CourtListener 10680507

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321 Ga. 186
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S24A1237. CALLAWAY v. THE STATE.

PINSON, Justice.

Mikeal Callaway was charged with malice murder and other

crimes after going on an early morning shooting spree in his SUV. A

jury convicted him on all counts, and he now appeals his convictions

on numerous grounds.1 For the reasons set out below, we affirm his

convictions.

1. The shooting spree spanned five miles, four hours, and two

1 Callaway was indicted on May 10, 2018, in DeKalb County for crimes

related to the DeKalb pair of shootings. The charges were for malice murder
(Count 1), two alternative counts of felony murder (Counts 2-3), seven counts
of aggravated assault (Counts 4-10), possession of a firearm by a convicted
felon (Count 11), two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission
of a felony (Counts 12-13), and fleeing a police officer (Count 14). The jury re-
turned a guilty verdict on all counts following trial on January 27 through Jan-
uary 30, 2020. Callaway was sentenced to life without parole for malice mur-
der. The two counts of felony murder were vacated by operation of law, and one
count of aggravated assault (Count 4) merged with the malice murder count.
He was further sentenced to 20 years on each remaining count of aggravated
assault (Counts 5-10), with each sentence consecutive to the prior count, and
12 months of probation for the fleeing count consecutive to the aggravated as-
sault counts. Callaway timely moved for a new trial, raising the same claims
that he now raises before this Court. The trial court denied his motion for new
trial. Callaway timely appealed to this Court, and the case was docketed to the
August 2024 term of this Court and submitted for a decision on the briefs.
counties (Fulton and DeKalb) beginning late on February 21, 2018,

and continuing into the early morning hours of February 22, 2018.

The evidence of each of the shootings (four in total) is recounted be-

low, viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdicts.

(a) The Diggs Shooting — Fulton County

Nathaniel Diggs was working as a cook in Atlanta at the time

of the shooting. On the night of February 21, 2018, he got off work

at 11:30. To go home, he took I-20. While driving, he saw bright

headlights in his mirrors, “like somebody had the high beams right

behind [him].” Diggs moved over a lane to let the vehicle pass, and

an SUV pulled up alongside him.

Suddenly Diggs’s window burst. He testified that he did not

know what was happening, but he pulled over to the shoulder of the

highway. When he did, he realized he had been shot, so he got in the

back of his car and lay down. A passerby called 911, and EMS and

police arrived. After being taken to the hospital, Diggs was told that

he had been shot nine times — in his stomach, back, and both legs.

Based off the time he left work, Diggs estimated that he was shot

2
around midnight.

(b) The Fisher Shooting — Fulton County

Around 2:00 a.m., Tracy Fisher was driving to his apartment.

He exited I-20 onto Fulton Street in Atlanta. While leaving the in-

terstate, he saw a silver Infiniti SUV exit behind him. Fisher kept

driving and eventually came to a stop sign. While stopped, Fisher

looked to his right and saw that the SUV had pulled alongside him.

The driver of the SUV “look[ed] at [him]” and “stare[d] at [him].”

Fisher testified that the driver did not “look in a normal state.” See-

ing the strange behavior of the other driver, Fisher accelerated to

get away.

As soon as he accelerated, Fisher heard shots come from the

SUV. He turned his head while driving away and saw the shooter’s

face and the muzzle flash of the gun. One of the bullets then struck

Fisher, ultimately paralyzing him from the chest down. Unable to

control his car, he collided with a parked vehicle and his car flipped

onto its side. Police and EMS arrived a few minutes later.

Police recovered shell casings and a magazine from the scene.

3
Several hours after the shooting, they were able to conduct a photo

lineup with Fisher, who was then recovering in the hospital. From

the lineup, Fisher identified Callaway as the person who looked

most like the shooter. Fisher identified Callaway as the shooter at

trial.

Nicholas Bankston was celebrating his birthday with his fam-

ily in the early morning hours of February 22. He and his fiancée,

Abby, left his mother’s home shortly after midnight. They first went

to his aunt’s home to pick up some of Bankston’s younger siblings,

and then they went to pick up other siblings from his brother’s home.

A few hours later, he drove the group back to his mother’s home.

