Cole v. Arizona, State of et al

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WO
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
Charles D. Cole,
Petitioner,
v.
State of Arizona, et al.,
Respondents.
No. CV-25-04086-PHX-SMB (DMF)
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
TO THE HONORABLE SUSAN M. BRNOVICH, UNITED STATES DISTRICT
JUDGE:
This matter is before the Court on Petitioner’s “Renewed Emergency Motion for
Interim Relief from Probation” (“Renewed Emergency Motion”) (Doc. 23). Respondents
filed a response in opposition (“Response”) (Doc. 24). Petitioner filed a reply in support
of his Renewed Emergency Motion (“Reply”) (Doc. 25). This matter is on referral to the
undersigned for further proceedings and a report and recommendation pursuant to Rules
72.1 and 72.2 of the Local Rules of Civil Procedure (Doc. 19 at 6). Because Petitioner
requests injunctive relief, undersigned is proceeding by Report and Recommendation. See
28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A) (“[A] judge may designate a magistrate judge to hear and
determine any pretrial matter pending before the court, except a motion for injunctive
relief”).
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I. PROCEDURAL POSTURE AND PETITIONER’S RENEWED
EMERGENCY MOTION
On October 31, 2025, Petitioner Charles Cole (“Petitioner” and/or “Cole”) filed a
pro se Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (“Petition”) (Doc. 1);
an Application for Leave to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“Application”) (Doc. 2); and an
“Emergency Motion for Release Pending Habeas Review” (“Emergency Motion”) (Doc.
3). Petitioner did not use the court-approved forms for his Petition or Application.
On November 17, 2025, the Court denied the Application without prejudice and
dismissed the Petition with leave to amend because Petitioner did not use the court-
approved forms (Doc. 8 at 2, 4-5). Regarding the Emergency Motion, the Court explained:
In his Emergency Motion for Release Pending Habeas Review, Petitioner
asks this Court to “immediately release him from all probationary
supervision, electronic monitoring, and custodial restraints pending final
resolution of his habeas petition . . . .” (Doc. 3.) Petitioner also filed a
Supplement and Affidavit to the Emergency Motion for Release alleging
“retaliatory supervision, unconstitutional [probation] restrictions, and
interference with access to this Court.” (Docs. 6-7.) Because the Court is
dismissing Petitioner’s Petition, the Court will deny as moot the Emergency
Motion for Release Pending Habeas Review.
(Doc. 8 at 3-4). However, the Court did not specifically deny the Emergency Motion in
the Order (Doc. 19 at 3; see Doc. 8 at 4-5).
The Court allowed Petitioner 30 days from the date of the Order to file an amended
petition using the court-approved form and to pay the filing fee or file an Application to
Proceed in District Court Without Prepaying Fees or Costs (Doc. 8 at 4-5). Petitioner
thereafter paid the filing fee (Doc. 10) and filed an Amended Petition Under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254 for Writ of Habeas Corpus by a Person in State Custody (“Amended Petition”)
(Doc. 12). Petitioner also filed several documents in support of his Amended Petition
(Docs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17).
The Court’s January 28, 2026, Order screening the Amended Petition recounts:
In Maricopa County Superior Court case CR2017-110160, Petitioner pled
guilty to two counts of attempted sexual conduct with a minor pursuant to a
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plea agreement. On December 17, 2017, the court suspended imposition of
sentence and placed Petitioner on two 10-year terms of supervised probation.
In his Amended Petition, Petitioner names as Respondents Maricopa County
Chief Probation Officer Michael Cimino and Supervising Probation Officer
Marissa Entler, and the Maricopa County Adult Probation Department.
In Ground One, Petitioner alleges actual innocence because the victim had
misrepresented her age to him “as being over the age of consent.” In Ground
Two, Petitioner claims he is subject to unauthorized probation conditions and
sanctions that are “beyond [his] written sentence.” In Ground Three,
Petitioner asserts “Brady/Due Process Violations” because Petitioner was not
provided any police reports or records that showed the victim had
misrepresented her age to him before Petitioner entered his guilty plea. In
Ground Four, Petitioner alleges ineffective assistance of counsel as his trial
counsel “failed to investigate or uncover [the victim’s] false identification
card and age fraud and her admi[ss]ion to law enforcement about her
misrepresentation.” Petitioner states he has presented these claims to the
Arizona Court of Appeals.
