ULTRA GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. v. PRINCE AND PRINCE, LLC

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court
Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the
opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any
prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and
official text of the opinion.

In the Supreme Court of Georgia

Decided: September 30, 2025

S24G1331. ULTRA GROUP OF COMPANIES, INC. v. PRINCE
AND PRINCE, LLC et al.

ELLINGTON, Justice.

This appeal arises from a contract dispute between appellant

Ultra Group of Companies (“Ultra”) and appellees Uttam Dey and

Prince and Prince, LLC (collectively “Prince”). The contract between

the parties concerns the placement and operation of Ultra’s coin-

operated amusement machines (“COAMs”) on Prince’s premises. We

granted Ultra’s petition for a writ of certiorari to address whether

the Court of Appeals erred in affirming the Superior Court of Fulton

County’s order dismissing with prejudice Ultra’s appeal to the

superior court from a decision of the Georgia Lottery Corporation

(“GLC”) pursuant to OCGA § 50-27-102. The superior court

determined that Ultra failed to timely appeal from the GLC hearing

officer’s “Interim Award.” As explained more fully below, because
Ultra timely filed its appeal from the hearing officer’s “Final Award,”

the superior court erred in dismissing the appeal and the Court of

Appeals erred in affirming that decision.

1. Pertinent Facts and Procedural History.

The parties do not dispute the following pertinent facts. On

July 30, 2021, a GLC hearing officer entered an order designated as

an “Interim Award” in the parties’ GLC arbitration proceedings held

pursuant to OCGA § 50-27-102 (c).1 The hearing officer largely ruled

in Prince’s favor, granting summary judgment on the substantive

issues regarding the application of the contract but leaving the

remaining claims for fees and costs pursuant to the contract

unresolved. On September 17, 2021, the hearing officer entered a

second order, titled “Final Award,” which expressly adopted and

incorporated the Interim Award, split the arbitration costs, and

1 At the time of the hearing, § 50-27-102(c) was then OCGA § 50-27-

102(d). In 2024, subsection (d) was redesignated as subsection (c) with minor,
immaterial changes. See Ga. L. 2024, p. 739, 748-750, § 11. We note that the
applicable rules of the GLC still refer to OCGA § 50-27-102(d) and not § 50-27-
102(c).
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awarded Ultra attorney fees.2 The parties received the Final Award

on October 4, 2021.

Ultra sought review of the hearing officer’s Final Award by

filing a “Request for Reconsideration and Motion for Review” with

the GLC’s chief executive officer (“CEO”) on October 14, 2021.

Pursuant to GLC Rule 13.2.5(1)(b)(4), Ultra’s motion for review was

denied when the CEO did not rule on it within 30 days. On December

10, 2021, Ultra timely filed a petition for certiorari to the Superior

Court of Fulton County. 3 Prince moved to dismiss the petition,

2 The award stated:

The Hearing Officer hereby adopts and incorporates herein her
July 30, 2021, Interim Order on Cross-Motions for Summary
Judgment (the ‘Interim Award’). Except as it may be varied by this
Final Order, the Interim Award is made a part of this Final Order
as if fully set forth herein. . . .This Final Award resolves all issues
presented for decision in this arbitration decision.
3 See former OCGA § 5-4-3 (2023) (“When either party in any case in any

inferior judicatory or before any person exercising judicial powers is
dissatisfied with the decision or judgment in the case, the party may apply for
and obtain a writ of certiorari by petition to the superior court for the county
in which the case was tried, in which petition he shall plainly and distinctly
set forth the errors complained of[.]”); former OCGA § 5-4-6(a) (2023) (“All writs
of certiorari shall be applied for within 30 days after the final determination of
the case in which the error is alleged to have been committed.”) The General
Assembly has since repealed these statutes. See Ga. L. 2022, p. 767, 768 § 1-1.
In its place, the General Assembly enacted OCGA § 5-3-2, § 5-3-6(a), and § 5-
3-7(b), which became effective on July 1, 2023, after Ultra filed its petition for

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arguing that Ultra had failed to preserve its right to appeal because

it did not file a motion with the CEO for review of the hearing

officer’s Interim Award (as opposed to the Final Award), within 10

days. Ultra responded, arguing that it had timely appealed from the

Final Award, which was the only appealable order under GLC Rules.

The superior court agreed with Prince and dismissed Ultra’s

petition.

Ultra appealed to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed the

superior court’s final order without opinion pursuant to Court of

Appeals Rule 36. Ultra then moved for reconsideration, arguing that

the superior court’s dismissal of the entire appeal was improper

because, even if Ultra’s appeal of the Interim Award was untimely,

Ultra timely appealed the ruling concerning costs and attorney fees

in the Final Award. The Court of Appeals denied Ultra’s motion for

reconsideration and Ultra petitioned this Court for a writ of

certiorari, which we granted.

writ of certiorari. Under the new statutory scheme, there is a “uniform
procedure” to appeal via a “petition for review.” OCGA § 5-3-2(b)(1).
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In the order granting the writ of certiorari, this Court informed

the parties that it was particularly concerned with the following:

When a Georgia Lottery Corporation hearing officer
appointed pursuant to OCGA § 50-27-102 (c) issues a
nonfinal order, must the aggrieved party file a motion for
review with the Georgia Lottery Corporation’s chief
executive within 10 days of receipt of that order? Would
failure to timely move for review of that non-final order
prejudice the aggrieved party’s right to appeal a
subsequent final order in the matter?