Abby was in the passenger seat, and his five siblings — A. L., N. B.,

C. L., Z. B., and S. L. — were in the back seats. When the group got

to his mother’s gated subdivision shortly before 3:30 a.m., they could

not get the entry gate to open, so they went to the entrance on the

other side of the complex to see if their gate key would work there.

When they got to the other entrance, a silver SUV pulled up on

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the driver’s side of Bankston’s car, about ten feet away. Shots came

through the SUV’s passenger window and struck the driver’s side

door and window of Bankston’s car. The children in the back seat

ducked to the floor. Abby was not hit. But Bankston was struck in

the head by a bullet. By the time paramedics arrived, he was dead.

One of Bankston’s siblings testified that the group did not see

the other car or where the shots were coming from. But another wit-

ness, Bobby Frazier, saw everything. He was delivering newspapers

that morning, and he saw the shooting unfold along his route. He

testified that the vehicle that came up to the Bankston car and from

which shots were fired was a silver Infiniti SUV with a dealer tag.

When he saw and heard the shots, he sped up to leave the area. A

few moments later, the SUV passed Frazier and turned down an-

other road. At that point, Frazier went back to the scene of the shoot-

ing, where he called police and gave a statement once they arrived.

Police spoke to the witnesses at the scene and put out a BOLO for a

silver Infiniti SUV.

(d) The McMillon Shooting — DeKalb County

5
Darryl McMillon was driving to catch a commuter shuttle

around 4:45 a.m. on February 22. As he drove down Gresham Road,

he saw a vehicle parked just off the road. At first, he thought it might

be a police car doing speed checks. As he passed the vehicle, he saw

that it was a silver SUV. Then he heard gunshots. McMillon testified

that his instincts as an Army veteran kicked in, and he crouched

down as he continued to drive — unsure where the shots were com-

ing from or if they were directed at him. He did not hear any glass

breaking or any other noise to indicate his vehicle had been hit, so

he kept driving and went about his day.

While continuing to drive, the low tire pressure indicator came

on in McMillon’s car, but he assumed this was caused by the cold

weather. That evening on his way home, McMillon’s tire blew out.

Roadside assistance came, changed the tire, and McMillon com-

pleted his journey home. It wasn’t until several days later that

McMillon noticed what appeared to be bullet holes on the side of his

car. He then contacted his brother-in-law, who worked as a narcotics

detective in another town. On his brother-in-law’s advice, McMillon

6
reached out to DeKalb County police and then to a homicide detec-

tive at the department. McMillon had seen coverage of the other

shootings on the news and realized that it might have been the same

person who shot at his car.

(e) The Aftermath

After the McMillon shooting, Callaway went to a Walmart

shortly after 6:00 a.m. Surveillance video from the store shows that

he arrived in a silver SUV, bought several cans of spray paint, and

left in the same SUV. Callaway appears to have spray painted the

SUV black in an attempt to cover up the shootings. A Walmart re-

ceipt for the spray paint was found in the hastily painted SUV, a

GBI fingerprint expert testified that Callaway’s prints matched

those on a spray-paint can’s cap found in the SUV, and 14 cans of

black spray paint were found in the garbage can at Callaway’s

mother’s home.

Sometime after Callaway painted the SUV, police were able to

track the vehicle through the manufacturer’s GPS locator service.

The GPS led them to Callaway’s mother’s home. The police chose not

7
to approach the home or vehicle initially, instead staking out the

location and staging uniformed officers nearby in case someone tried

to flee. Eventually, Callaway and his girlfriend, Keshun Booker,

came out of the home and got into the now-black SUV. When they

started driving, Callaway noticed police and accelerated rapidly.

Marked police cruisers activated their sirens and lights and pursued

Callaway’s vehicle. Shortly after the pursuit began, Booker jumped

out of the moving SUV. Callaway then led police on a chase that

exceeded speeds of 100 miles per hour, but police were eventually

able to immobilize the SUV and arrest Callaway. A 9mm handgun

was found on the floor on the driver’s side of the car. A later search

of the vehicle also turned up the spray-paint can’s cap, Walmart re-

ceipt, live ammunition for an AR-15, two spent rifle casings, and a

9mm pistol.