The Maricopa County Adult Probation Department is not a proper
respondent. Petitioner must name the state officer having custody of him as
the respondent to the petition. See Rule 2(a), Rules Governing Section 2254
Cases; Belgarde v. Montana, 123 F.3d 1210, 1212 (9th Cir. 1997). Because
the Maricopa County Adult Probation Department is not a state officer, it
will be dismissed as a Respondent. The Court will require Respondents
Cimino and Entler to answer the Amended Petition. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a).
(Doc. 19 at 2). The Court also noted that it addressed but did not specifically deny
Petitioner’s Emergency Motion in the November 17, 2025, Order (Id. at 3). The Court
continued:
To obtain a stay of the execution of a sentence, a movant must show a
likelihood of success on the merits, irreparable injury if a stay is not granted,
whether the stay will substantially harm other parties, and whether a stay
would serve the public interest. See In re Holladay, 331 F.3d 1169, 1176-77
(11th Cir. 2003); Upshaw v. Alabama, No. 2:09cv638, 2009 WL 2905597, at
*1-2 (M.D. Ala. Sept. 4, 2009) (petitioner failed to demonstrate a compelling
reason to grant a stay, such as being subjected to implementation of a death
sentence, “why her interest in avoiding incarceration must yield to the state’s
right to a presumption of the validity of the judgment of its courts.”); Wigg
v. Hofmann, No. 1:07cv0067, 2007 WL 4615957, at *1 (D. Vt. Dec. 28,
2007). Petitioner has not shown a likelihood of success on the merits or
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irreparable injury if a stay is not granted, or why his interest in avoiding his
probation conditions should yield to the presumption of correctness of the
state’s criminal judgment. Additionally, the outcome of a ruling on his
Amended Petition remains uncertain and does not establish that relief on his
Amended Petition is likely, rather than merely possible, or that denial of a
stay at this time will result in irreparable harm. See Winter [v. Nat. Res. Def.
Council, Inc.], 555 U.S. [7,] 22 [(2008)]; Caribbean Marine Servs. Co., Inc.
v. Baldrige, 844 F.2d 668, 674 (9th Cir. 1988) (a speculative injury is
insufficient to establish a likelihood of irreparable harm). Accordingly, the
Court will deny the Emergency Motion for Interim Probation Relief.
(Doc. 19 at 3-4). The Court amended its November 17, 2025, Order (Doc. 8) nunc pro tunc
to deny Petitioner’s Emergency Motion (Doc. 19 at 5).
On February 3, 2026, Petitioner filed a “Renewed Emergency Motion for Interim
Relief from Probation” (Doc. 23). In his Renewed Emergency Motion, Petitioner argues
that emergency interim relief is justified “based upon materially changed circumstances
since the Court’s prior denial as moot and the imminent risk of incarceration at a state
revocation disposition hearing scheduled for February 11, 2026” (Id. at 1). Petitioner
insists that, unlike his original Emergency Motion, the Renewed Emergency Motion is not
moot (Id. at 2). Specifically, Petitioner asserts that the following developments create a
“live and immediate controversy” warranting relief on the merits of Petitioner’s Renewed
Emergency Motion: Respondents have appeared through counsel, the Petition remains
pending and unresolved, a state revocation disposition hearing is scheduled for February
11, 2026, the State of Arizona seeks incarceration of Petitioner for three months, and
Petitioner has exhausted state remedies (Id.).
