with a view of the the average yearly
service and parts gross profits for years 2009 through 2012 minus the average “Service and
Parts Incremental Expenses” that were provided to him by South Motors. These, he opined,
resulted in his net profit calculation of $121,043.00. He then multiplied this amount by
approximately 3.5 years (three years from the contract rejection date) to find lost profits of
$295,242.00.
On cross-examination, Mr. Roesner agreed that he did not calculate the incremental
expenses figure, and those were simply given to him by South Motors. He further explained
that had he not been provided those numbers, he would have used instead an industry
standard as the appropriate number, which would have been significantly higher. Had he used
the industry standard, he explained, his calculation of net lost profits would have been
approximately $220,000.00 and not $295,242.00. Rebuttal from Debtor’s expert witness
Herbert E. Walter, raised doubt regarding Mr. Roesner’s methodology, including the
“regression” analysis, with respect to its use, relevancy and meaning. The “incremental
expenses” used by Mr. Roesner were also challenged by Mr. Walter, who explained that these
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stated expenses severely understated the true expenses being incurred by South Motor,
especially in light of South Motor’s other divisions’ subsidy of South Motors (Suzuki)
operations.
The Court has its own concerns regarding this testimony and analysis. It appears the
South Motors business carries parts and repairs a large variety of vehicle brands, and they
might just as easily be able to redirect the work that would have gone into stocking Suzuki
parts and repairing Suzuki vehicles to stocking other brands and repairing other vehicles, and
make up the lost business. They also are at liberty to contact the new distributor of Suzuki
parts and enter into a new agreement. They can also buy Suzuki parts from other dealers.10 Is
South Motors going to have mechanics just sitting around not performing work? If so, this
means they would terminate their employment, which could be a savings associated with not
having to pay their wages. None of these considerations were presented to the Court.
The issue of mitigation was not considered by Mr. Roesner, and only briefly touched on
by South Motors within its arguments. Had South Motors mitigated its damages by entering
into the initially offered eight year parts and service agreement offered (as 97% of the other
dealers did), no lost profits, assuming any, could have existed.11 Also, as earlier discussed,
there is no evidence that South Motors attempted to enter into a new sales and service
agreement with the new distributor.
10 While the Court places no special emphasis on it, the Court was surprised to hear Mr. Roesner’s testimony that
South Motor would have been required to pay rack prices for parts from other Suzuki distributors. It is common
knowledge that dealers have reciprocity arrangements with other dealers regarding parts. For instance, a Suzuki
parts dealer today may need a VW part which South Motors has in stock. These trade of parts for a very small
markup is a common occurrence.
11 Counsel for South Motors expressed at the hearing that legal fees for prosecution of its claim and claim defense
is currently over $200,000.00. The Court compares and places this amount into the context of South Motors’
assertions of its “best” estimates of FMV and lost profits by the rejection of the sales and service agreement.
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This Court finds that the methodology and calculations presented by Mr. Roesner are
not completely sound and little weight can be placed on his opinion of lost profits. The Court
also finds that the rationale for the 3.5 year multiplier of the estimated average lost profits
(which the Court does not accept as accurate) is without support. Ultimately, however, the
Court holds that lost profits for future sales and services are not recoverable at all because
South Motors had voluntarily rejected the opportunity to continue as a Suzuki Sales and
Servicing dealer for another eight (8) years by the specific offer made early in this case to each
and every Suzuki dealer. The Court notes that 97% of all of the Suzuki Dealers agreed to
continue operating in the parts and services business with the successor to the Debtor. The
irony is not lost on this Court that had South Motors accepted this offer, or had negotiated a
new parts and service agreement with the current distributor, any “lost profits”, calculable or
not at this time, would not be at issue. Little or nothing would have changed for South Motors
in that instance.
