Leon Davis, Jr. v. State of Florida & Leon Davis, Jr. v. Ricky D. Dixon, etc.

Supreme Court of Florida
____________

No. SC2021-1778
____________

LEON DAVIS, JR.,
Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.

____________

No. SC2022-0882
____________

LEON DAVIS, JR.,
Petitioner,

vs.

RICKY D. DIXON, etc.,
Respondent.

February 1, 2024

PER CURIAM.

Leon Davis, Jr., a prisoner under sentences of death, appeals

the circuit court’s denial of his initial motion for postconviction

relief under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.851. He also
petitions this Court for a writ of habeas corpus. We have

jurisdiction. See art. V, §§ 3(b)(1), (9), Fla. Const. For the reasons

we explain below, we affirm the denial of postconviction relief and

deny Davis’s habeas petition.

The murders involved in this postconviction appeal and

habeas proceeding occurred on December 13, 2007, at the Headley

Insurance Agency in Polk County. Davis was sentenced to death

following a jury trial, and his convictions and sentences were

affirmed on direct appeal. See Davis v. State, 207 So. 3d 142 (Fla.

2016).

Davis is also the appellant in another 3.851 postconviction

appeal, Davis v. State, SC2021-1779, and the habeas petitioner in

Davis v. Dixon, SC2022-0883. The murders in these cases occurred

at a BP gasoline station in Polk County several days prior to the

Headley murders, and the opinion in these cases is also released

today. Where it is necessary to distinguish between these matters,

they will be referred to as “Headley” or “BP.”

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The extensive facts of this case, set forth in this Court’s

opinion on direct appeal, are as follows:

-2-
The Events at Headley Insurance
The evidence introduced at Davis’s trial revealed the
following. Around 3 p.m. on December 13, 2007, Davis
entered the Lake Wales location of the Headley Insurance
Agency (Headley) with the intent to commit robbery.
Davis was armed with a loaded .357 magnum revolver
and equipped with duct tape, a cigarette lighter, gloves, a
gasoline can that contained gasoline, and a lunch cooler
to conceal the revolver.
That afternoon, two Headley employees, Yvonne
Bustamante (Bustamante) and Juanita Luciano
(Luciano), were working. Bustamante, a licensed
customer service representative, had worked at Headley
for nine years. Luciano, a customer service
representative, had worked at Headley for about three
years. At the time, Luciano was twenty-four weeks
pregnant. Upon entering the business, Davis locked the
front door to prevent other customers from entering. He
also placed duct tape over the lens of a security camera.
Davis demanded money from the women, who initially
refused to comply.
Davis then forced the women to open the company’s
safe and cash box, which contained a combined amount
of about $900. During the course of the robbery, Davis
bound the women with duct tape, poured gasoline on
them, and set them on fire. At 3:35 p.m., one of the
women activated the office’s panic alarm, which sent a
signal to the alarm company. The Lake Wales Police
Department was contacted one minute later.

Victims Seek Help; Davis Shoots Bystander
Bustamante and Luciano escaped the burning
building and ran in separate directions seeking help.
Bustamante eventually ran to the parking lot of the
Headley building, and Luciano ran to a nearby
restaurant, Havana Nights. As Bustamante tried to
escape, Davis shot her in her left hand.
By this time, concerned people who lived nearby
had noticed the presence of smoke and walked to the

-3-
area to investigate. These people, Fran Murray, Brandon
Greisman, and Carlos Ortiz, were on the scene before
emergency personnel arrived and became eyewitnesses to
the aftermath of the robbery. Another eyewitness, Evelyn
Anderson, was a Headley customer who arrived at
Headley while the robbery was in progress. At trial, these
eyewitnesses testified about the events at Headley,
including their various encounters with Davis.
Fran Murray (formerly Fran Branch) testified that at
the time of the robbery, she was sitting outside of her
apartment and saw smoke nearby. She walked toward
the smoke to investigate its source. Around the same
time, her neighbors, including Greisman and Ortiz, also
noticed the smoke. They all proceeded to walk toward
the smoke to investigate.
As Murray approached the smoke, she realized that
it was coming from the Headley building. She then saw
Bustamante, who was yelling for help and whose body
was burning. Murray observed that Bustamante was
wriggling her wrists to free them of a thick gray tape, and
that Bustamante’s “skin was falling off of her.” “And,
just, she wasn’t screaming, but she wasn’t talking lightly
either. She was just trying to get away.”
As Greisman approached the building, he saw a
woman whose body was burning, and he went to help
her. At the same time, Greisman saw Davis walking
towards them, and he originally thought that Davis was
coming to help the distressed woman. Greisman made
eye contact with Davis, who pulled a gun out of the
cooler that he was carrying and pointed it at Greisman.
Greisman tried to get away, but Davis shot him in the
face, hitting him in the nose. The gunshot caused
profuse bleeding and removed the tip of Greisman’s nose.
Murray, who was still in the vicinity, heard popping
sounds and saw Greisman fall to the ground and catch
himself with his hands. She saw Davis walk away and
place a gun into his lunch cooler. Murray then assisted
Greisman, who was getting up from the ground.

-4-
Carlos Ortiz also heard the popping sounds as he
approached the Headley building. As he got closer to the
building, Greisman was walking back toward him with a
bloody face. Greisman told Ortiz that he had been shot,
and Ortiz saw Davis behind Greisman. Ortiz saw a part
of the gun that Davis was carrying, and he saw Davis
stick his hand into the lunch cooler. Ortiz made eye
contact with Davis while trying to help Greisman as well
as make sure that Davis was not following them.
Greisman walked back to his home, and Ortiz and
Murray assisted him while awaiting the arrival of
emergency help.
Evelyn Anderson, a Headley customer, arrived at
Headley to pay her insurance bill during the time that the
robbery was taking place. Anderson parked her sport
utility vehicle in front of Headley, and her teenage
granddaughter and infant grandson remained inside the
vehicle. When Anderson tried to open the front door of
the Headley building, she discovered that it was locked.
Anderson walked to the side of the building to try and
determine why she was unable to enter the building
during normal business hours. While walking, she
noticed that smoke was coming out of the building.
Anderson also heard popping sounds, and shortly
thereafter, Davis walked out of the building and placed
the cooler under his arm. Anderson asked Davis what
was happening. Davis continued walking away but
responded that there was a fire in the building. Davis
then walked to his vehicle, a black Nissan Altima, that
was parked at a vacant house nearby. Davis got inside of
the vehicle and drove away.[n.1]
[N.1] Earlier that afternoon, Murray saw
a black car sitting on a back street near a
vacant house. After the robbery, she noticed
that the car was not there. Additionally, Ortiz
saw Davis walk away from the scene and
towards the back of the vacant house. Ortiz
also noticed a black Nissan that he had not
seen parked in that location before. Ortiz saw

-5-
the Nissan being driven away, but he did not
see the driver.
Shortly thereafter, Anderson came into contact with
Bustamante. Anderson received a minor burn on her
hand when she touched Bustamante, who was screaming
for help and was severely burned. Bustamante walked
towards Anderson’s vehicle, and Anderson’s
granddaughter, who was seated in the front seat of the
vehicle, ran away from the vehicle after seeing
Bustamante’s burning body. Bustamante walked to the
open vehicle door and climbed inside the vehicle.
Anderson encouraged Bustamante to get out of the
vehicle because the paramedics were on the way.
Bustamante got out of the vehicle and leaned on the
hood.
By this time, Murray had finished attending to
Greisman, and she returned to Headley to see if she
could provide further help. Murray saw Bustamante
leaning against Anderson’s SUV. Murray described the
scene as follows:
She [Bustamante] was um, screaming she
was hot. And that her skin was rolling off of
her body at this time. It was disgusting. You
could smell the burnt skin and flesh. And she
was screaming she was really, really hot and
she was thirsty. And so I ran across the street
at that time to Havana Nights, which was a
restaurant, a Cuban restaurant, across the
street of Headley, off of the other corner of
Phillips, and got a cup of ice water in a to go
cup.
Murray returned to Bustamante with the cup of
water, and Bustamante sipped from the cup while
awaiting the arrival of emergency personnel. Murray
talked with Bustamante, and Murray described their
conversation as follows:
I introduced myself as Fran and she
introduced herself as Yvonne. We sat there
talking a minute and she started to say—and I