As to the merits of Petitioner’s Renewed Emergency Motion, Petitioner argues that
he faces imminent irreparable harm due to possible incarceration following the February
11, 2026, revocation hearing (Id. at 3). Petitioner also claims that there is a strong
likelihood of success on the merits of his Petition because there is newly discovered
evidence regarding the victim, Petitioner involuntarily entered a guilty plea without full
disclosure of exculpatory evidence, and Petitioner’s constitutional rights were violated
during his revocation proceedings (Id. at 4). As to the balance of equities, Petitioner argues
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that granting relief “preserves federal jurisdiction, avoids wrongful incarceration, causes
no prejudice to the State, and maintains [the] status quo” whereas denying relief “risks
unlawful imprisonment, moots federal review, and creates constitutional injury” (Id. at 4-
5). Petitioner argues that a grant of relief is in the public interest because it would “ensur[e]
constitutional compliance, prevent[] punishment based on false or incomplete records,
safeguard[] due process, and avoid[] wrongful incarceration” (Id. at 5). For relief,
Petitioner asks the Court to order a stay of the revocation proceedings in Maricopa County
Superior Court case number CR2017-110160-001, grant interim relief from probation
pending resolution of the Petition, enjoin Respondents from incarcerating Petitioner, and
grant “any other relief the Court deems just and proper” (Id.). With his Renewed
Emergency Motion, Petitioner attached as exhibits a declaration in support of his Renewed
Emergency Motion (Doc. 23 at 7-9); the petition to revoke probation filed in Maricopa
County Superior Court (Id. at 11-12); a text message conversation regarding a polygraph
examination (Id. at 13); documents regarding Petitioner’s participation in the Maricopa
County Adult Probation Department’s Adult Sex Offender Treatment Program (Id. at 14-
16, 19); documents regarding Petitioner’s probation history (Id. at 17-18, 24-26); and state
court filings related to Petitioner’s probation (Id. at 20-23).
In their Response, Respondents ask the Court to deny Petitioner’s Renewed
Emergency Motion (Doc. 24). Respondents argue that Petitioner is mistaken in “his belief
that this Court denied his most recent motion as moot” and that Petitioner “offers no reason
for this Court to either revisit or reject its prior determination” (Id. at 2). Respondents
further argue that possible incarceration is insufficient to stay state court proceedings under
28 U.S.C. § 2251 and such incarceration as a condition of probation does not constitute
irreparable injury (Id.). Respondents represent that at the February 11, 2026, revocation
hearing, “the trial court ordered that [Petitioner] serve six months in the county jail
beginning on 5/11/2026, and comply with certain probation conditions but stated that ‘[j]ail
time may be further deferred or deleted.’ (Exh. A.) [Petitioner] is not now in jail and it is
entirely uncertain whether, if he chooses to comply with his conditions of probation, he
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will be in May.” (Id.). Thus, Respondents argue that Petitioner has identified no persuasive
reason to interfere with ongoing state court proceedings or to justify the extraordinary and
drastic remedy of injunctive relief (Id. at 2-3).
In his Reply, Petitioner insists that “temporary relief [is] necessary to preserve this
Court’s ability to provide meaningful habeas review, prevent ongoing constitutional injury,
and prevent probation-driven escalation premised on contested and allegedly false factual
predicates currently central to the habeas merits” (Doc. 25 at 1-2). Petitioner represents
that at the February 11, 2026, revocation hearing the “complaining witness” testified “that
she was coerced as a teen by law enforcement and her mother, that Petitioner was misled
by false identification, and that she wants Petitioner off probation without continued
incarceration” (Id. at 2). Petitioner argues that the testimony supports his claims in the
Amended Petition and thus relief in his state court proceedings is necessary while his
Amended Petition is pending before this Court (Id.). Petitioner also contests Respondents’
argument regarding irreparable harm reasoning that although Petitioner is not “currently in
jail today” a “‘wait and see’ approach creates precisely the harm § 2251 was written to
prevent” (Id. at 3). Finally, Petitioner reasserts his argument that injunctive relief is
necessary because his Amended Petition is meritorious, “deferred incarceration constitutes
serious irreparable harm,” and that the balance of equities and public interest favor
Petitioner (Id. at 4).
II. APPLICABLE LAW
A. Reconsideration
A district court may reconsider a prior decision if the court “(1) is presented with
newly discovered evidence, (2) committed clear error or the initial decision was manifestly
unjust, or (3) if there is an intervening change in controlling law.” Sch. Dist. No. 1J,
Multnomah Cnty. v. ACandS, Inc., 5 F.3d 1255, 1263 (9th Cir. 1993) (citation omitted).
There also may be “other, highly unusual, circumstances warranting reconsideration.” Id.