An expert witness for the State testified that particles con-

sistent with gunshot residue were found on Callaway’s hands, on his

shirt, and in the car. Another expert testified that the 9mm bullets

found at the Fisher shooting matched the gun found in Callaway’s

8
car.

Booker was interviewed by police. She gave written and audio

recorded statements. In these statements, she told police that she

had been with Callaway during the night while he carried out the

shootings. She said that she would cover herself with a hoodie and

try to remain still so that she would not be shot. Booker also testified

that Callaway was high on Adderall and “X pills.” He would get par-

anoid when high, and that is what provoked him to shoot at other

drivers. She also said that Callaway would beat her when he was

high.

At trial, Booker admitted to seeing the silver Infiniti SUV the

day before the shootings and that it was spray-painted black the

next day, but she refused to say who painted it. She also admitted

to jumping out of the SUV when Callaway ran from police. But she

recanted her testimony about the shootings, saying that she only

made her earlier statements because she was told she would go to

jail and have her children taken from her if she didn’t corroborate

the police department’s version of events. The State impeached her

9
testimony with her prior statements to police and prior statements

made during an interview with the prosecutor and an investigator

with the district attorney’s office. The State also introduced testi-

mony that Booker had not cooperated with its subpoena and that

she was being held in jail on a material-witness warrant.

2. Callaway claims that the evidence was not sufficient as a

matter of constitutional due process to authorize a jury to find him

guilty of several of his crimes. Evidence is sufficient as a matter of

due process if, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, a

rational trier of fact could have found “‘the essential elements of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” McCullum v. State, 318 Ga. 485,

489 (2) (a) (899 SE2d 171) (2024) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443

U.S. 307, 319 (III) (B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979)).

(a) Callaway contends that the evidence was not sufficient to

authorize a jury to find him guilty of four counts of aggravated as-

sault for four of the children in the back seat of the car. The indict-

ment alleged that Callaway committed aggravated assault against

each of these victims by “shooting at or in the direction of” each of

10
them. Callaway argues that the evidence only showed that he shot

from close range at the driver’s door and its window — not in the

direction of the car’s rear seats. Because he did not shoot “at or in

the direction of” those in the back seat, Callaway argues, the State’s

evidence was not sufficient to prove the facts alleged in the indict-

ment.

This claim fails. The evidence showed that Callaway shot at

the car the children were riding in. The jury was authorized to con-

clude that by firing a gun repeatedly into the car, causing the chil-

dren in the back seat to duck to the floor, Callaway used a “deadly

weapon” in a way that placed the children in “reasonable apprehen-

sion of immediately receiving a violent injury,” even though he later

claimed that he was only shooting toward the front seat of the car.

OCGA §§ 16-5-20 (a) (2) & 16-5-21 (a) (2) (aggravated assault with a

deadly weapon).

(b) Callaway also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence as

to venue for his conviction of aggravated assault against McMillon.

He contends that no one with personal knowledge testified to the

11
location of the shooting, Gresham Road, being in DeKalb County. He

argues that an Atlanta police department detective who testified

about venue did not investigate the Gresham Road shooting himself.

Because no one else with personal knowledge testified to venue,

Callaway contends, the State failed to meet its burden in proving

venue.

This claim fails. Even putting aside the detective’s testimony,

other evidence was sufficient to authorize the jury to conclude be-

yond a reasonable doubt that venue was proper in DeKalb County.

There was evidence that McMillon went to the DeKalb County police

department to file a report about his car being shot, and those police

officers were the ones who came to inspect his vehicle. See Smith v.

State, 295 Ga. 283, 288 (2) (759 SE2d 520) (2014) (noting that evi-

dence of which police department responded to a crime can help es-

tablish venue). And Frazier separately testified that his paper deliv-

ery route was in DeKalb County and that this route took him down

Gresham Road — the road where the McMillon shooting occurred.

Taken together, this evidence was enough to authorize the jury to

12
find beyond a reasonable doubt that venue was proper in DeKalb

County. See Worthen v. State, 304 Ga. 862, 865 (3) (a) (823 SE2d

291) (2019) (“The State may meet its burden [to prove venue] at trial

using either direct or circumstantial evidence.”).