2. Analysis.

Because the issues decided by the superior court and Court of

Appeals present questions of law concerning the meaning of GLC

rules of appellate procedure, specifically Rules 13.2.4 and 13.2.5, a

de novo standard of review applies. See Adventure Motorsports

Reinsurance, Ltd. v. Interstate Nat’l Dealer Servs., 313 Ga. 19, 25

(2021). Further,

[a]s we have said many times before when interpreting
legal text, we do not read words in isolation, but rather in
context. The primary determinant of a text’s meaning is
its context, which includes the structure and history of
the text and the broader context in which that text was
enacted, including statutory and decisional law that
forms the legal background of the written text. This
principle, and other rules of statutory construction, apply

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to all positive legal rules, including agency regulations.

City of Guyton v. Barrow, 305 Ga. 799, 805 (2019) (citations and

punctuation omitted). And, finally,

we must read the [legal] text in its most natural and
reasonable way, as an ordinary speaker of the English
language would. If the [legal] text is clear and
unambiguous, we attribute to the [legal text] its plain
meaning, and our search for [textual] meaning is at an
end.

Premier Health Care Investments, LLC v. UHS of Anchor, L.P., 310

Ga. 32, 39 (2020).

Ultra contends that the order it appealed – the Final Award –

was the only appealable order under the GLC Rules because the

Final Award was the only order that resolved all issues presented

for decision in the arbitration proceedings. Because Ultra timely

appealed to the GLC’s CEO within 10 days of receipt of the Final

Award, Ultra contends that it preserved its right to an appeal by

complying with the GLC Rules. As explained below, we agree that

the Final Award in this case was the only appealable final order

issued by the GLC hearing officer and that Ultra timely appealed

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from that order.

First, it is important to view the GLC rules in context. Under

Georgia law, the GLC has “jurisdiction of all disputes” involving its

COAM licensees. OCGA § 50-27-102(c)(2). 4 While this Code section

sets forth the general framework for appealing GLC decisions,

OCGA § 50-27-102(c)(5), 5 it also directs the GLC to adopt rules

governing its dispute resolution procedure. OCGA § 50-27-102(c)(3).6

4 OCGA § 50-27-102(c)(2) provides, in pertinent part:

The corporation shall have jurisdiction of all disputes
between and among any licensees or former licensees whose
licenses were issued pursuant to this article relating in any way to
any agreement involving coin operated amusement machines,
distribution of funds, tortious interference with contract, other
claims against a subsequent master licensee or location owner, or
any other claim involving coin operated amusement machines[.]
5 OCGA § 50-27-102(c)(5) provides:

The decision of the hearing officer may be appealed to the
chief executive officer or his or her designee. The chief executive
officer shall not reverse a finding of fact of the hearing officer if
any evidence supports the hearing officer’s conclusion. The chief
executive officer shall not reverse a conclusion of law of the hearing
officer unless it was clearly erroneous, arbitrary, and capricious or
exceeded the hearing officer’s jurisdiction. The decision of the chief
executive officer may be appealed to the Superior Court of Fulton
County, which court shall not reverse the chief executive officer’s
findings of fact unless it is against the weight of the evidence as
set forth in Code Section 5-5-21, and the chief executive officer’s
legal conclusions shall not be set aside unless there is an error of
law.
6 OCGA § 50-27-102(c)(3) provides, in pertinent part:

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As is pertinent to this case, although the GLC would not be

authorized under this Code section to adopt a rule that foreclosed

appeals to the superior court from the CEO’s final decisions, it is

authorized to define what constitutes the final, appealable “decision

of the chief executive officer,” so long as that rule is not inconsistent

with the Georgia Arbitration Code.7 See id. Further, GLC Rule

13.2.5 (1) provides that the appellate procedures outlined in the GLC

rules are the “exclusive administrative remedy for appealing

decisions entered pursuant to these rules.”8 The rules also provide

The corporation shall also adopt rules governing the
procedure, evidentiary matters, and any prehearing discovery
applicable to disputes resolved pursuant to this Code section. Such
rules shall be consistent with the Georgia Arbitration Code[.]
7 Prince does not argue that construing the GLC rules to require that

appeals be taken from the hearing officer’s Executive Order is inconsistent
with either the Georgia Arbitration Code or OCGA § 50-27-102(c)(5).
8 We note that, although the legislature expressly provided for

interlocutory review in other administrative proceedings, see OCGA § 50-13-
19(a) (stating that “[an] intermediate agency action or ruling is immediately
reviewable if review of the final agency decision would not provide an adequate
remedy”), it did not do so for GLC proceedings under OCGA § 50-27-102(c). The
Lottery is “an instrumentality of the state, and not a state agency, and a public
corporation.” OCGA § 50-27-4. Further, Georgia’s Administrative Procedure
Act does not apply to GLC COAM arbitrations. See OCGA § 50-27-9(a)(19)
(“Hearings under Code Section 50-27-102 shall be held in accordance with the
provisions of Part 1 of Article 1 of Chapter 9 of Title 9, the ‘Georgia Arbitration
Code.”).
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that “[a] party must follow the intra-agency appeal procedure as

outlined in this Rule. The failure of a party to follow such appeal

procedure shall constitute a waiver of its appeal rights.” Rule

13.2.5(3).