B. Stay of State Court Proceedings
Under 28 U.S.C. § 2251, a federal court is authorized to stay the execution of a
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sentence pending habeas review. 28 U.S.C. § 2251(a) (“A justice or judge of the United
States before whom a habeas corpus proceeding is pending, may, before final judgment or
after final judgment of discharge, or pending appeal, stay any proceeding against the person
detained in any State court or by or under the authority of any State for any matter involved
in the habeas corpus proceeding.”). Section 2251 is primarily applied in the context of
stays of execution of capital defendants but allows for a stay of state court proceedings for
“any matter involved in the habeas corpus proceeding.” McFarland v. Scott, 512 U.S. 849,
857 (1994) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2251(a)(1)). “Section 2251 does not mandate the entry
of a stay, but dedicates the exercise of stay jurisdiction to the sound discretion of a federal
court.” McFarland, 512 U.S. at 858.
In line with Ninth Circuit and Supreme Court precedent, this Court in its January
28, 2026, Screening and Service Order analyzed the merits of Petitioner’s Emergency
Motion under the standard set forth in In re Holladay, 331 F.3d 1169, 1176-77 (11th Cir.
2003), which requires a movant to show a likelihood of success on the merits, irreparable
injury if a stay is not granted, whether the stay will substantially harm other parties, and
whether a stay would serve the public interest (Doc. 19 at 3-4). The same standard applies
to Petitioner’s Renewed Emergency Motion (Doc. 23).
C. Injunctive Relief
Injunctive relief “is an extraordinary and drastic remedy, one that should not be
granted unless the movant, by a clear showing, carries the burden of persuasion.” Mazurek
v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997) (citation omitted); see Winter v. Nat. Res. Def.
Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008) To obtain a preliminary injunction, the movant must
show that “he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm
in the absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that
an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 20. “In each case, courts ‘must
balance the competing claims of injury and must consider the effect on each party of the
granting or withholding of the requested relief.’” Id. at 24 (quoting Amoco Prod. Co. v.
Village of Gambell, 480 U.S. 531, 542 (1987)). Importantly, the movant must demonstrate
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that injury is “actual and imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical[.]” Summers v. Earth
Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 493 (2009); Davidson v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 889 F.3d 956,
967 (9th Cir. 2018). Furthermore, in the context of federal interference in state criminal
prosecutions, the injury must be “great and immediate” beyond “that incidental to every
criminal proceeding brought lawfully and in good faith.” Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37,
46-47 (1971) (first quoting Fenner v. Boykin, 271 U.S. 240, 234 (1926); and then quoting
Douglas v. City of Jeannette, 319 U.S. 157, 164 (1943)).
III. DISCUSSION
Upon review, Petitioner appears to seek reconsideration of the Court’s January 28,
2026, Screening and Service Order denying Petitioner’s Emergency Motion on the merits.
Petitioner argues that “[t]he Court denied that motion as moot, not on the merits,” (Doc. 23
at 2; Doc. 25 at 2) yet the Court denied Petitioner’s Emergency Motion after analyzing the
motion under the factors set forth in In re Holladay, 331 F.3d 1169, 1176-77 (11th Cir.
2003) (Doc. 19 at 3-4). The Court concluded that Petitioner’s Emergency Motion failed to
demonstrate “a likelihood of success on the merits or irreparable injury if a stay [was] not
granted” (Id.). The Court also found that “the outcome of a ruling on [Petitioner’s]
Amended Petition remain[ed] uncertain and d[id] not establish that relief on his Amended
Petition [was] likely, rather than merely possible, or that denial of a stay at th[at] time
w[ould] result in irreparable harm” (Id. at 4). Respondents are correct that the Court
addressed the merits of Petitioner’s Emergency Motion and did not deny Petitioner’s
Emergency Motion as moot.
Petitioner also seeks in his Renewed Emergency Motion (1) a stay of his state
probation proceedings and (2) an injunction to prevent the incarceration of Petitioner while
Amended Petition is pending (Doc. 23). Petitioner has not demonstrated that
reconsideration, a stay, or an injunction is appropriate.