3. Callaway contends that evidence of the Fulton County

crimes should have been excluded under OCGA § 24-4-404 (b) (Rule

404 (b)), which limits the admission of “[e]vidence of other crimes,

wrongs, or acts,” which is sometimes called “extrinsic” or “other-

acts” evidence. Roberts v. State, 315 Ga. 229, 235-236 (2) (a) (880

SE2d 501) (2022). But those limits do not apply to “intrinsic” evi-

dence. Id. The line between “extrinsic” and “intrinsic” evidence is not

always bright, but the basic distinction is whether the evidence may

be understood as “direct evidence of the charged crime” or only “evi-

dence of other crimes subject to Rule 404 (b).” Id. at 236 (2) (a) (cita-

tion and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original). That said, even

evidence of other crimes is still intrinsic if it is (1) evidence of “an

uncharged offense arising from the same transaction or series of

transactions as the charged offense”; (2) “necessary to complete the

13
story of the crime”; or (3) “inextricably intertwined with” the evi-

dence of the charged offense. Id. (citation and punctuation omitted).

In applying this standard, we have also said that evidence that has

to do with “the chain of events explaining the context, motive, and

set-up of the crime” is properly admitted as intrinsic evidence “if it

is linked in time and circumstances with the charged crime, or forms

an integral and natural part of an account of the crime, or is neces-

sary to complete the story of the crime for the jury.” Harris v. State,

310 Ga. 372, 378 (2) (b) (850 SE2d 77) (2020) (cleaned up). We review

the admission of intrinsic evidence for an abuse of discretion. Abbott

v. State, 311 Ga. 478, 483 (2) (858 SE2d 696) (2021).

Applying this standard here, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting the evidence of the Fulton County shootings

as intrinsic evidence. Callaway went on a shooting spree within a

tight geographic and temporal span — five miles and four hours.

Evidence relating to the identification of Callaway as the shooter

came from the victims of the Fulton County shootings. And the in-

vestigation of the crimes and arrest of Callaway were undertaken

14
jointly by DeKalb and Fulton law enforcement agencies. Because the

evidence related to the Fulton County shootings is linked closely in

time and circumstance and is an integral and natural part of the

story of Callaway’s shooting spree, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in admitting it. See Brown v. State, 307 Ga. 24, 29 (2) (834

SE2d 40) (2019) (evidence of an uncharged burglary committed in

the same week as the charged crimes was intrinsic to the charged

crimes because it was part of the same “crime spree”).

Callaway contends that the evidence was not intrinsic because

it was not needed to prove the crimes he was charged with. But “[i]n

assessing whether evidence is necessary in this context, we have

noted that ‘necessary’ is not used in a strictly literal sense, but ra-

ther, refers to what evidence is reasonably necessary for the State

to complete the story of the crime.” Jennings v. State, 318 Ga. 579,

584 (1) (899 SE2d 210) (2024) (citation and punctuation omitted).

And here, there is little question that evidence of part of a shooting

spree within this relatively brief span of time and location is im-

portant context that is reasonably necessary to explain to the jury

15
how the crimes at issue unfolded. Heade v. State, 312 Ga. 19, 26 (3)

(860 SE2d 509) (2021) (holding that other crimes committed during

defendant’s crime “spree” were “reasonably necessary to complete

the story for the jury”).

Callaway finally contends that the trial court erred by not giv-

ing a contemporaneous limiting instruction to the jury about the

Fulton County evidence. Although “a limiting instruction generally

is not warranted for intrinsic evidence,” Anderson v. State, 313 Ga.

178, 183 (3) (a) (869 SE2d 401) (2022), here the trial court gave a

limiting instruction, albeit at the close of evidence. Callaway offers

no authority for the idea that a contemporaneous instruction was

required when an instruction was ultimately given, and we are

aware of none.

4. Callaway contends that the State committed prosecutorial

misconduct in a few instances, but these claims are not preserved

for appellate review.