Second, the GLC rules of appellate procedure do not

distinguish between interim and final orders or contemplate using

multiple orders to resolve a dispute following a hearing. Instead,

they mandate that “[a]s soon as possible after the close of a hearing,

the Hearing Officer shall issue an Executive Order (the ‘Order’) in

the case and forward that Order to the GLC for service and

execution.” Rule 13.2.4(1) (emphasis supplied). Further, the

Executive Order “shall contain the determination of the Hearing

Officer and any penalties to be imposed as a result of the

proceeding.” Rule 13.2.4(2) (emphasis supplied). Once the Executive

Order is issued, the aggrieved “licensee or applicant shall have ten

(10) days from the date of receipt of the Hearing Officer’s Order, to

file with the President/CEO a written Motion for Review by

electronic mail” to the GLC. Rule 13.2.5(1)(b)(1)(B). Although the

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rules do not forbid the use of interim or other types of orders during

the GLC arbitration process, the rules plainly contemplate a specific

type of order – an Executive Order – to resolve all aspects of the

dispute following the conclusion of the hearing. And while the rules

do not expressly state that Executive Orders are “final” orders that

resolve “all issues,” that conclusion is necessarily implicit in the

language of Rule 13.2.5(2) for the following reasons.

Under GLC appellate procedure, the “Executive Order,” which

is referred to in a parenthetical as “the Order,” is the only order

required to contain “the determination” of the hearing officer,

including any penalties to be imposed, following the hearing. It is

the only order that must be served on the parties and executed on

the date specified in the order unless it is stayed. See Rule 13.2.4(3).

Further, although the GLC rules refer to “orders” generically

elsewhere, whenever an “Order” is mentioned in the text of the GLC

appeals rules, the word is both singular and capitalized. Thus, such

an “Order” can only reference an Executive Order. See Rule

13.2.4(1). It follows, then, that when the GLC Rules discuss the

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procedures for appeals from an Order, they discuss appeals from

Executive Orders.

In this case, the Interim Award did not resolve Ultra’s pending

contractual claims for fees and costs, which are a part of the dispute

in this case. Therefore, the Interim Award did not resolve all issues

pending before the hearing officer following the hearing. Given that

it did not resolve those pending claims, it is not an Executive Order

as defined in the GLC Rules. And, finally, because the Interim

Award was not an Executive Order, it was not an appealable order.

Consequently, in this case, there is only one order that suffices as

an Executive Order, and that is the Final Award. Because Ultra

timely appealed from the Final Award, the superior court erred in

dismissing the appeal and the Court of Appeals erred in affirming

the decision of the superior court.

Because the Court of Appeals’ decision in this case was issued

without an opinion, we do not know what legal authority it relied on

in affirming the superior court’s judgment. We note, however, that

in Lucky Fortune, LLC v. Ga. Lottery Corp., 367 Ga. App. 263, 266

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(2023), the Court of Appeals assumed, in support of its holding

dismissing an appeal from an interim order of a GLC hearing

officer, 9 that “there is no provision in the GLC’s rules limiting the

type of order from which an appeal may be filed. See RU 13.2.5 (1)

(a) (3).” However, Rule 13.2.5(1)(a)(3) provides only that a licensee

may “appeal by filing a Request for Reconsideration with the [CEO]

. . . no later than ten (10) days after receipt of the Order.” That rule,

standing alone, does not support the proposition for which it was

cited. Further, the Court of Appeals did not analyze what constitutes

an appealable order under the GLC’s rules of appellate procedure.

The Court of Appeals’ assumption that “there is no provision in the

GLC’s rules limiting the type of order from which an appeal may be

filed” is contrary to our analysis in this case. Therefore, we

9 In Lucky Fortune, the Court of Appeals held:

Accordingly, to preserve its right to appeal, and notwithstanding
any other direction by the hearing officer to the contrary, Lucky
Fortune was required to file a “Request for Reconsideration with
the Chief Executive Officer or his or her designee no later than ten
(10) days after receipt of the [September 16] Order.” RU 13.2.5 (1)
(a) (3). It was not until October 25, 2021, that Lucky Fortune filed
such a request with the GLC chief executive officer. It follows that
the trial court correctly held that Lucky Fortune’s first-step appeal
to the GLC chief executive officer was untimely.
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disapprove of Lucky Fortune to the extent it conflicts with our

analysis here.

Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur.

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