Finally, the Debtor offered Herbert Walter as an expert as to the fair market value of
South Motors’ “good will” “immediately preceding Suzuki’s bankruptcy filing…”. During cross-
examination and re-direct examination, the Court reviewed Mr. Walter’s calculus for
determining the described value of “good will” and learned from him that he knew of no other
economist or business valuation expert that had utilized his self-designed methodology. He
explained to the Court that the methodology for valuation of South Motors’ business was new
and innovative and that he knew of no previous valuation of an automobile dealership that had
utilized his methodology. The Court finds that Mr. Walter’s methodology is unpersuasive and
too innovative and new to be given any weight. The Court, reviewing Mr. Walter’s credentials,
has no doubt of his expertise, and continues to believe he is an expert qualified in the areas
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required in this case. However, under the standards of consideration of expert testimony, the
Court can give no weight to the valuation range provided by Mr. Walter.
That said, during the hearing, the Court explained that it was reversing its decision to
overrule the Motion to Strike Mr. Walter’s declaration, in order to dismiss the valuation
presented within his testimony. That motion was partially based on allegations that he was not
an expert. This in-court statement (of reversing the decision to overrule the Motion) was a
mistake, a regrettable overstatement and a self-mischaracterization of the Court’s desired
position, which the Court regrets making. Mr. Walter is a qualified expert in the field, and only
his valuation method was discounted by the Court.12 Instead of being discounted as an expert,
no weight has been given to Mr. Walter’s valuation testimony because it is new, innovative, not
peer-reviewed and untested. Therefore, the Court was intending to reverse its own earlier
decision overruling a Motion to Strike Mr. Walter’s testimony only as to fair market value of the
South Motors’ dealership. Mr. Walter’s service as a expert rebuttal witness to address matters
raised by South Motor’s experts was appropriate. The Court must finally note that the
presented rebuttal testimony was limited and not particularly helpful or useful in the Court’s
factual determinations made today.
The Appropriate Measure and Time of Measure of Damages
On January 11, 2013, an order was entered by this Court authorizing the Debtor to
reject the SMS Agreement pursuant to § 365. This action created a breach of contract by the
Debtor. South Motors and the Debtor agree that following the rejection, South Motors tendered
its inventory, parts and tools to the Debtor and the Debtor paid South Motors the amounts due.
That tender occurred on or about March 13, 2013, which this Court considers the date of
notice of termination by South Motors. The Suzuki Dealers Sales and Service Standard
12 "This is the operative statement. The others are inoperative." Ziegler, Ronald, April 17, 1973.
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Provisions, which is part of the SMS Agreement, states that a dealer may terminate the
agreement “by serving thirty (30) day’s written notice of termination on Suzuki.” § 11.01.
At the time of the tender, the value of inventory held by South Motors (according to
South Motors’ Proof of Claim) was $210,250.00, and is broken down as follows:
Automobiles – $162,985.00. These amounts have been paid to South Motors.
Parts and accessories– $24,590.00. These amounts have been paid to South Motors.
Special tools and data processing equipment – $22,675.00. These amounts have been
paid to South Motors.
This Court finds that the lost profit from lost sales of those eight automobiles was
$4,248.00, based on evidence presented of the per sold automobile gross profit in 2011.
($531.00 times eight cars equals $4,248.00). This amount is on the very high (i.e. generous)
side, since other evidence offered by South Motors was that little or no net profits were actually
generated by new Suzuki automobile sales, and takes into account few expenses. Further,
based on the amount that was paid to South Motors for all of the parts and accessories
($24,590.00), the lost profits from the parts and accessories equals $17,213.00, which is a
70% gross profit. This is based on the highest amount opined by South Motor’s own expert.
There is no “profit” attributable to the repurchase of special tools and data processing
equipment, as they were not resold by South Motors.
The case Martin v. U-Haul Co. of Fresno, 204 Cal. App. 3d 396, 408-409 (Cal. App. 5th
Dist. 1988), thoroughly discusses the measure of breach of contract damages when the
contract provides for a notice period of termination.
In Martin, the court said
…[t]he Pecarovich court cites several out-of-state authorities for the proposition
that the contract damages are limited to the notice period. (Pecarovich v. Becker,
supra, 113 Cal.App.2d at 318.)
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As one of those cases explained within the context of an employment contract, "If
the employer has the unconditional right to terminate the contract of employment
after certain notice, discharge has the effect of notice to terminate and damages
are allowed only up to the time the contract would have terminated if notice had
been given." (Bitterman v. Gluck (1939) 256 App.Div. 336 [9 N.Y.S.2d 1007,
1008].)