(a) Callaway contends that the prosecutor put facts not yet in

evidence before the jury in the guise of questions in violation of

16
Rules 3.7 (a) and 3.8, Comment 1 of the Georgia Rules of Profes-

sional Conduct2 and impermissibly commented on the veracity of a

witness in front of the jury. These claims are waived: Callaway did

not object to this line of questioning at trial, and claims of prosecu-

torial misconduct are not subject to review for plain error.3 See Gris-

som v. State, 296 Ga. 406, 411-412 (3) (768 SE2d 494) (2015).

(b) Callaway claims that the prosecutor engaged in improper

2 Rule 3.7 (a) states:

A lawyer shall not act as advocate at a trial in which the lawyer is likely
to be a necessary witness except where:
(1) the testimony relates to an uncontested issue;
(2) the testimony relates to the nature and value of legal services ren-
dered in the case; or
(3) disqualification of the lawyer would work substantial hardship on
the client.
Rule 3.8, Comment 1 provides:
A prosecutor has the responsibility of a minister of justice and not
simply that of an advocate. This responsibility carries with it specific ob-
ligations to see that the defendant is accorded procedural justice and that
guilt is decided upon the basis of sufficient evidence. Precisely how far
the prosecutor is required to go in this direction is a matter of debate and
varies in different jurisdictions. Many jurisdictions have adopted the
ABA Standards of Criminal Justice Relating to the Prosecution Func-
tion, which in turn are the product of prolonged and careful deliberation
by lawyers experienced in both criminal prosecution and defense. Appli-
cable law may require other measures by the prosecutor and knowing
disregard of those obligations or a systematic abuse of prosecutorial dis-
cretion could constitute a violation of Rule 8.4: Misconduct.

3 Callaway does not appear to claim that the trial court erred in admit-

ting evidence, only that the prosecutor’s conduct was improper.
17
closing argument because his closing argument was “pure emotion-

alism.” This claim is also waived because Callaway did not object to

the closing argument at trial, see Grier v. State, 305 Ga. 882, 887 (3)

(828 SE2d 304) (2019), and claims that improper statements were

made in closing argument are not subject to review for plain error,

Simmons v. State, 299 Ga. 370, 372-373 (2) (788 SE2d 494) (2016).

5. Callaway raises a pair of claims that his trial counsel’s as-

sistance was constitutionally ineffective. To prevail on a claim of in-

effective assistance of counsel, Callaway must show that his trial

counsel performed deficiently and that the deficiency prejudiced

him. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (III) (104 SCt

2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984). To show deficiency, Callaway must es-

tablish that counsel “performed his duties in an objectively unrea-

sonable way, considering all the circumstances and in the light of

prevailing professional norms.” Evans v. State, 315 Ga. 607, 611 (2)

(b) (884 SE2d 334) (2023). And the law “recognizes a ‘strong pre-

sumption’ that counsel performed reasonably, and the defendant

bears the burden of overcoming this presumption.” Id. An attorney’s

18
decisions as to what evidence to present is “a matter of trial strat-

egy,” and “such decisions will form the basis for an ineffectiveness

claim only if they were so patently unreasonable that no competent

attorney would have followed such a course.” Id. at 611 (2) (c) (cita-

tion and punctuation omitted). To show prejudice, Callaway “must

establish a reasonable probability that, in the absence of counsel’s

deficient performance, the result of the trial would have been differ-

ent.” Rashad v. State, 318 Ga. 199, 208 (3) (897 SE2d 760) (2024) (ci-

tation and punctuation omitted). If Callaway “fails to make a suffi-

cient showing on one part of the Strickland test, we need not address

the other part.” Starks v. State, 320 Ga. 300, 304 (2) (908 SE2d 614)

(2024) (punctuation omitted) (citing Rashad, 318 Ga. at 208 (3)).

(a) Callaway contends that his counsel rendered ineffective as-

sistance by failing to object to the prosecutor’s closing argument.

Some of the statements that Callaway argues warranted objection

include: “[t]his man put a bullet in [Bankston’s] head, and he de-

prived that family of him for the rest of their lives”; “you are going

to hold him responsible for that”; and “[y]ou’re going to find Mikeal

19
Callaway guilty because you’re going to hold him responsible for

tearing Mr. Bankston away from his family. Because he was a good

man, and he did nothing to deserve what Mikeal Callaway did to

him.”