-6-
gave her water. And, um, she said that she
didn’t understand how anybody would rob her,
she didn’t have any money. And that her kids,
please pray, I’m not going to make this Fran.
And I told her that I would get to the hospital if
I could to see her, if it was allowed and that I
would keep her in my prayers, that with God
everything was possible. She wanted to talk
about her children. And I cannot remember
clearly if I asked her who did it, or if she was
just talking. And she said that it was a black
gentleman, and that he should be on video
tape. She then started crying again and said
she loved her babies very much, and she
doesn’t understand how anybody could do this
to her.
Bustamante also told Murray that she had been bound
with tape, doused with gasoline, pushed into a bathroom,
and set on fire.
In the meantime, Luciano escaped the Headley
building and ran to the nearby Havana Nights
restaurant. The restaurant’s owner, Jaidy Jiminez,
heard a loud boom, and shortly thereafter, Luciano ran
into the restaurant. Although Luciano was a Havana
Nights customer, she was so badly burned that Jiminez
did not recognize her: “I saw a woman that was naked,
burned, um, burned from head to toe, no shoes on, or
any clothes on, just underwear. But I couldn’t recognize
her.”
Luciano asked for help and begged Jiminez to close
the door because “he” was coming. Jiminez helped
Luciano, whom she realized was pregnant, sit down.
Additionally, other people inside the restaurant were
trying to call 9-1-1 and to assist Luciano. Luciano asked
what was taking so long for help to arrive and stated that
she could not feel her baby moving. Jiminez tried to
reassure her. It was during this time that Murray came
into the restaurant asking for water, and Jiminez
provided it to her. Jiminez walked outside the restaurant

-7-
to get help, and she saw the severely burned
Bustamante. Once the paramedics arrived and began to
assist Bustamante, Jiminez told them that another
injured woman, Luciano, was inside of the restaurant.

Emergency Personnel Response
Emergency dispatches increased in their sense of
urgency as the initial report of a fire gave way to
additional reports of injuries and a shooting. Lt. Joe
Elrod of the Lake Wales Police Department first
encountered Greisman, who explained that he was shot
while attempting to help a woman whom he heard
screaming for help and soon discovered was on fire.
Lt. Elrod determined that Greisman’s injuries were
not life-threatening, and because emergency medical
personnel were on the way to assist Greisman, he
proceeded to the Headley building. When Lt. Elrod
arrived at Headley, emergency medical personnel were
already on the scene and were assisting Bustamante in
the parking lot. Lt. Elrod observed Bustamante’s severe
burns, and he estimated that the burns covered about
eighty percent of her body. Lt. Elrod immediately
understood the gravity of Bustamante’s injuries, and he
decided not to wait until later to obtain Bustamante’s
statement. Lt. Elrod testified: “I knew she was going to
die, so I tried to get information from her on who did it to
her.” “I asked her who did it to her. And she told me it
was Leon Davis. And then I asked her, how she knew
him. And she said that she knows him and that he was
[a] prior client of theirs in the Insurance Company.”
Bustamante explained that Davis tried to rob them, and
when they did not give him money, he threw gasoline on
them and set them on fire. When they tried to run, Davis
continued to throw gasoline on them.
Lt. Elrod then located Luciano inside of the Havana
Nights restaurant. When he walked inside the
restaurant, he saw Luciano, who was “obviously
pregnant,” sitting down. Lt. Elrod characterized
Luciano’s burn injuries as even worse than

-8-
Bustamante’s. Lt. Elrod went outside and told
emergency personnel that another victim needed help
who was in even worse condition than Bustamante. He
then began dispatching the name “Leon Davis” to law
enforcement and conducting routine duties at the crime
scene.
Paramedic John “Chip” Johnson and emergency
medical technician Ernest Froehlich were the first
emergency medical personnel to arrive on the scene.
Upon arrival, they first saw Bustamante, who was in the
parking lot and leaning on Anderson’s SUV. Johnson
observed: “the skin, everywhere I could see it, it was
peeling back, and she had suffered major burns. Also
she had darkened hands, and a further injury to her left
hand, [t]hat was my observations at that time.” Froehlich
testified that Bustamante “looked like she had burns all
over her body, hair singed off, most of her clothing was
burned off, skin was hanging off her back and buttocks.”
Froehlich was present when Lt. Elrod asked
Bustamante if she knew who the perpetrator was, and he
overheard Bustamante say “Leon Davis.” Johnson also
heard Bustamante state that Davis was the perpetrator,
although he was unable to clearly hear Bustamante say
Davis’s first name. Anderson also heard Bustamante
identify Davis as the perpetrator.
After initially assisting Bustamante, Johnson went
to Havana Nights to assist Luciano. When Johnson
entered the restaurant, he noticed water on the floor and
saw Luciano, who was severely burned and “basically
naked.” There was a plastic substance on her wrists,
neck area, and feet. Luciano, who was conscious,
breathing, and able to talk clearly, told Johnson that she
was pregnant and that while working in her office,
someone poured gasoline on her and set her on fire.
Luciano also told Johnson that her wrists were burning,
and Johnson went to the ambulance to get sterile water
to alleviate her pain.
By this time, additional emergency medical
personnel were dispatched to the scene. Upon arrival,

-9-
paramedic George Bailey assumed primary responsibility
for Luciano’s care, and Johnson went back to the parking
lot to continue assisting Bustamante. Luciano was
conscious and able to respond to questions. She
explained to Bailey “that there had been a robbery, at the
business where she was at, she had been tied up or
bound with tape, and had gasoline poured on her and
had been lit on fire.” Bailey did not ask her who harmed
her, but Luciano told him that the person was a man and
that she knew who it was. Luciano also told Bailey that
she was twenty-four weeks pregnant. Bailey estimated
that eighty percent of Luciano’s body was burned with
second- and third-degree burns.
Both Bustamante and Luciano were airlifted to the
Orlando Regional Medical Center for treatment in the
burn unit. Luciano underwent an emergency caesarean
section, during which she gave birth to her son, Michael
Bustamante, Jr.[n.2] Although detectives went to the
hospital in hopes of interviewing Bustamante and
Luciano, the severity of their injuries prevented the
detectives from ever meeting with them.
[N.2] Yvonne Bustamante’s brother,
Michael Bustamante, was in a relationship
with Luciano and was the father of baby
Michael.
Michael lived for three days after his emergency
delivery. He died as the result of extreme prematurity.
Bustamante lived for five days, and Luciano lived for
three weeks. Autopsies of both women revealed that they
died from complications of thermal burns due to the fire.
According to the medical examiner, Bustamante suffered
burns that covered eighty to ninety percent of her body.
Luciano suffered burns that covered about ninety percent
of her body. Additionally, the autopsy of Bustamante
revealed bullet fragments from the gunshot to her left
hand, although the gunshot was not a cause of her
death.

- 10 -
Events after the Robbery
After leaving the scene, Davis went to a branch of
the Mid Florida Credit Union, where he was an
established customer. At 4:19 p.m., less than forty-five
minutes after the alarm was activated at Headley, Davis
walked into the credit union to make a cash deposit.
Jessica Lacy, the teller who assisted Davis, was familiar
with him as a customer and knew Davis by name. Davis
deposited $148 in cash into his account that previously
had a balance of $5.33. While processing Davis’s
transaction, Lacy observed that Davis’s face was bloody
and appeared to have scratches and marks on the nose,
lip, and chin. The credit union branch manager, Valerie
Dollison, was also working that afternoon. She did not
personally know Davis, but she heard someone call him
“Leon.”
Davis also went to the house where his brother,
Garrion Davis (Garrion), and Garrion’s girlfriend, Melissa
Sellers, resided.[n.3] Garrion testified that on the
afternoon of December 13, “my brother came to my
house. He wanted to—he needed some soap to wash his
face. And he went outside my house and washed his
face. I noticed he had a scratch on his face. He told me
he had robbed somebody.” Garrion testified that Davis
also came inside the house and took a shower. Garrion
estimated that Davis was at the house for ten to fifteen
minutes.
[N.3] By the time of trial, Sellers and
Garrion were married.
Sellers, who was at home with Garrion at the time,
testified about Davis’s visit to their house that afternoon.
Sellers wished Davis, whose birthday was the next day, a
happy early birthday. She estimated that Davis was at
her house for ten minutes or less, and although she was
not certain whether he had taken a shower, she knew
that he had been in their bathroom. When Davis left,
Sellers observed that Garrion’s demeanor had changed.
Garrion seemed upset and was teary-eyed.

