Global Air v. Chatterton

25CA0951 Global Air v Chatterton 06-04-2026

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 25CA0951
Arapahoe County District Court No. 24CV30184
Honorable Don J. Toussaint, Judge

Global Air Mobility Inc., a Delaware corporation,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

Bruce Chatterton,

Defendant-Appellee.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED

Division VII
Opinion by JUDGE MEIRINK
Pawar and Sullivan, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced June 4, 2026

Carriere, Little & Leach, LLP, Christopher T. Leach, Englewood, Colorado, for
Plaintiff-Appellant

Ragab Law Firm, P.C., Sami M. Ragab, Brian T. Downing, Denver, Colorado, for
Defendant-Appellee
¶1 Plaintiff, Global Air Mobility Inc. (GAMI), appeals the dismissal

of its complaint and the trial court’s entry of judgment in favor of

defendant, Bruce Chatterton. We affirm.

I. Background

¶2 GAMI was created as a holding company for two aviation

companies that Eugene Haggan founded. Haggan is the chair of

GAMI’s board of directors. He hired Chatterton to serve as GAMI’s

CEO so that Chatterton could prepare GAMI for an initial public

offering. Chatterton drafted an employment agreement, whereby

the parties agreed that Chatterton would receive a base salary of

$560,000 per year. Chatterton and GAMI signed the employment

agreement on January 1, 2021. Per the agreement, Chatterton and

GAMI could “from time to time agree to defer” Chatterton’s salary

and benefits “in full or in part per mutual agreement,” but any

“deferral in no way relieve[d] the company of its obligations under

the agreement.”

¶3 As CEO, Chatterton had control of GAMI’s bank accounts and

the company’s funds. In April 2023, Haggan noticed that $100,000

was missing from GAMI’s accounts and that there had been several

withdrawals made outside of payroll dates that weren’t tied to any

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invoices and were being paid to individuals unassociated with

GAMI.

¶4 In May 2023, Haggan said that he noticed other “gross

negligence of use of” GAMI’s funds. Based on “those two combined”

incidents, Haggan decided that he needed “to let Chatterton go.”

On June 15, 2023, Haggan informed Chatterton that the company

was not in a position to go public and that Chatterton’s employment

was terminated. Haggan presented Chatterton with a separation

agreement, which Haggan’s attorney had drafted. Chatterton

testified that Haggan went over the first paragraph of the separation

agreement, which explained that Chatterton was being terminated

for misallocating GAMI’s funds and misappropriating approximately

$107,030 but that GAMI was willing to waive any potential claims

against him; Haggan told Chatterton that he needed to sign the

separation agreement. Chatterton was escorted out of the office

without a discussion about the termination.

¶5 The separation agreement included the following provision:

In exchange for the waiver of all claims . . . to
which you would not otherwise be entitled, you
hereby generally and completely release the
Company . . . from any and all claims,
liabilities and obligations, both known and

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unknown, that arise out of or are in any way
related to events, acts, conduct, or omissions
occurring prior to the time of your execution of
this Agreement.

The release included, in relevant part, “all claims related to your

compensation or benefits from the Company, including salary [and]

wages” and claims arising under the Colorado Wage Claim Act

(CWCA). Nothing in the separation agreement prevented Chatterton

from “filing, cooperating with, or participating in any proceeding

before a government agency,” like the Colorado Department of

Labor and Employment, but the release “waive[d Chatterton’s] right

to any monetary benefits or other personal relief in connection with

an such claim, charge or proceeding.” Per the separation

agreement, Chatterton “hereby represent[ed] that [he had] been paid

all compensation owed and for all hours worked.”

¶6 Haggan told Chatterton he had until July 7 to accept the

separation agreement. On July 3, Haggan and Chatterton met in a

parking lot. Chatterton returned the signed separation agreement,

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and Haggan gave Chatterton a check for $5,000 from his personal

bank account.1

¶7 Haggan and Chatterton testified that Chatterton wasn’t paid

the “full amount of wages [Chatterton] was owed and due” under

the employment agreement. Haggan testified that, although it

wasn’t written into the employment agreement, he and Chatterton

verbally agreed that Chatterton “wouldn’t get paid his base salary

unless [GAMI] went . . . public.” Chatterton disagreed, asserting

that there were no agreements outside of the employment

agreement. Chatterton testified that it was his understanding that

his salary at the time of his employment was $560,000 a year but

that he agreed to defer his full salary.