In Cline v. Smith (1929) 96 Cal.App. 697 [274 P. 761], the court reached a similar
conclusion. There a contract which had eight years to run was breached. The
trial court had instructed the jury that, in arriving at proper measure of damages,
it could consider the fact that the contract had eight years to run. The contract
provided that "'either party may terminate this contract at any time by giving to
the other party sixty days notice of its intention to do so.'" (Id. at p. 699.) The
Court of Appeal reversed. It held that the portion of the instruction permitting
consideration of the fact that the contract had eight years to run was prejudicially
erroneous "[in] view of the company's right to terminate the contract at any time
on sixty days' notice . . . ." (Id. at p. 702.) Therefore, although not expressly
restricting damages to a 60-day period, it implied that that would be the proper
measure and did explicitly find that permitting damages based on the total
unexpired term of the contract was erroneous in light of the termination provision.
In the venerable case of Jewell v. Colonial Theater Co. (1910) 12 Cal.App. 681
[108 P. 527], a contract for the employment of an actress contained a provision
stating, "'This contract may be cancelled at any time after the first performance
by either party giving two weeks' notice in writing to the other.'" (Id. at p. 683.)
Before the expiration of the plaintiff's contract, the theater closed, and she was
dismissed without receiving the required two weeks' notice. The appellate court
found that she was properly awarded her salary for the two-week period following
her discharge as part of her damages. ( Id. at p. 684.)
California Civil Code section 3300 provides for the general measure of damages
for a breach of contract. It reads: "For the breach of an obligation arising from
contract, the measure of damages, except where otherwise expressly provided
by this code, is the amount which will compensate the party aggrieved for all the
detriment proximately caused thereby, or which, in the ordinary course of things,
would be likely to result therefrom."
California case law has long held the correct measure of damages to be as
follows: "Damages are awarded in an action for breach of contract to give the
injured party the benefit of his bargain and insofar as possible to place him in the
same position he would have been in had the promisor performed the contract.
[Citations.] Damages must be reasonable, however, and the promisor is not
required to compensate the injured party for injuries that he had no reason to
foresee as the probable result of his breach when he made the contract.
[Citations.]" (Coughlin v. Blair (1953) 41 Cal.2d 587, 603 [262 P.2d 305]; accord
Glendale Fed. Sav. & Loan Assn. v. Marina View Heights Dev. Co. (1977) 66
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Cal.App.3d 101, 123 [135 Cal.Rptr. 802]; Bravo v. Buelow (1985) 168 Cal.App.3d
208, 215 [214 Cal.Rptr. 65].)
Witkin explains the "foreseeability" rule when he states: "The requirement of
knowledge or notice as a prerequisite to the recovery of special damages is
based on the theory that a party does not and cannot assume limitless
responsibility for all consequences of a breach, and that at the time of contracting
he must be advised of the facts concerning special harm which might result
therefrom, in order that he may determine whether or not to accept the risk of
contracting." (1 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (9th ed. 1987) § 815, p. 733,
original italics.)
The specific rule that a termination clause limits recoverable damages to the
notice period is consistent with the general requirement that contract damages
are limited to those foreseeable by the parties at the time of contracting. Parties
who agree that a contract may be terminated for any reason, or no reason, upon
the giving of the specified notice could not reasonably anticipate that damages
could exceed that notice period.
Martin v. U-Haul Co. of Fresno, 204 Cal. App. 3d 396, 408-409 (Cal. App. 5th Dist. 1988).