- 11 -
Later, Davis went to a friend’s home, where he used
the cell phone of a woman named Fonda Roberts.
Roberts was unable to hear Davis’s conversation, which
lasted a couple of minutes. When Davis was finished
using the phone, he started to hand the phone to Roberts
and then pulled it back from her. Davis then erased the
number that he called. Roberts observed that at the
time, Davis was driving a black vehicle.

Davis Turns Himself In
As the afternoon progressed, a massive investigation
began. Davis’s photograph was shown on television as
media began to report the events at Headley, and Davis’s
family and friends became increasingly aware of Davis’s
status as a suspect in the day’s events. Davis’s family
and friends frantically began trying to locate him in
hopes that they could convince him to turn himself in
safely.
That evening, Davis called his sister, Noniece
DeCosey, and asked her to come and pick him up near a
McDonald’s. Their mother, Linda Davis, accompanied
DeCosey to meet Davis. DeCosey drove them to a Circle
K convenience store to meet Davis’s and DeCosey’s other
sister, India Owens, and family friend Barry Gaston.
Upon arrival, Davis walked up to Gaston, hugged him,
and said: “I hurt someone.” When Gaston asked Davis
what he did, Davis said that he did not know. Davis and
his mother got into a car with Owens and Gaston.
Gaston, a former law enforcement officer, helped
facilitate Davis turning himself in at the Polk County
Sheriff’s substation. Gaston testified that on the way to
the substation, Davis laid his head on his mother’s lap in
the backseat of the car and cried and sobbed. Davis
again said that he hurt somebody, but Gaston told him
not to say anything more. Davis was turned over to the
Polk County Sheriff’s Office without incident. Davis was
later transported from the Sheriff’s Office substation to
the Bartow Air Base for further processing.

- 12 -
A number of people with whom Davis came into
contact later in the day testified at trial that Davis
appeared to have some sort of injury to his nose. The
crime scene technician who photographed Davis after he
was taken into custody and a law enforcement officer
who interacted with Davis upon his transfer to the
Bartow Air Base both testified that Davis appeared to
have either scratches or a burn on his nose.
Additionally, Davis’s sister, Noniece DeCosey, saw a red
mark on Davis’s nose that could have been a burn.
That night, a black Nissan Altima was found at the
Lagoon nightclub in Winter Haven. Law enforcement
officers were dispatched to the location, and the car was
seized pending a warrant to search the car’s interior.
Searches conducted in the vicinity of where the car was
located, in particular to look for a firearm, did not reveal
any additional evidence. The following day, after the
search warrant was signed, law enforcement conducted
an interior search of the Altima. Davis’s driver license
was found inside the car.
Davis was later tried for three counts of first-degree
murder (Bustamante, Luciano, and baby Michael), one
count of attempted first-degree murder (Greisman), one
count of armed robbery, and one count of first-degree
arson.

The Guilt Phase
The State’s theory at trial was that Davis, a man
driven by mounting financial pressures, planned the
robbery of Headley, a business with which he was
familiar. Davis’s business relationship with Headley
dated back to 2004, and as reflected in various records,
Davis’s insurance needs were primarily handled by
Bustamante. The State introduced evidence that
established a timeline of events leading up to the
robbery, including Davis’s actions on the day of the
robbery. A summary of this evidence follows.
In the months leading up to the robbery, Davis
experienced increasing financial difficulty. Davis, who at

- 13 -
the time was married to his wife Victoria, was primarily
responsible for the family obligations, including the
mortgage payment on their home. At the time, Davis and
his wife had two cars: a blue Nissan Maxima owned by
Davis, and a black Nissan Altima owned by Victoria.
Both vehicles were insured under policies written by
Headley. In June 2007, during a visit to the Mid Florida
Credit Union, Davis became aware that the amount of the
automatic debit from his account for his insurance
coverage had been increasing over time. Davis was also
informed that his account was overdrawn and became
irate.
Unable to afford insurance for both cars, Davis and
Victoria removed the license plate from the Maxima,
canceled the car’s insurance policy, and relied solely on
the Altima for transportation. The couple was also
unable to afford cell phone service during this time.
Victoria had been working, but she became pregnant and
was forced to stop working because of pregnancy
complications.

Davis’s Plan to Rob Headley
Davis’s plan to rob Headley began to coalesce in
early December. By this time, the couple had reached
the limits on their credit cards, and the mortgage
payment was delinquent. One week before the robbery,
Headley customer Virginia Vazquez saw Davis at Headley.
She first saw Davis in the parking lot looking in the back
of a black car. Then, Davis went inside and began
talking with Bustamante. Vazquez and her husband
waited inside the insurance agency for fifteen to twenty
minutes before Bustamante finished talking with Davis.
Vazquez later recognized Davis from news coverage as the
person she saw during her visit to Headley.
Davis’s preparation for the robbery also involved
acquiring various items that he would need in order to
carry out the robbery, including a gun and ammunition.
On December 7, 2007, six days before the robbery, Davis
went to visit his cousin, Randy Black. Davis told Black

- 14 -
that he needed a gun for personal protection because he
was going to travel to Miami. Black owned two guns,
including a recently purchased Dan Wesson .357
magnum revolver. Black showed Davis both guns, and
Davis opted to purchase the .357 magnum for around
$200. Black also gave Davis .38 caliber bullets which
were compatible with the .357 magnum. Davis and
Black fired the revolver, which was operating normally.
Later, Davis showed his mother the revolver. Davis told
her that he got the revolver from Black and that he and
Black fired it.[n.4]
[N.4] After Black realized that law
enforcement was looking for Davis, he
immediately contacted law enforcement to
advise that he recently sold Davis a gun.
Black also provided law enforcement with two
.38 caliber bullets and the receipt
documenting his original purchase of the gun.

Davis’s Actions on the Day of the Robbery
The evidence introduced at trial also established a
detailed timeline of Davis’s actions on the day of the
robbery, which included a visit to Walmart to purchase
supplies that he would use later that day. On the
morning of December 13, Victoria Davis last saw her
husband at about 6 a.m. Before 7 a.m., Davis took his
son, who had spent the previous night with Davis and
Victoria, home to the boy’s mother, Dawn Henry. His
son’s birthday was that day.
Davis then went to the Lake Wales Walmart, where
surveillance video and still photographs showed him
making three separate purchases around 7 a.m. The
first purchase included a cap, long-sleeved shirt, and
soft, orange lunch cooler. Davis’s second purchase was a
pair of gloves, and the third purchase was a Bic cigarette
lighter. All of the purchases were cash transactions.
While at Walmart, Davis spoke with the store
manager, Mark Gammons, and a store employee,
Jennifer DeBarros. Gammons testified that Davis

- 15 -
approached him and asked where gloves were located in
the store. When Gammons saw Davis’s picture on the
news that evening, he realized that he had seen Davis in
Walmart that morning. Walmart employee Jennifer
DeBarros had known Davis for more than ten years and
was a family friend. DeBarros testified that on the
morning of December 13, she talked with Davis during
his visit to Walmart. DeBarros talked with Davis about
his son’s birthday.
Some time after leaving Walmart, Davis drove to the
home of his sister, India Owens. Davis then
accompanied Owens to take her car for repairs and pick
up a rental car. They later went to pick up some
furniture, and they stopped at a restaurant for lunch.
Davis seemed agitated while eating lunch.
Video surveillance showed that Davis left the
restaurant at 1:38 p.m. Davis and Owens then delivered
the furniture to Owens’s house. During that time, Owens
noticed that Davis began acting strangely, obsessively
locking doors in the house. Davis also asked for a piece
of duct tape but did not say why he needed it. A short
time later, Davis left Owens’s house. Although Davis’s
son had a birthday party at school that afternoon, Davis
did not attend. Davis entered the Headley building
sometime around 3 p.m.