First, reconsideration is inappropriate. Petitioner does not assert that newly
discovered evidence, a clear error in the initial decision, a manifest injustice, or an
intervening change in controlling law warrants reconsideration of the Court’s January 28,
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2026, Order. Rather, Petitioner argues that a revocation hearing scheduled for February
11, 2026, now constitutes irreparable harm because of possible incarceration before this
Court adjudicates his Amended Petition (Id. at 4, 7-9). Based upon the representations of
Petitioner and Respondents, Petitioner was sentenced to six-months in the county jail at the
February 11, 2026, revocation hearing (Doc. 24 at 2; Doc. 25 at 2). From Respondents’
Response and Petitioner’s Reply, it appears that the six-month sentence was deferred, and
Petitioner will not face any incarceration provided that he complies with the terms of his
probation (Doc. 24 at 2; Doc. 25 at 2). To the extent that Petitioner argues that the February
11, 2026, revocation hearing and its ultimate disposition constitute newly discovered
evidence to warrant reconsideration, the Court is unpersuaded. Petitioner’s then impending
state court probation revocation proceedings are much like those proceedings incidental to
every criminal proceeding brought lawfully and in good faith. See Younger, 401 U.S. at
46-47; see also United States v. Knights, 534 U.S. 112, 119 (2001) (“Just as other
punishments for criminal convictions curtail an offender’s freedoms, a court granting
probation may impose reasonable conditions that deprive the offender of some freedoms
enjoyed by law-abiding citizens.”). Further, there are no highly unusual circumstances
here that warrant reconsideration. See ACandS, Inc., 5 F.3d at 1263. Reconsideration of
the Court’s January 28, 2026, Order is not warranted.
Furthermore, a stay or injunction remain inappropriate based upon the record before
the Court. At this stage of the proceedings, it remains true that the outcome of a ruling on
Petitioner’s Amended Petition is uncertain. Petitioner claims that the testimony of the
witness at Petitioner’s revocation hearing (see Doc. 25 at 2) “goes directly to Petitioner’s
actual-innocence/Brady/due-process and plea-validity claims” but it is unclear whether the
testimony related to Petitioner’s underlying conviction or the facts underlying his
revocation proceedings. Moreover, Petitioner and Respondents acknowledge that
Petitioner remains out of custody and will not face incarceration as long as Petitioner
complies with the terms of his probation (Doc. 24 at 2; Doc. 25 at 2). Accordingly,
incarceration of Petitioner is not actual and imminent, but rather is merely possible. Even
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more importantly, Respondents are correct that Petitioner’s “circumstances [are] no
different from that of the typical criminal defendant” (Doc. 24 at 2). Petitioner does not
allege that the state court proceedings have been brought in bad faith and the alleged injury
to Petitioner is the type of injury incidental to every criminal proceeding brought lawfully
and in good faith. See Younger, 401 U.S. at 46-47.
No different from the time of the Court’s denial of Petitioner’s Emergency Motion,
Petitioner has not shown a likelihood of success on the merits of his Amended Petition nor
has he demonstrated irreparable injury if a stay or injunction is not granted.
IV. CONCLUSION
Because Petitioner has not demonstrated that it is appropriate for the Court to
reconsider its January 28, 2026, Screening and Service Order, to grant a stay of Petitioner’s
state probation proceedings, or to grant injunctive relief, the Court will recommend
denying Petitioner’s “Renewed Emergency Motion for Interim Relief from Probation”
(Doc. 23).
Accordingly,
IT IS RECOMMENDED that Petitioner’s “Renewed Emergency Motion for
Interim Relief from Probation” (Doc. 23) be denied.
This recommendation is not an order that is immediately appealable to the Ninth
Circuit Court of Appeals. Any notice of appeal pursuant to Rule 4(a)(1) of the Federal
Rules of Appellate Procedure should not be filed until entry of the District Court’s
judgment. The parties shall have fourteen days from the date of service of a copy of this
recommendation within which to file specific written objections with the Court. See 28
U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 6, 72. The parties shall have fourteen days within which
to file responses to any objections. Failure to file timely objections to the Magistrate
Judge’s Report and Recommendation may result in the acceptance of the Report and
Recommendation by the District Court without further review. See United States v. Reyna-
Tapia, 328 F.3d 1114, 1121 (9th Cir. 2003). Failure to file timely objections to any factual
determination of the Magistrate Judge may be considered a waiver of a party’s right to
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appellate review of the findings of fact in an order or judgment entered pursuant to the
Magistrate Judge’s recommendation. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72. In addition, LRCiv 7.2(e)(3)
provides that “[u]nless otherwise permitted by the Court, an objection to a Report and
Recommendation issued by a Magistrate Judge shall not exceed ten (10) pages.”
Dated this 27th day of February, 2026.
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