The notice of “termination” of the SMS Agreement could be considered several dates,
including the Petition Date, the Rejection Date, or the Rejection Application Date. It really does
not matter in this instance, since the inventory, parts and accessories and tools all had a fixed
amount on the date of the tender. Further, the issue of whether the “contract” between the
Debtor and South Motors had no time remaining on its term, one year remaining, or three
years remaining, can be parsed out in all directions, with all manner of metaphysical analyses
and results arising. It does not matter in this instance. No credible evidence of any fair market
value of the South Motors dealership business was presented to the Court, and the fact is,
since new Suzuki-manufactured cars are no longer available in this country now, a Suzuki car
sales dealership is almost valueless. Further, in this case, no credible evidence exists as to
any lost profits of future sales or service.13
13 The Debtor correctly asserts that the Force Majeure provision contained in the SMS Agreement Standard
Provisions (§ 3.13) limits its liability when it cannot deliver inventory due to discontinuance of sales of Suzuki
Products ordered or curtailment of production due to economic or trade conditions or for any cause beyond the
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Addressing South Motors’ argument that it is entitled to three and a half years of lost
profits, because the Letter Extension was not signed by South Motors, or even the concept
that any future profits should be used as a measure, the Ninth Circuit has rejected that notion.
Similarly, allowing recovery of the contract price would also undercut the purpose of
rejection under section 365. As the district court pointed out in its memorandum
decision, "if the Court were to accept the argument made by the Dunkleys, that is that
they were entitled to the balance due on the contract, presumptively in cash, what point
would there be to a rejection of an executory contract under 11 U.S.C. § 365?" Dunkley
v. Rega Properties, Ltd. (In re Rega Properties, Ltd.), No. C-87-719 RJM, slip op. at 5-6
(E.D.Wa.Sept. 13, 1988).
In re Rega Properties, Ltd., 894 F.2d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. Wash. 1990).
The Martin decision sums up the views of this Court on the California law14 and damage
calculations that apply in this instance. The lost profits from the value of the inventory, parts
and accessories, as defined under the SMS Agreement on hand at the time of the tender are
the correct measure of breach of contract damages.
Attorney Fees To Be Awarded
Under the SMS Agreement
South Motors’ claim includes amounts owed for attorney fees and costs, based on
Florida statutes and the SMS Agreement. It asserts
As noted above, Section 320.697 of the Act provides for an automobile dealer
such as South Motors to recover attorneys’ fees in addition to its actual damages
and treble damages in connection with a violation of the Act. See FLA. STAT. §
Debtor’s control. How could any lost future profits, or fair market value, be considered with such a liability-limiting
provision in force? South Motors made no significant effort to explain away the application of this provision.
14 Mr. Justice Traynor once asked how it came about that "the plot got so thick when the mystery was so thin" in
the mystery play we like to call "the choice of law."' Ehrenzweig, Albert A., Choice of Law: Current Doctrine and
True Rules, 49 Cal. L. Rev. 240 (1961). The SMS Agreement provides that the choice of law for all issues arising
under the agreement is California. The Ninth Circuit is clear that renvoi is generally dead-letter, and that only the
substantive law of the selected state law, and not procedural matters such as renvoi, is operative. Chan v.
Society Expeditions, 123 F.3d 1287, 1297 (9th Cir. Wash. 1997). South Motor’s arguments that certain provisions
of the SMS Agreement are, by implication, controlled by Florida law, are both irrelevant, since the provisions of
Florida laws referenced by South Motors are irrelevant to this bankruptcy claims procedure, as well as preempted.
Further, they are mainly retroactive in nature (and others prospective only), and not constitutionally applicable,
because of their date of enactment as compared to when the SMS Agreement was initially established.
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320.697 (“Any person who has suffered pecuniary loss or who has been
otherwise adversely affected because of a violation by a licensee of ss. 320.60-
320.70, notwithstanding the existence of any other remedies under ss. 320.60-
320.70, has a cause of action against the licensee for damages and may recover
damages therefor in any court of competent jurisdiction in an amount equal to 3
times the pecuniary loss, together with costs and a reasonable attorney’s fee to
be assessed by the court.”) (emphasis added). Where a basis for attorneys’ fees
exists, such as by contract or under state law, attorneys’ fees are properly
includable as part of a claim. See Travelers, 549 U.S. at 450-454 (allowing
attorneys’ fees by reference to state law).
Opposition, p. 16, lines 7 - 16.