The Investigation
In addition to evidence surrounding the events at
Headley, their aftermath, and Davis’s behavior leading up
to and including the day of the robbery, the State
introduced evidence regarding various aspects of the
investigation.
The expansive crime scene investigation spanned
several days, and the numerous crime scene photographs
entered into evidence depicted a gruesome series of
events that began inside the Headley building and
continued outside. The exterior photographs depict[ed]
the entrance to Headley, the parking lot, Anderson’s
vehicle, and the trail of bloody footprints and burnt skin

- 16 -
that led from the Headley building to Havana Nights.
Anderson’s SUV was smeared with blood on both sides of
the hood and was marked by blood stains on the vehicle
doors and in the passenger side interior.
The interior photographs captured the damage in
various areas of the Headley building, including fire
damage in the office area, the storage area, and the
extensively damaged bathroom. Among the widespread
fire damage to and debris in the Headley building, the
interior crime scene photographs revealed the presence of
blood, a severely burnt chair, two cigarette lighters (one
of which was identified as a Bic lighter), burnt duct tape,
a burnt plastic gasoline can, an open cash box that
contained only coins, an open and empty safe, a bloody
alarm key pad, and burnt surveillance equipment. The
photographs also showed bullet holes in a wall, a door,
and an exterior shed door. A bullet was retrieved from
the shed floor.
Detective Jeff Batz, an arson investigator, detected
the odor of gasoline inside the Headley building, and
noted that it was particularly strong near the rear of the
building. Batz identified three areas of fire origin inside
the Headley building: a chair located near the front door,
the storage room, and the bathroom. Batz testified as
follows: “Three-points of origin, separate in nature[,]
neither one of them had connections with each other,
directly through flame impingement. They all started
with an open flame type device and accelerant was used
on all three areas.”
The investigation also included an examination of
the seized Nissan Altima. When the car’s floor mats were
analyzed for the presence of an accelerant, a certified
accelerant detection K-9 alerted to the presence of
accelerant on the driver’s floor mat and the passenger
rear floor mat.
Several days after the robbery, a search warrant
was executed at Davis’s home. Although trial testimony
revealed that Davis was responsible for the yard work at
his home and that he kept a lawn mower and a gasoline

- 17 -
can in the garage, law enforcement located only the lawn
mower. No gasoline can was found at Davis’s home.
The gun used in the Headley crimes was never
recovered. However, the rifling characteristics of the
projectiles retrieved from the crime scene and from
Bustamante’s hand were determined to be consistent
with the rifling characteristics of handgun manufacturer
Dan Wesson, the manufacturer of the .357 magnum
revolver that Davis bought several days before the
robbery.

Id. at 147-55 (several alterations in original).

The jury convicted Davis of three counts of first-degree

murder, one count of attempted first-degree murder, one count of

armed robbery, and one count of first-degree arson. Id. at 155. The

trial proceeded to the penalty phase, at the conclusion of which the

jury unanimously recommended that Davis be sentenced to death

for the murders of Bustamante and Luciano. Id. at 156. The jury

also recommended by a vote of eight to four that Davis be sentenced

to death for the murder of Luciano’s infant son, Michael. Id.

The circuit court ultimately sentenced Davis to death for the

murders of Bustamante and Luciano. Id. at 157. Six aggravating

circumstances were found as to the murders of both women: (1) the

capital felony was committed by a person previously convicted of a

felony and on felony probation (some weight); (2) the capital felony

- 18 -
was a homicide and was committed in a cold, calculated, and

premeditated manner without any pretense of moral or legal

justification (CCP) (great weight); (3) the defendant was

contemporaneously convicted of another capital felony or a felony

involving the use or threat of violence to the person (very great

weight); (4) the capital felony was committed while the defendant

was engaged in the commission of, or attempt to commit, or in flight

after committing or attempting to commit any robbery or arson

(moderate weight); (5) the capital felony was committed for

pecuniary gain (little weight); and (6) the capital felony was

especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel (HAC) (great weight). Id. A

seventh aggravating circumstance applied to the murder of

Bustamante; the felony was committed for the purpose of avoiding

or preventing a lawful arrest (some weight). Id. This aggravating

circumstance was also considered with respect to the murder of

Luciano but was rejected as not proven. Id.

Two statutory mitigating circumstances were considered:

(1) no significant prior criminal history (rejected as not proven due

to Davis’s prior felony convictions); and (2) the murders were

committed while Davis was under the influence of extreme mental

- 19 -
or emotional disturbance (little weight). Id. Fifteen nonstatutory

mitigating circumstances were proven and assigned varying

weights: (1) the defendant was the victim of bullying throughout his

childhood (slight to moderate weight); (2) the defendant was the

victim of sexual assault as a child (slight to moderate weight);

(3) the defendant was the victim of both physical and emotional

child abuse by a caretaker (moderate weight); (4) the defendant was

the victim of overall family dynamics (very little weight); (5) the

defendant served in the United States Marine Corps (very little

weight); (6) the defendant had a history of being suicidal, both as a

child and as an adult (slight weight); (7) the defendant was

diagnosed with a personality disorder (slight weight); (8) the

defendant had a history of depression (slight weight); (9) the stress

the defendant was dealing with at the time of the incident (little

weight); (10) the defendant was a good person in general (very slight

weight); (11) the defendant was a good worker (very slight weight);

(12) the defendant was a good son, good sibling, and good husband

(very slight weight); (13) the defendant was a good father to a child

with Down Syndrome (moderate weight); (14) the defendant

exhibited good behavior during the trial and other court

- 20 -
proceedings (very slight weight); and (15) the defendant exhibited

good behavior while in jail (little weight). Id.

The trial court overrode the jury’s eight to four

recommendation of death for the murder of Michael and imposed a

sentence of life imprisonment. Id. at 157-58. The record also

indicates that Davis was sentenced to life imprisonment for the

attempted first-degree murder of Greisman, life imprisonment for

armed robbery, and thirty years of imprisonment for arson.

DIRECT APPEAL

On direct appeal, Davis raised four issues: (1) whether the

statements of victim Bustamante were properly admitted under the

dying declaration hearsay exception; (2) whether certain

identifications of Davis made from a photopack (or photographic

lineup) should have been excluded; (3) whether Davis was unfairly

prejudiced by the admission of photographs of the murder victims;

and (4) whether the trial court improperly found the avoid arrest

aggravating factor as to the murder of Bustamante. Id. at 158.

This Court affirmed Davis’s convictions and sentences. Id. at 175.

- 21 -
INITIAL 3.851 PROCEEDING

Davis timely filed his initial 3.851 motion for postconviction

relief raising twenty-two claims.1 In August 2021, the circuit court

1. Davis’s Headley postconviction motion raised the following
claims: (1) trial counsel failed to move to dismiss the indictment
based on the grand jury’s failure to find the elements needed to
charge a capital felony; (2) trial counsel failed to move to bar the
State from seeking the death penalty when there is no allegation of
aggravators in the indictment; (3) trial counsel failed to seek to bar
prosecution of this case on a felony murder theory when the grand
jury only found the elements of first-degree premeditated murder;
(4) trial counsel failed to seek a change of venue for the jury trial in
this case given its notoriety; (5) trial counsel failed to object to, and
in fact participated in, comments by the trial court that the
photographs of the deceased shown to the venire during jury
selection were the worst they have seen; (6) trial counsel failed to
object to the trial court’s vouching for the Office of the State
Attorney when he said to the jury that the State does not seek
death in every first-degree murder case; (7) trial counsel failed to
engage in a case-specific voir dire as described in the American Bar
Association guidelines and in not objecting to the trial court’s
admonition to the jury that they should start with a “neutral”
perspective if there is a penalty phase; (8) trial counsel failed to
aggressively litigate a motion to suppress based on a key false
statement in the affidavit for search warrant; (9) trial counsel failed
to cross-examine the State’s witnesses about the crime scene in a
way that would show that the physical evidence supported a verdict
of second-degree murder; to engage in cross-examination in a way
that would demonstrate the State withheld and/or lost and/or
destroyed evidence in a way that made it impossible for Davis to
fight the charge made by the State; to cross-examine in a way that
would reveal failure by the fire marshal to follow proper laboratory
protocols; and to develop important evidence; (10) trial counsel
failed to seek a special instruction on circumstantial evidence;
(11) trial counsel failed to seek a special instruction on dying