Counsel’s failure to object to these comments during argument

was not deficient performance because those comments were not im-

proper. Cochran v. State, 305 Ga. 827, 834 (2) (d) (828 SE2d 338)

(2019). Prosecutors “may forcibly or even extravagantly attempt to

impress upon the jury the enormity of the offense and the solemnity

of their duty.” Nundra v. State, 316 Ga. 1, 11 (4) (b) (885 SE2d 790)

(2023) (citation and punctuation omitted). That is all that the pros-

ecutor did here. He impressed upon the jury the gravity of the crime

— particularly the murder of Bankston — and told them it was their

duty to do justice. This argument fell well within the “wide latitude”

that prosecutors are given in closing argument. Summerville v.

State, 320 Ga. 60, 62 (2) (907 SE2d 604) (2024) (citation and punc-

tuation omitted).

20
(b) Callaway contends that his counsel rendered ineffective as-

sistance by failing to object to the prosecutor vouching for a witness’s

credibility during questioning.4 Callaway specifically points to state-

ments made during the impeachment of Booker that he contends

boosted her earlier statement’s credibility:

Q: And do you remember I said, but I don’t think you
did any of that?
A: Right, because I didn’t.
Q: Right. And I told you I believed you were telling
me what?
A: The truth.
Q: That’s what I asked you to do; right?
A: Yes.

Counsel was not deficient in failing to object to this line of ques-

tioning. We have said that “decisions regarding trial tactics and

strategy may form the basis for an ineffectiveness claim only if they

4 Callaway’s brief refers to this claim as ineffectiveness for failure to ob-

ject to “improper bolstering.” But “bolstering” refers to a specific scenario in
our law — when a witness testifies about the credibility of another witness.
See Brown v. State, 302 Ga. 454, 460-461 (2) (b) (807 SE2d 369) (2017) (“When
a witness’s statement does not directly address the credibility of another wit-
ness, however, there is no improper bolstering.”). Callaway’s argument focuses
instead on the prosecutor’s statements about a witness’s credibility, which is
not a true “bolstering” claim. So we address the substance of his argument that
counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor’s line of question-
ing about the witness’s credibility.
21
were so patently unreasonable that no competent attorney would

have followed such a course.” Bates v. State, 313 Ga. 57, 62 (2) (867

SE2d 140) (2022) (citation and punctuation omitted). In these cir-

cumstances, it would not be unreasonable for trial counsel to decide

as a matter of trial strategy to avoid objecting to questions posed

while the State impeached its own witness. Objections could distract

the jury from the witness’s credibility issues. Objections could also

give the jury the impression that the defense did not want the prior

inconsistent statements to be admitted because they were the truth-

ful account of events. And the alleged misconduct was brief and not

the focus of the questioning. So we cannot say that no reasonable

lawyer would fail to object in these circumstances.

6. Callaway contends that the cumulative effect of errors at

trial denied him a fundamentally fair trial. This claim fails because

he has not established any error. See Wynn v. State, 313 Ga. 827,

840 (6) (874 SE2d 42) (2022).

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

22
Decided March 4, 2025.

Murder. DeKalb Superior Court. Before Judge LaTisha Dear

Jackson.

Charles H. Frier, for appellant.

Sherry Boston, District Attorney, Deborah D. Wellborn, Assis-

tant District Attorney; Christopher M. Carr, Attorney General, Beth

A. Burton, Deputy Attorney General, Meghan H. Hill, Clint C. Mal-

colm, Senior Assistant Attorneys General, Faith D. Worley, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee.

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court
Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the
opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any
prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and
official text of the opinion.

In the Supreme Court of Georgia

Decided: March 4, 2025

S24A1237. CALLAWAY v. THE STATE.

PINSON, Justice.