South Motors continues,
In addition to Florida law, section 13.12 of the Dealer Agreement provides that
“[i]f [the Debtor] is required to retain an attorney to enforce its rights under the
terms of this Agreement, [the Debtor] shall be entitled to reasonable attorneys’
fees.” Pursuant to Section 57.105(7) of the Florida Statutes: “If a contract
contains a provision allowing attorney's fees to a party when he or she is required
to take any action to enforce the contract, the court may also allow reasonable
attorney's fees to the other party when that party prevails in any action, whether
as plaintiff or defendant, with respect to the contract.” Thus, South Motors is
entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees under both Section 320.697 and Section
57.105(7) of the Florida Statutes and, as such, respectfully requests that this
Court enter an order allowing South Motors’ claim for attorneys’ fees.
Opposition, p. 16, lines 17 - 25.
California has a similar statute, California Civil Code § 1717(a), conferring attorney fee
and cost reciprocity on contracting parties.
A party who prevails in a civil action is entitled to recover its costs as a matter of
right unless otherwise provided by statute. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1032, subd. (b);
see Lincoln v. Schurgin (1995) 39 Cal.App.4th 100, 104 [45 Cal. Rptr. 2d 874].)
However, California law generally requires that a party to a lawsuit pay its own
attorney fees, regardless of whether it prevailed in the action. (Code Civ. Proc., §
1021; Trope v. Katz (1995) 11 Cal.4th 274, 278–279 [45 Cal. Rptr. 2d 241, 902
P.2d 259].) An exception to this general rule is recognized where a contract,
statute or other law specifically authorizes the prevailing party to recover attorney
fees. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1033.5, subd. (a)(10); see also Santisas v. Goodin
(1998) 17 Cal.4th 599, 606 [71 Cal. Rptr. 2d 830, 951 P.2d 399].) Where the
recovery of attorney fees is authorized by a contract, the agreement will generally
be subject to section 1717(a), which provides in part: “In any action on a contract,
where the contract specifically provides that attorney's fees and costs, which are
incurred to enforce that contract, shall be awarded either to one of the parties or
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to the prevailing party, then the party who is determined to be the party prevailing
on the contract, whether he or she is the party specified in the contract or not,
shall be entitled to reasonable attorney's fees in addition to other costs.” (Italics
added.)
Baldwin Builders v. Coast Plastering Corp., 125 Cal. App. 4th 1339, 1343-1344 (Cal. App. 4th
Dist. 2005).
The history of recovery of reasonable legal fees and costs within the confines of
bankruptcy law disputes is a storied one. In 1991, the Ninth Circuit established the “Fobian
Rule” which prevented the award of legal fees and costs, even though provided for within a
contract, when parties were litigating issues peculiar to federal bankruptcy law and not basic
contract enforcement questions. Put another way, the Ninth Circuit acknowledged that where
a contract or statute provided for an award of attorney fees, a creditor could be entitled to such
fees in bankruptcy proceedings, inasmuch as such an award is governed by state law.
However, attorney's fees would not be awarded absent bad faith or harassment by the losing
party if most of the litigation concerned aspects of bankruptcy law. In re Fobian, 951 F.2d 1149
(9th Cir. 1991).
The United States Supreme Court overturned the Fobian Rule in Travelers Cas. And
Sur. Co. v. Pacific Gas and Elec. Co., 549 U.S. 443 at 450-454 (2007).
The Fobian rule finds no support in the Bankruptcy Code, either in § 502 or
elsewhere. In Fobian, the court did not identify any provision of the Bankruptcy
Code as providing support for the new rule. See 951 F.2d, at 1153. Instead, the
court cited three of its own prior decisions, In re Johnson, 756 F.2d 738 (1985);
In re Coast Trading Co., 744 F.2d 686 (1984); and In re Fulwiler, 624 F.2d 908
(1980)(per curiam). Significantly, in none of those cases did the court identify any
basis for disallowing a contractual claim for attorney's fees incurred litigating
issues of federal bankruptcy law. Nor did the court have occasion to do so; in
each of those cases, the claim for attorney's fees failed as a matter of state law.
See Johnson, supra, at 741-742; Coast Trading, supra, at 693; Fulwiler, supra, at
910.n3
Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am. v. PG&E, 549 U.S. 443, 452 (U.S. 2007).