- 22 -
held a two-day evidentiary hearing that addressed Davis’s Headley

and BP postconviction motions. As to the Headley postconviction

motion, the trial court granted an evidentiary hearing on several of

Davis’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel: claim 4 (failure to

seek a change of venue); claim 5 (failure to object to certain trial

declarations; (12) trial counsel failed to argue case law from the
Florida Supreme Court in conflict with its own holding on the issue
of admitting photographs of the deceased; (13) trial counsel failed to
argue that aggravators should be tried in the “guilt” phase of the
trial because the aggravators transform first-degree murder into a
capital offense; (14) trial counsel failed to argue that the maximum
sentence allowed under the jury’s verdict was life; (15) trial counsel
failed to insist on an instruction regarding a presumption that a life
sentence is appropriate in the absence of proof beyond a reasonable
doubt; (16) trial counsel failed to argue that the execution process
itself meets the Florida Supreme Court’s definition of especially
heinous, atrocious, and cruel and that therefore, Davis’s sentence
violates the Eighth Amendment and the Florida Constitution’s
prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment; (17) trial
counsel failed to thoroughly investigate Davis’s background and
present social history and mental health mitigation, and as a result
Davis’s waiver of a mental health evaluation cannot be knowing,
intelligent, and voluntary; (18) trial counsel failed to ensure a
comprehensive presentence investigation (PSI) report or provide all
mitigation evidence in his possession to the court prior to
sentencing; (19) trial counsel failed to aggressively litigate a motion
to suppress based on a stale search warrant pursuant to section
933.05, Florida Statutes; (20) trial counsel failed to show through
the available evidence that the State’s hypothesis of prosecution
was critically flawed; (21) trial counsel failed to file a motion to
suppress the Greisman photopack based upon chain of custody
violations; and (22) cumulative error.

- 23 -
court comments); claim 7 (failure to ask certain voir dire questions

and object to trial court comment); claim 17 (failure to thoroughly

investigate Davis’s background and present social history and

mental health mitigation); and claim 18 (failure to ensure a

comprehensive PSI report or provide all mitigation to the trial court

before sentencing). Portions of claim 17, relating to counsel’s

investigation and presentation of mental health mitigation, were

dismissed after the court held a hearing on the State’s motion to

strike the presentation of all mental health evidence at the

evidentiary hearing. Lead defense counsel Robert Norgard, who was

Davis’s lead counsel during the Headley and BP trials, testified at

the evidentiary hearing. The appellant also provided brief

testimony. 2 The circuit court ultimately denied relief on all claims.

Davis now appeals the order denying postconviction relief and

petitions for a writ of habeas corpus.

2. Additional witnesses testified at the evidentiary hearing,
but their testimony was relevant to claims raised in Davis’s BP
postconviction motion.

- 24 -
POSTCONVICTION APPEAL

Davis raises eight issues in his postconviction appeal.

Specifically, he argues six claims of ineffective assistance of trial

counsel, claims cumulative error, and contends that the circuit

court erred by not ordering that he be evaluated for competency

before the evidentiary hearing. We address each issue in turn and

explain why he is not entitled to relief.

Our analysis of Davis’s claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel is governed by the standard set forth in the United States

Supreme Court’s decision in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668

(1984). This Court has explained:

First, counsel’s performance must be shown to be
deficient. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984). Deficient performance in this context means that
counsel’s performance fell below the standard guaranteed
by the Sixth Amendment. Id. When examining counsel’s
performance, an objective standard of reasonableness
applies, id. at 688, and great deference is given to
counsel’s performance. Id. at 689. The defendant bears
the burden to “overcome the presumption that, under the
circumstances, the challenged action ‘might be
considered sound trial strategy.’ ” Id. (quoting Michel v.
Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101 (1955)). This Court has
made clear that “[s]trategic decisions do not constitute
ineffective assistance of counsel.” See Occhicone v. State,
768 So. 2d 1037, 1048 (Fla. 2000). There is a strong
presumption that trial counsel’s performance was not
ineffective. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 669.

- 25 -
Second, the deficient performance must have
prejudiced the defendant, ultimately depriving the
defendant of a fair trial with a reliable result. Strickland,
466 U.S. at 689. A defendant must do more than
speculate that an error affected the outcome. Id. at 693.
Prejudice is met only if there is a reasonable probability
that “but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694. Both deficient
performance and prejudice must be shown. Id. Because
both prongs of the Strickland test present mixed
questions of law and fact, this Court employs a mixed
standard of review, deferring to the circuit court’s factual
findings that are supported by competent, substantial
evidence, but reviewing the circuit court’s legal
conclusions de novo.

Sheppard v. State, 338 So. 3d 803, 816 (Fla. 2022) (quoting Bradley

v. State, 33 So. 3d 664, 671-72 (Fla. 2010)). “Because Strickland

requires a defendant to establish both prongs, if one prong is not

met, the Court need not reach the other.” See id. (citing Stewart v.

State, 801 So. 2d 59, 65 (Fla. 2001)).

I. Change of Venue

Davis challenges the circuit court’s denial of his claim that

trial counsel was ineffective (1) for failing to move for a change of

venue, and (2) for filing a motion to keep the trial in Polk County

after a mistrial was declared during the first trial. Davis maintains

that counsel wanted the trial to remain in Polk County because

- 26 -
moving the trial to another county would have required counsel to

make alternate childcare arrangements. Davis alleges that

counsel’s childcare concerns were prioritized over the need for a

change of venue. The circuit court properly denied this claim.

First, while Davis’s appellate briefs emphasize the pretrial

publicity that occurred in this triple homicide case, we are mindful

that “pretrial publicity is normal and expected in certain kinds of

cases, and that fact standing alone will not require a change of

venue.” Griffin v. State, 866 So. 2d 1, 12 (Fla. 2003) (citing Rolling

v. State, 695 So. 2d 278, 285 (Fla. 1997)).

Second, Davis has not demonstrated deficient performance. In

Rolling v. State, 825 So. 2d 293, 301 (Fla. 2002), in rejecting the

appellant’s claim that counsel’s venue strategy constituted

ineffective assistance, we noted the deference that applies to

counsel’s strategic decisions:

Although attorneys may differ as to venue strategy, we
agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the decision in
this case has not been demonstrated to have fallen
outside the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance. See Weeks v. Jones, 26 F.3d 1030, 1044
n.13 (11th Cir. 1994) (noting that counsel’s strategic
decision not to seek a change of venue based upon his
experience in that county was the type of decision the
Supreme Court cautioned courts about questioning); see

- 27 -
also Cox v. Norris, 133 F.3d 565, 573 (8th Cir. 1997)
(holding that counsel’s tactical decision not to seek a
venue change was reasonable because he believed other
counties were prone to harsher sentences); Huls v.
Lockhart, 958 F.2d 212, 214-15 (8th Cir. 1992)
(concluding that trial counsel were not ineffective for
failing to seek a change of venue where counsel
considered among other things their familiarity with the
county where case was to be tried).

At the evidentiary hearing, Davis’s counsel testified about his

lengthy practice history in Polk County, and his familiarity with and

understanding of the county’s residents. He explained that he

made a strategic decision not to pursue a change of venue and

preferred to try the case in Polk County because of his extensive

practice experience there. However, counsel explained, he

remained aware that he could have moved for a change of venue

during jury selection if selecting a jury in Polk County had proven

difficult.

In denying this postconviction claim, the circuit court noted

that Davis’s claim consisted of “speculation and conjecture,” and

that counsel offered “sound strategic reasons for wanting to keep

the trial in Polk County for the second trial.”

We agree with the circuit court. Similar to Rolling, where

“[t]rial counsel’s decision was informed by years of experience with

- 28 -
Alachua County juries in capital and noncapital cases,” counsel’s

decision here was informed by decades of trial experience in Polk

County. Id. Counsel’s performance was not deficient.

While Davis’s failure to show deficient performance is

determinative of this ineffective assistance claim, we address the

prejudice prong given that the trial court itself discussed whether a

change of venue might be needed after Davis’s first trial resulted in

a mistrial. To prove prejudice with respect to a change of venue,

“the defendant must, at a minimum, ‘bring forth evidence

demonstrating that the trial court would have, or at least should

have, granted a motion for change of venue if [defense] counsel had

presented such a motion to the court.’ ” Dillbeck v. State, 964 So.