Mikeal Callaway was charged with malice murder and other

crimes after going on an early morning shooting spree in his SUV. A

jury convicted him on all counts, and he now appeals his convictions

on numerous grounds. 1 For the reasons set out below, we affirm his

1 Callaway was indicted on May 10, 2018, in DeKalb County for crimes

related to the DeKalb pair of shootings. The charges were for malice murder
(Count 1), two alternative counts of felony murder (Counts 2-3), seven counts
of aggravated assault (Counts 4-10), possession of a firearm by a convicted
felon (Counts 11), two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission
of a felony (Counts 12-13), and fleeing a police officer (Count 14). The jury re-
turned a guilty verdict on all counts following trial on January 27 through Jan-
uary 30, 2020. Callaway was sentenced to life without parole for malice mur-
der. The two counts of felony murder were vacated by operation of law, and one
count of aggravated assault (Count 4) merged with the malice murder count.
He was further sentenced to 20 years on each remaining count of aggravated
assault (Counts 5-10), with each sentence consecutive to the prior count, and
12 months of probation for the fleeing count consecutive to the aggravated as-
sault counts. Callaway timely moved for a new trial, raising the same claims
that he now raises before this Court. The trial court denied his motion for new
trial. Callaway timely appealed to this Court, and the case was docketed to the
August 2024 term of this Court and submitted for a decision on the briefs.
convictions.

1. The shooting spree spanned five miles, four hours, and two

counties (Fulton and DeKalb) beginning late on February 21, 2018

and continuing into the early morning hours of February 22, 2018.

The evidence of each of the shootings (four in total) is recounted be-

low, viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdicts.

(a) The Diggs Shooting — Fulton County

Nathaniel Diggs was working as a cook in Atlanta at the time

of the shooting. On the night of February 21, 2018, he got off work

at 11:30 p.m. To go home, he took I-20. While driving, he saw bright

headlights in his mirrors, “like somebody had the high beams right

behind [him].” Diggs moved over a lane to let the vehicle pass, and

an SUV pulled up alongside him.

Suddenly Diggs’s window burst. He testified that he did not

know what was happening, but he pulled over to the shoulder of the

highway. When he did, he realized he had been shot, so he got in the

back of his car and laid down. A passerby called 911, and EMS and

police arrived. After being taken to the hospital, Diggs was told that

2
he had been shot nine times — in his stomach, back, and both legs.

Based off the time he left work, Diggs estimated that he was shot

around midnight.

(b) The Fisher Shooting — Fulton County

Around 2:00 a.m., Tracy Fisher was driving to his apartment.

He exited I-20 onto Fulton Street in Atlanta. While leaving the in-

terstate, he saw a silver, Infiniti SUV exit behind him. Fisher kept

driving and eventually came to a stop sign. While stopped, Fisher

looked to his right and saw that the SUV had pulled alongside him.

The driver of the SUV “look[ed] at him” and “stare[d] at him.” Fisher

testified that the driver did not “look in a normal state.” Seeing the

strange behavior of the other driver, Fisher accelerated to get away.

As soon as he accelerated, Fisher heard shots come from the

SUV. He turned his head while driving away and saw the shooter’s

face and the muzzle flash of the gun. One of the bullets then struck

Fisher, ultimately paralyzing him from the chest down. Unable to

control his car, he collided with a parked vehicle and his car flipped

onto its side. Police and EMS arrived a few minutes later.

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Police recovered shell casings and a magazine from the scene.

Several hours after the shooting, they were able to conduct a photo

lineup with Fisher, who was then recovering in the hospital. From

the lineup, Fisher identified Callaway as the person who looked

most like the shooter. Fisher identified Callaway as the shooter at

trial.

Nicholas Bankston was celebrating his birthday with his fam-

ily in the early morning hours of February 22. He and his fiancée

left his mom’s home shortly after midnight. They first went to his

aunt’s home to pick up some of Bankston’s younger siblings, and

then they went to pick up other siblings from his brother’s home. A

few hours later, he drove the group back to his mom’s home. His

fiancée, Abby, was in the passenger seat, and his five siblings —

A.L., N.B., C.L., Z.B., and S.L. — were in the backseats. When the

group got to his mother’s gated subdivision shortly before 3:30 a.m.,

they could not get the entry gate to open, so they went to the en-

trance on the other side of the complex to see if their gate key would

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work there.

When they got to the other entrance, a silver SUV pulled up on

the driver’s side of Bankston’s car, about 10 feet away. Shots came

through the SUV’s passenger window and struck the driver’s side

door and window of Bankston’s car. The children in the backseat