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This Court finds that the prevailing party to this claim objection is entitled to its legal fees
and costs directly pursuant to the SMS Agreement. The determination of the identity of the
prevailing party is guided by the decision of the California Supreme Court in Hsu v. Abbara, 9
Cal.4th 863, 876 (1995).
Accordingly, we hold that in deciding whether there is a “party prevailing on the
contract,” the trial court is to compare the relief awarded on the contract claim or
claims with the parties' demands on those same claims and their litigation
objectives as disclosed by the pleadings, trial briefs, opening statements, and
similar sources. The prevailing party determination is to be made only upon final
resolution of the contract claims and only by “a comparison of the extent to which
each party ha[s] succeeded and failed to succeed in its contentions.” (Bank of
Idaho v. Pine Avenue Associates (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 5, 15, 186 Cal.Rptr.
695.)
Hsu v. Abbara, 9 Cal. 4th 863, 876, 891 P.2d 804, 813 (1995).
This decision was recently amplified in the California Court of Appeals Fourth District
decision in the In re Tobacco Cases I, 2013 Cal. App. LEXIS 398; 2013 WL 1777303,
published on May 20, 2013.
Section 1717, subdivision (a) provides for an award of attorney fees to “the party
prevailing on the contract.” Under section 1717, subdivision (b)(1), the prevailing
party is the party “who recovered a greater relief in the action on the contract.”
(Italics added.) Section 1717 allows “those parties whose litigation success is not
fairly disputable to claim attorney fees as a matter of right.”
In re Tobacco Cases I, 2013 Cal. App. LEXIS 398; 2013 WL 1777303.
South Motors has contended throughout this proceeding that it was entitled to remedies
under various Florida motor vehicle statutes, which even Florida has repudiated in a recent
previously cited motor vehicle decision Motorsports of Delray, LLC. See Motorsports of Delray,
supra. South Motors’ demands for recovery under the Florida statutes lack legal merit. Its
claims for recovery of common law breach of contract damages also are far short of their proof
or legal reasoning. South Motors has already been paid, prior to this proceeding, the amounts
due it under the SMS Agreement itself with respect to reimbursement for automobile inventory,
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parts and accessories. The Court’s finding today that South Motors is only entitled to lost
profits of inventory, parts and accessories on hand at the time of the tender, provides South
Motors with a miniscule fraction of its contention of damages. As the California Supreme Court
instructed,
“If neither party achieves a complete victory on all the contract claims, it is within
the discretion of the trial court to determine which party prevailed on the contract
or whether, on balance, neither party prevailed sufficiently to justify an award of
attorney fees.” (Scott Co. v. Blount, Inc. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1103, 1109, 86
Cal.Rptr.2d 614, 979 P.2d 974; § 1717, subd. (b)(1).) “[I]n deciding whether there
is a ‘party prevailing on the contract,’ the trial court is to compare the relief
awarded on the contract claim or claims with the parties' demands on those
same claims and their litigation objectives as disclosed by the pleadings, trial
briefs, opening statements, and similar sources. The prevailing party
determination is to be made only upon final resolution of the contract claims and
only by ‘a comparison of the extent to which each party [had] succeeded and
failed to succeed in its contentions.’ ” (Hsu v. Abbara, supra, 9 Cal.4th at p. 876,
39 Cal.Rptr.2d 824, 891 P.2d 804.)
In re Tobacco Cases I, 2013 Cal. App. LEXIS 398; 2013 WL 1777303, published on May 20,
2013.