2d 95, 104 (Fla. 2007) (alteration in original) (quoting Wike v. State,

813 So. 2d 12, 18 (Fla. 2002)).

Davis’s prejudice argument fails because he has not shown

that the trial court would or should have granted a motion for

change of venue. In Griffin, the trial court considered the need for a

change of venue, explaining “that [the court] had already made

alternate arrangements if it proved impossible to choose a fair and

impartial jury in Dade County.” 866 So. 2d at 12. However,

- 29 -
counsel did not move for a change of venue. Id. This Court rejected

Griffin’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim, observing that

“there was little difficulty in selecting an impartial jury,” and thus,

no reasonable probability that a change of venue motion would

have been granted. Id. at 13. Where the record is clear that there

was no difficulty in selecting a jury, the mere fact that the trial

court considered the possibility of a change of venue does not

establish prejudice.

As was the case in Griffin, the parties here were able to select a

jury without difficulty, and as a result, counsel did not deem a

change of venue necessary. There is no error in the circuit court’s

denial of this ineffective assistance claim, and Davis is not entitled

to relief.

II. Trial Court Comments

Davis also argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to

object to certain comments made by the trial court during jury

selection and that the circuit court erred in denying this claim.

Davis maintains that counsel should have objected to the trial

court’s comments relating to graphic photographs of the victims

- 30 -
and the State’s pursuit of the death penalty in other cases.

However, Davis has not shown that counsel was ineffective.

A. Victim Photographs

Davis’s postconviction motion alleged that (1) the trial court

improperly commented to prospective jurors that the photographs

of the deceased victims were the worst that the court had seen, and

(2) counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the court’s

statements. These assertions are without merit.

During jury selection, one photograph of each deceased victim

was shown to the jury. Before doing so, the trial court explained to

the group of prospective jurors that the photographs were extremely

graphic:

This case is truly not for the faint of heart. The
photographs alone in this case are graphic.
For the last three and a half years, I have handled
all of the first-degree murder cases in this circuit, and I
have been doing this for 16 years, so I have seen a lot in
my service on the bench. And I typically tell jurors that
you are going to see photographs, because in every
homicide case, the jury is shown photographs of the
crime scene and they are typically shown photographs
from an autopsy, where a medical examiner performs an
autopsy on the victim, and I tell people typically that yes,
you may see some blood and it is not something you
particularly want to look at, but it is no worse than you
probably see on television any more. As you will know,
between movies and television, it’s become so graphic

- 31 -
that I don’t see jurors shocked as maybe 10 or 15 years
ago. These photographs are graphic.
There are some people, and I don’t fault you if you
fall in this category, but there are some folks that may
not be able to handle the emotional aspect of this case
and the graphic nature of this case.
I don’t normally give this kind of presentation for
my other cases, we just simply tell folks there may be
some semi-graphic photographs, if you have a weak
stomach, let us know, we’ll talk about it. But I don’t do it
quite like we’re doing this.
And the reason I’m doing this, I don’t want to pick a
jury, and you see how much time we’re spending to get
this done correctly, and then the first day that you are
shown photographs, one of you absolutely can’t take it
and emotionally and I have lost a juror or two or three.

The trial court’s comments did not describe the photographs

as “the worst” relative to other cases. While the court did comment

on the graphic nature of the photographs, the full context

demonstrates that the court was stressing to the prospective jurors

the importance of providing candid responses when they were

individually shown photographs of the victims.

Moreover, counsel discussed his rationale for not objecting to

the court’s comments. In cases such as Davis’s, involving

emotional aspects such as graphic victim photographs or a

deceased child—and in this case, both—counsel explained that his

strategy is to desensitize the jury as much as possible before the

- 32 -
presentation of evidence begins and exclude any jurors who would

be especially affected by viewing graphic photographs. Counsel’s

failure to object to the court’s comments did not constitute deficient

performance, and we affirm the circuit court’s ruling.

B. Vouching for the State

Davis also takes exception with the trial court’s comments to

potential jurors that the death penalty is not appropriate for all

first-degree murders and that the State does not always seek the

death penalty. Davis characterizes these comments as improperly

vouching for the State and suggesting that he deserved the death

penalty. The circuit court summarily rejected Davis’s claim that

counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the court’s comments.

We agree with the court’s ruling.

“To be entitled to an evidentiary hearing on a claim of

ineffective assistance, the defendant must allege specific facts that

are not conclusively rebutted by the record and which demonstrate

a deficiency in performance that prejudiced the defendant.” Jones

v. State, 845 So. 2d 55, 65 (Fla. 2003). “Failure to sufficiently allege

both prongs results in a summary denial of the claim.” Spera v.

- 33 -
State, 971 So. 2d 754, 758 (Fla. 2007) (citing Thompson v. State,

796 So. 2d 511, 514 n.5 (Fla. 2001)).

The record does not support Davis’s characterization of the

trial court’s comments. In context, the court said:

We’re going to talk to you about two issues in
private. And that is whether you know anything about
the case from having seen it in the media in whatever
form. Or whether you know people involved and have
heard about it and so on. The other thing we’re going to
talk about is your views on the death penalty. Without a
doubt the most difficult issue we ask judges and jurors to
decide is the issue of capital punishment. The State of
Florida has a statutory procedure set up in dealing with
this. And I read to you the bifurcated instruction, but it
starts very simply, and that is the State must put
someone on notice of seeking the death penalty. The
death penalty is not appropriate in all First Degree
Murder cases, and the State does not seek it in all First
Degree Murder cases. Once that occurs, if the Defendant
is found guilty of First Degree Murder, and First Degree
Murder only, not some lesser. If the Defendant is found
guilty of some lesser crime or found not guilty then your
job is done. If and only if the Defendant is found guilty of
First Degree Murder do you then start considering the
issue of penalty.

Concluding that the trial court’s comments were not

objectionable and that as a result, counsel could not have been

ineffective for failing to object, the circuit court stated: “[I]t is clear

this was not a comment on the Office of the State Attorney or their

decision on the severity of this case. The purpose of this comment

- 34 -
was to inform jurors they would be questioned in private regarding

their ability to serve in this particular case. The comments were

true statements of fact, and not misleading.”

As the circuit court concluded, the trial court’s comments did

not suggest that Davis was more deserving of the death penalty

than other capital defendants. To the contrary, the trial court

emphasized the jury’s role in determining whether Davis was guilty

and explained that the jury would only reach deliberations on the

death penalty if it first found Davis guilty of first-degree murder.

Counsel’s failure to object was not deficient, and thus, Davis cannot

demonstrate prejudice.

Having failed to meet his burden for entitlement to an

evidentiary hearing on this issue, Davis is not entitled to relief.

III. Voir Dire Questions

Davis also contends that counsel was ineffective for failing to

ask case-specific questions to prospective jurors during voir dire

and that counsel failed to satisfy the American Bar Association

(ABA) guidelines for jury selection in capital cases. In his

postconviction motion, Davis argued that counsel failed to ask

prospective jurors eighteen specific questions. An evidentiary

- 35 -
hearing was granted on this claim, during which Davis focused on

five of the eighteen questions:

1) Based on the pictures of the deceased you were shown
earlier—if we were to reach the penalty phase, could you
entertain the possibility [that] the time Ms. Bustamante
and Ms. Luciano spent in pain was relatively short?

When asked why he did not ask prospective jurors this question,

counsel explained that this question would have required him to

delve into the facts of the case more deeply than is appropriate

during jury selection. Counsel also noted that while addressing the

HAC aggravating factor during the penalty phase, he emphasized

the evidence that the victims could have felt less pain because their

nerve endings were damaged due to the burns.

2) Does the death of an unborn fetus/child affect your
ability to be fair and impartial[?]

Counsel testified that he did not find it necessary to ask this

question because the prospective jurors had been informed that

this case involved the death of a child.

3) Given the injuries you observed in the photos shown to
you earlier in jury selection is there any set of mitigating
circumstances you could ever hear that would outweigh
what you observed in those photographs?

- 36 -
Counsel explained that this question would have been unnecessary

in light of prospective jurors’ statements that they could be fair and

impartial. He also observed that delving into specific mitigating

circumstances during jury selection might require addressing more

detailed facts than was permissible at that stage of the proceedings.