CONCLUSION
For all of the reasons set out above and orally on the record by the Court, the Debtor’s
objection to South Motors Suzuki’s Claim Number 520-1, in the amount of $1,595,601 plus
attorney fees and costs is sustained. South Motors’ unsecured claim is determined to be
$21,461.00, based on the lost profits as of the date of the tender of the inventory, parts and
accessories, as described above. Prevailing party attorney fees and costs are awarded to the
Debtor and against South Motors in the amount to be determined following an evidentiary
hearing to be conducted on July 25, 2013 at 1:30 p.m. in Courtroom 5C of the Ronald Reagan
Federal Building and Courthouse, 411 West Fourth Street, Santa Ana, California. Application
for fees and costs, together with supportive declaratory evidence (with respect to the amount
of fees and costs, and not on the ultimate legal issue of prevailing party or award entitlement,
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which has already been determined by this decision) shall be filed and served by the Debtor on
all interested parties by no later than twenty one days prior to the hearing. Any opposition
(with respect to the amount of fees and costs, and not on the ultimate legal issue of prevailing
party or award entitlement, which has already been determined by this decision) shall be filed
and served by South Motors by no later than fourteen (14) days prior to the hearing. Any reply
may be filed and served by no later than seven (7) days prior to the hearing. Cross-
examination and re-direct only of declarants shall occur. If declarants are not available for
cross-examination their declaration will be stricken.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Date: June 4, 2013
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NOTICE OF ENTERED ORDER AND SERVICE LIST
Notice is given by the court that a judgment or order entitled (specify): ORDER AND MEMORANDUM OPINION
ON OBJECTION TO PROOF OF CLAIM NO. 520-1 [DOCKET NO. 1383] was entered on the date indicated as
“Entered” on the first page of this judgment or order and will be served in the manner stated below:
1. SERVED BY THE COURT VIA NOTICE OF ELECTRONIC FILING (NEF) B Pursuant to controlling General
Orders and LBRs, the foregoing document was served on the following persons by the court via NEF and
hyperlink to the judgment or order. As of 6/4/13, the following persons are currently on the Electronic Mail Notice
List for this bankruptcy case or adversary proceeding to receive NEF transmission at the email addresses stated
below.
Service information continued on
attached page
2. SERVED BY THE COURT VIA UNITED STATES MAIL: A copy of this notice and a true copy of this
judgment or order was sent by United States mail, first class, postage prepaid, to the following persons and/or
entities at the addresses indicated below:
American Suzuki Motor Corporation
3251 East Imperial Highway
Brea, CA 92821
Service information continued on
attached page
3. TO BE SERVED BY THE LODGING PARTY: Within 72 hours after receipt of a copy of this judgment or order
which bears an AEntered@ stamp, the party lodging the judgment or order will serve a complete copy bearing an
AEntered@ stamp by United States mail, overnight mail, facsimile transmission or email and file a proof of service
of the entered order on the following persons and/or entities at the addresses, facsimile transmission numbers,
and/or email addresses stated below:
Service information continued on
attached page
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1. SERVED BY THE COURT VIA NOTICE OF ELECTRONIC FILING (NEF)
Allison R Axenrod allison@claimsrecoveryllc.com
Jason W Bank jbank@kerr-russell.com
Martin R Barash mbarash@ktbslaw.com,
lbogdanoff@ktbslaw.com
Yelena Bederman ybederman@omnimgt.com
Andrew S Bisom abisom@bisomlaw.com
Michael J Bujold Michael.J.Bujold@usdoj.gov
Frank Cadigan frank.cadigan@usdoj.gov
Charles Canter charles.canter@usdoj.gov
Linda F Cantor lcantor@pszjlaw.com,
lcantor@pszjlaw.com
Linda F Cantor lcantor@pszjlaw.com,
lcantor@pszjlaw.com
George B Cauthen
george.cauthen@nelsonmullins.com,
steve.morrison@nelsonmullins.com;jody.bedenbaugh
@nelsonmullins.com;steve.mckelvey@nelsonmullins.c
om;joan.kishline@nelsonmullins.com
Wendy Chang wchang@hinshawlaw.com
Shirley Cho scho@pszjlaw.com
Shawn M Christianson cmcintire@buchalter.com
Kristen Corbett kcorbett@omnimgt.com
Donald H Cram dhc@severson.com
Joseph A Eisenberg jae@jmbm.com,
vr@jmbm.com;tgeher@jmbm.com;bt@jmbm.com
Andrew S Elliott ase@severson.com
Scott Ewing contact@omnimgt.com,
sewing@omnimgt.com;katie@omnimgt.com
Scott Ewing contact@omnimgt.com,
sewing@omnimgt.com;katie@omnimgt.com
William A Frazell bk-
bfrazell@texasattorneygeneral.gov
Donald L Gaffney dgaffney@swlaw.com
Amir Gamliel agamliel@perkinscoie.com,
cmallahi@perkinscoie.com
Duane M Geck dmg@severson.com
Michael I Goldberg info@sonarcredit.com
Richard H Golubow
rgolubow@winthropcouchot.com,
pj@winthropcouchot.com;vcorbin@winthropcouchot.co
m
Leon B Gordon othercourts@mvbalaw.com
Debra I Grassgreen dgrassgreen@pszyjw.com
Michael J Hauser michael.hauser@usdoj.gov
Eric M Heller eric.m.heller@irscounsel.treas.gov
Matthew Heyn mheyn@ktbslaw.com
Desmond J Hinds dhinds@hinshawlaw.com,
mpotter@hinshawlaw.com
John J Immordino john.immordino@wilsonelser.com,
raquel.burgess@wilsonelser.com
Steven J Kahn skahn@pszyjw.com
Teddy M Kapur tkapur@pszjlaw.com
Samuel M Kidder skidder@ktbslaw.com
Jonathan J Kim jkim@pszjlaw.com,
jkim@pszjlaw.com
Andy Kong Kong.Andy@ArentFox.com
David S Kupetz dkupetz@sulmeyerlaw.com,
jbartlett@sulmeyerlaw.com
Kristin R Lamar nclgign@hotmail.com
Kenneth T Law ken@bbslaw.com
Kenneth T Law ken@bbslaw.com
John W Lucas jlucas@pszjlaw.com,
ocarpio@pszjlaw.com
Kerri A Lyman klyman@irell.com
Kerri A Lyman klyman@irell.com
Gabriel R Macconaill gmacconaill@sidley.com
Kathleen P March kmarch@bkylawfirm.com,
kmarch3@sbcglobal.net
Michael P McMahon mmcmahon@irell.com,
mick.p.mcmahon@gmail.com
Laura A Meyerson laura.meyerson@sce.com
Christopher Minier becky@ringstadlaw.com
Mike D Neue mneue@thelobelfirm.com,
jmattiace@thelobelfirm.com;nlockwood@thelobelfirm.c
om
Valerie B Peo vpeo@schnader.com,
mpadilla@schnader.com
David M Poitras dpoitras@jmbm.com, bt@jmbm.com
Robert S Prince rprince@kmclaw.com,
squilter@kmclaw.com
Jeffrey M. Reisner jreisner@irell.com
Jeffrey M. Reisner jreisner@irell.com
James S Riley tgarza@sierrafunds.com
Jason H Rosell jrosell@pszjlaw.com,
oginsburg@pszjlaw.com
Susan K Seflin sseflin@wrslawyers.com
Esperanza Segarra esegarra@hinshawlaw.com,
swechsler@hinshawlaw.com
Alan D Smith adsmith@perkinscoie.com
James Stang jstang@pszjlaw.com
Howard Steinberg steinbergh@gtlaw.com,
laik@gtlaw.com;LALitDock@GTLAW.com
Barry Sullivan bsullivan@sacfirm.com
Jessica Taran jtaran@wilkauslander.com
Charles M Tatelbaum ctatelbaum@hinshawlaw.com,
csmith@hinshawlaw.com
United States Trustee (SA)
ustpregion16.sa.ecf@usdoj.gov
Andy C Warshaw awarshaw@lawcenter.com,
mstevens@lawcenter.com
Jonathan M Weiss jweiss@ktbslaw.com
Joseph M Welch jwelch@buchalter.com,
dcyrankowski@buchalter.com;docket@buchalter.com;b
kgroup@buchalter.com
Elizabeth Weller dallas.bankruptcy@publicans.com
Judith A Whitehouse jwhitehouse@schwabe.com,
dmillan@schwabe.com;centraldocket@schwabe.com
Dean A Ziehl dziehl@pszjlaw.com,
dziehl@pszjlaw.com
Dean A Ziehl dziehl@pszjlaw.com,
dziehl@pszjlaw.com
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