4) It has been put forth that the photos, and thus this
case, is the worst any of the court personnel have seen—
do you understand you have to completely put that out of
your mind in deciding these cases? Are you in fact able
to put those comments out of your mind?

Counsel recalled that concerns about the graphic victim

photographs arose during an individual voir dire but stated that he

would not have asked this question of the entire group.

5) If you were to find Mr. Davis guilty of First Degree
Murder and that the basic facts outlined by the judge
earlier were the result of Mr. Davis’s actions—could you
begin the sentencing phase presuming Mr. Davis was
entitled to a life sentence?

Counsel testified that he would never ask a prospective juror a

question that presumes a defendant’s guilt and that he would

never, even hypothetically, ask a jury to consider a defendant

guilty. He noted that although some attorneys concede a client’s

guilt for the purpose of the penalty phase, he did not concede

Davis’s guilt. Additionally, counsel noted that he focused on the

- 37 -
guilt phase during jury selection, and he did not want to spend too

much time discussing the death penalty because he did not want to

send a message to prospective jurors that he expected the trial to

get to the penalty phase.

Davis has not established that counsel’s performance was

deficient. Counsel provided specific, strategic reasons why he did

not ask the questions that Davis identified, and Davis has not

established that counsel’s strategy was unreasonable.

Moreover, Davis’s reliance on the ABA’s jury selection

guidelines does not further his claim that counsel was ineffective.

The circuit court properly observed that “[t]he ABA Guidelines are

not a set of rules constitutionally mandated under the Sixth

Amendment and that govern the Court’s Strickland analysis. . . . To

hold otherwise would effectively revoke the presumption that trial

counsel’s actions, based upon strategic decisions, are reasonable

. . . . Mendoza v. State, 87 So. 3d 644, 653 (Fla. 2011).” We affirm

the circuit court’s ruling.

IV. Photopack

Davis argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to

challenge the chain of custody of the photopack from which

- 38 -
attempted murder victim Greisman identified Davis as the person

who shot him. He contends that counsel should have moved to

suppress the photopack on chain of custody grounds and that the

circuit court should have granted an evidentiary hearing on this

claim. The circuit court did not err in summarily denying Davis’s

claim. 3

Counsel was not deficient for failing to file a motion to

suppress based on a chain of custody argument, and even if

counsel had done so, Davis was not entitled to relief. The record

reveals that the day after Greisman was shot, he was released from

the hospital and went to meet with detectives at the Lake Wales

Police Department. There, while meeting with Officer Lynette

Townsel, Greisman viewed a photopack of possible suspects.

3. The same photopack was a part of a limited amount of
Headley evidence that was admitted during the BP trial because it
was also relevant to identifying Davis as the BP shooter. While the
circuit court did not grant an evidentiary hearing on Davis’s claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to the photopack in
the present case (the Headley case), the court did grant an
evidentiary hearing on Davis’s Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150
(1972), and Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), claims in the
BP case, which were also based on the State’s handling of the
photopack.

- 39 -
Greisman identified Davis from the photopack and placed his

initials next to Davis’s photo.

Before trial, defense counsel moved to suppress (1) the

photopack on the grounds that it was unnecessarily suggestive, and

(2) Greisman’s in-court identification of Davis. The trial court

denied both motions. The photopack was admitted at trial, and

both Greisman and Officer Townsel testified at trial as to its

authenticity. 4

However, a part of Officer Townsel’s trial testimony involved

her handling of the photopack after Greisman viewed it and

identified Davis. In 2010, during a pretrial review of the evidence in

the case, it was determined that Officer Townsel had not placed the

photopack in evidence storage per standard procedure. She

testified that following an extensive search for the photopack, she

found the photopack in a storage shed at her home where she had

kept her own working files with copies of case documents. Given

that the photopack was not properly stored in evidence storage,

4. In a detailed discussion on direct appeal, this Court
affirmed the trial court’s orders denying the motions to suppress.
See Davis, 207 So. 3d at 166-69.

- 40 -
Davis alleges that the photopack was tampered with and argues

that defense counsel should have moved to suppress the photopack

due to a broken chain of custody.

In order to suppress the photopack based on a faulty chain of

custody, Davis would have been required to establish probable

tampering. See Peek v. State, 395 So. 2d 492, 495 (Fla. 1980)

(“Relevant physical evidence is admissible unless there is an

indication of probable tampering.”). The circuit court determined

that the record conclusively rebutted Davis’s chain of custody claim

and that the claims of tampering were speculative:

Clearly, Officer Townsel did not follow the proper
procedure by failing to enter the photo pack securely in
evidence immediately after Mr. Greisman made the
identification. However, Mr. Davis has offered only
speculation that the location of the photo pack prior to
being placed into evidence resulted in tampering. Such
bare allegations are insufficient to render the evidence
inadmissible. See Terry v. State, 668 So. 2d 954, n.4
(Fla. 1996); Bush v. State, 543 So. 2d 283, 284 (Fla. 2d
DCA 1989). Instead, the testimony from Officer Townsel
and Mr. Greisman reflect[s] that no tampering occurred
during the time the photo pack was in Officer Townsel’s
shed.

The circuit court did not err in summarily denying Davis’s

claim that counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to

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suppress to challenge the chain of custody of the photopack. We

affirm the circuit court’s ruling.

V. Nissan Altima

Davis argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to

aggressively litigate a motion to suppress evidence retrieved from

Victoria Davis’s Nissan Altima and that this claim warranted an

evidentiary hearing. The day after the incident at Headley, a search

warrant for the Nissan Altima was signed and executed. Multiple

pieces of evidence were retrieved, including driver and rear

passenger floormats that tested positive for the presence of

gasoline. Before trial, counsel filed a motion to suppress evidence

seized from the car. The motion asserted multiple grounds for

suppression, including that the search warrant was stale and

therefore invalid because the return on the warrant was not made

until September 2008. Following a suppression hearing, the trial

court denied the motion.

Davis argues that counsel was ineffective for filing a skeletal

motion to suppress and then abandoning it. He maintains that had

counsel more aggressively fought to suppress evidence seized from

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the Nissan Altima, there is a reasonable probability that he would

have been acquitted. However, Davis has not met his burden.

“[W]here defense counsel’s failure to litigate a Fourth

Amendment claim competently is the principal allegation of

ineffectiveness, the defendant must also prove that his Fourth

Amendment claim is meritorious.” Zakrzewski v. State, 866 So. 2d

688, 694 (Fla. 2003) (quoting Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365,

375 (1986)). Moreover, “even if a motion to suppress would have

been granted, the defendant must show that there is a reasonable

probability the result of the proceeding would have been different if

not for counsel’s error.” Sanchez-Torres v. State, 322 So. 3d 15, 21

(Fla. 2020) (citing Abdool v. State, 220 So. 3d 1106, 1112 (Fla.

2017)).

As an initial matter, Davis has not shown that counsel’s

performance was deficient. Before trial, counsel filed a motion to

suppress and was heard on the matter at a suppression hearing.

Our review of the hearing transcript indicates that counsel did not,

as Davis suggests, merely abandon the motion. Instead, counsel

conceded that the law was not favorable to the defense’s position

with respect to the delayed return of the warrant, given that the

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warrant itself was timely executed. See State v. Featherstone, 246

So. 2d 597, 599 (Fla. 3d DCA 1971) (concluding that the delayed

return of a timely executed warrant did not render a warrant void,

but acknowledging an exception where the defendant can

demonstrate prejudice).

Thus, Davis has failed to establish a meritorious Fourth

Amendment claim. However, even if the evidence obtained from the

Altima had been suppressed, that evidence was only a part of that

linking Davis to the Headley crimes. Multiple individuals testified

that they heard Bustamante’s dying declaration identifying Davis as

the perpetrator. Gunshot victim Greisman identified Davis as the

person who shot him. Eyewitness Ortiz also identified Davis as the

person who shot Greisman, and he testified that he recognized

Davis from a former worksite.

Davis also made incriminating statements to family members

and a family friend. He also made several incriminating purchases,

notably a firearm that had rifling characteristics consistent with the

projectiles obtained at the Headley crime scene and from

Bustamante’s hand. The day of the incident, he purchased a

lighter, as well as a cooler that he was seen putting a gun into after

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he shot Greisman. A gasoline can was found at Headley, and the

gasoline can normally kept at Davis’s home was missing when the

home was searched. Additionally, Davis made an account deposit

at his bank shortly after the robbery at Headley, and his account

previously had a very low balance.

Thus, Davis has not demonstrated that the outcome of his

trial would have been different, and we affirm the circuit court’s

ruling.

VI. Dashboard Camera Footage

Davis argues that he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing on

his claim that counsel was ineffective for failing to present evidence

creating reasonable doubt as to his guilt. In particular, he alleges

that counsel failed to challenge the State regarding missing

dashboard camera footage from the vehicle of one of the officers

who responded to the Headley scene. The circuit court did not err

in summarily denying this claim.

After the murders, Lake Wales Police Sergeant Griffin Crosby

filed a supplemental report indicating that he retrieved dashboard

camera footage from the police car of another officer who reported

to the Headley scene. Sergeant Crosby’s supplemental report read:

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On 12/27/2007, I recovered the video hard drive
from Officer Hampton’s in-car video system. I then
transferred the video images to the Digital Eyewitness
Media Manager (DEMM). The server is secured with
limited access. I then transferred the video images from
the DEMM, to a Digital Video Disc (DVD). The disc was
turned over to the Property/Evidence Custodian. At this
time, I have no further information regarding this case.

The defense never obtained the video footage. On June 2,

2010, defense counsel deposed Sergeant Crosby, who indicated the

following:

[Officer Hampton’s in-car video] just shows him pulling
into the west side of the Headley parking lot. It shows
the vehicle—I mean the building burning, and then you
can see him run across the front of the screen. That’s
really about all it shows. And then, of course, you can
see the firefighters and other personnel running around.

Davis argues that the footage could have been used to

undermine the State’s theory that he was the perpetrator, and

especially to impeach Lieutenant Elrod’s testimony about

Bustamante’s dying declaration identifying Davis.

However, the circuit court did not err in summarily denying

Davis’s speculative claim. Counsel deposed Sergeant Crosby and

inquired about the DVD footage during the deposition. Based on

the sergeant’s testimony, the footage was extremely limited in

scope. The sergeant described the limited nature of the footage and

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provided no reasonable basis for concluding that the footage

contained or would have produced evidence helpful to the defense.

The testimony undermined Davis’s conclusory allegation that the

footage would have refuted the substantial evidence of his identity

as the perpetrator. Notably, multiple eyewitnesses identified Davis,

two of whom selected his photograph from photopacks shortly after

the crimes. We affirm the circuit court’s ruling.

VII. Cumulative Error

Davis argues that the cumulative effect of counsel’s alleged

errors deprived him of a fundamentally fair trial and entitles him to

relief. However, Davis “has not demonstrated error, deficiency, or

prejudice as to any of his claims.” Covington v. State, 348 So. 3d

456, 479 (Fla. 2022). As a result, his claim of cumulative error

fails.

VIII. Competency

Davis argues that the circuit court erred by not ordering that

he be evaluated for competency before granting the State’s motion

to (1) dismiss portions of claim number seventeen in his

postconviction motion and (2) exclude mental health evidence from

the evidentiary hearing. He contends that the court’s failure to

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order a competency evaluation was primarily motivated “by the

length of time Mr. Davis’s case was on the docket, the state’s sense

of urgency in adhering to the schedule, and the judicial backlog

created by the COVID pandemic.” However, Davis’s argument is

without merit, as he has not demonstrated that there were

reasonable grounds for the court to order a competency

examination.

“The substantive standard for competence to proceed is

‘whether the defendant has sufficient present ability to consult with

counsel with a reasonable degree of rational understanding and

whether the defendant has a rational as well as factual

understanding of the pending collateral proceedings.’ ” Kocaker v.

State, 311 So. 3d 814, 820 (Fla. 2020) (quoting Fla. R. Crim. P.

3.851(g)(8)(A)). A postconviction court’s determination of whether to

order a competency examination is governed by Florida Rule of

Criminal Procedure 3.851(g)(3), which provides:

If, at any stage of a postconviction proceeding, the court
determines that there are reasonable grounds to believe
that a death-sentenced defendant is incompetent to
proceed and that factual matters are at issue, the
development or resolution of which require the
defendant’s input, a judicial determination of
incompetency is required.

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Although Davis cites multiple pages in the postconviction

record as evidence “sufficient to create a ‘bona fide doubt’ regarding

Mr. Davis’s competency to proceed,” not only does the record not

create a bona fide doubt as to his competency, it contradicts Davis’s

claim.

Davis points to a record of a strained relationship with one of

his former attorneys as evidence that he was entitled to a

competency evaluation. Letters written by Davis and discussions at

various hearings indicate that Davis disagreed with the attorney on

multiple matters. These communications, though, reveal a very

sophisticated defendant, familiar with the substance of Giglio claims

and Huff 5 hearings, and well-informed about the motions filed on

his behalf. For instance, Davis took exception with the wording of

various claims and argued that the attorney was not pursuing

meritorious claims. These behaviors do not create a bona fide

doubt as to Davis’s competence.

Moreover, the fact that Davis was indecisive about allowing his

attorneys to pursue mental health claims does not substantiate his

5. Huff v. State, 622 So. 2d 982 (Fla. 1993).

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claim that a competency examination was warranted. Because the

court had no reasonable grounds to believe that Davis was

incompetent to proceed, the circuit court did not err by not ordering

a competency examination.

PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

Davis seeks habeas relief on the basis of ineffective assistance

of appellate counsel. “In general, claims of ineffective assistance of

appellate counsel are properly presented in a petition for writ of

habeas corpus . . . .” Brown v. State, 304 So. 3d 243, 278 (Fla.

2020) (citing Baker v. State, 214 So. 3d 530, 536 (Fla. 2017));

Wickham v. State, 124 So. 3d 841, 863 (Fla. 2013). While the

failure to raise unpreserved claims on appeal is not normally a

basis for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, the failure to

raise unpreserved claims of fundamental error may be. See

Wickham, 124 So. 3d at 863 (citing Valle v. Moore, 837 So. 2d 905,

907-08 (Fla. 2002)).

Here, Davis argues that appellate counsel was ineffective for

failing to raise as fundamental error certain comments made by the

trial court during jury selection. The comments, to which defense

counsel did not object, related to the sampling of graphic victim

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photographs shown to the jury and the State’s discretion to not

seek the death penalty in every first-degree murder prosecution.

However, this habeas claim is procedurally barred. The

comments challenged here are identical to those raised in Davis’s

claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, discussed above in

issue number two. Davis has simply repackaged one of his

postconviction claims as a habeas claim, and “[d]efendants cannot

relitigate the substance of postconviction claims in a habeas

petition under the guise of ineffective assistance of appellate

counsel.” Smith v. State, 330 So. 3d 867, 893 (Fla. 2021); see

Calhoun v. State, 312 So. 3d 826, 854 (Fla. 2019) (concluding that

three habeas claims were procedurally barred because they were

“permutations of claims” raised in the petitioner’s postconviction

motion); Knight v. State, 923 So. 2d 387, 395 (Fla. 2005) (“[C]laims

[that] were raised in [a] postconviction motion . . . cannot be

relitigated in a habeas petition.”). Moreover, we concluded that

Davis’s postconviction claim is meritless. Therefore, Davis is not

entitled to habeas relief.

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CONCLUSION

For these reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s denial of

postconviction relief, and we deny habeas relief.

It is so ordered.

MUÑIZ, C.J., and CANADY, LABARGA, COURIEL, GROSSHANS,
and FRANCIS, JJ., concur.
SASSO, J., did not participate.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION
AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Polk County,
Donald G. Jacobsen, Judge
Case No. 532007CF00938601XXXX
And an Original Proceeding – Habeas Corpus

Robert Friedman, Capital Collateral Regional Counsel, Tallahassee,
Florida, and Stacy R. Biggart, Special Assistant – Capital Collateral
Regional Counsel, Northern Region, Gainesville, Florida,

for Appellant/Petitioner

Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Marilyn
Muir Beccue, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, Florida,

for Appellee/Respondent

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