¶8 Chatterton filed a demand for arbitration in October 2023 for

claims of wrongful termination, unpaid wages, breach of contract,

fraud, and civil theft stemming from GAMI’s failure to comply with

the employment agreement.

¶9 GAMI then filed a complaint in district court for breach of

contract — based on Chatterton’s failure to comply with the

1 Chatterton testified that the $5,000 was intended to help his

family.

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separation agreement — and to stay arbitration. GAMI also sought

(1) a declaratory judgment that the separation agreement was a

valid and enforceable contract that barred Chatterton’s arbitration

claims and (2) a preliminary and permanent injunction against

Chatterton’s arbitration claims. GAMI argued that by signing the

separation agreement, Chatterton agreed to release GAMI from all

claims “arising under the laws of the state of Colorado,” including

but not limited to the CWCA. In response, Chatterton moved to

dismiss the complaint under C.R.C.P. 12(b)(5), asserting that

GAMI’s claims failed as a matter of law because the separation

agreement was unenforceable under the CWCA’s anti-waiver

provision, section 8-4-121, C.R.S. 2025, which voids any agreement

purporting to waive or modify an employee’s right to recover unpaid

(but earned) compensation from an employer.

¶ 10 The trial court denied the motion to dismiss, and the case

proceeded to a one-day bench trial. After trial, the court issued a

detailed written order finding that the employment agreement was

effective upon signing and that Chatterton was never paid his

annual base salary of $560,000. It also agreed with Chatterton that

the separation agreement was void under the CWCA because

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Chatterton couldn’t waive his wage claim in a separate agreement.

The court dismissed GAMI’s complaint and allowed arbitration to

proceed. GAMI now appeals.

II. Analysis

¶ 11 GAMI contends that the trial court erred by finding that the

CWCA’s anti-waiver provision rendered the separation agreement

void. We disagree.

A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

¶ 12 We review the trial court’s interpretation of contract terms de

novo. Cagle v. Mathers Fam. Tr., 2013 CO 7, ¶ 16.

¶ 13 We also review questions of statutory interpretation de novo.

Hobbs v. City of Salida, 2025 CO 50, ¶ 11. Our primary task when

interpreting a statute is to “discern and effectuate the legislature’s

intent ‘by construing the statute as a whole, “giving consistent,

harmonious, and sensible effect to all of the statute’s parts.”’” Id.

(quoting Burnett v. State Dep’t of Nat. Res., 2015 CO 19, ¶ 12). We

start by looking to the plain language of the statute to determine if

the statute is ambiguous. Banner Health v. Gresser, 2025 CO 60M,

¶ 12. If the statute is unambiguous, we apply it as written. Hobbs,

¶ 12. If the statute is ambiguous, we then look to other aids of

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statutory interpretation to determine the legislature’s intent. Nieto

v. Clark’s Mkt., Inc., 2021 CO 48, ¶ 13.

¶ 14 The purpose of the CWCA is “to protect employees from

exploitation, fraud, and oppression,” 303 Beauty Bar LLC v. Div. of

Lab. Standards & Stat., 2025 COA 20, ¶ 14, and “to assure the

timely payment of wages and to afford adequate judicial relief when

wages are not paid,” Hartman v. Cmty. Resp. Ctr., Inc., 87 P.3d 202,

207 (Colo. App. 2003). The CWCA is remedial and “must ‘be

liberally construed to carry out its purpose.’” Nieto, ¶ 27 (quoting

Montemayor v. Jacor Commc’ns, Inc., 64 P.3d 916, 923 (Colo. App.

2002)).

¶ 15 The CWCA requires immediate payment for “wages or

compensation for labor or service earned, vested, determinable, and

unpaid at the time of such discharge,” § 8-4-109(1)(a), C.R.S. 2025,

and “nullifies any effort to circumvent its requirements by contract,”

Nieto, ¶ 14. To that end, the CWCA’s anti-waiver provision voids

“[a]ny agreement, written or oral, by any employee purporting to

waive or to modify such employee’s rights in violation of” the CWCA.

§ 8-4-121; see Lambdin v. Dist. Ct., 903 P.2d 1126, 1129 (Colo.

1995) (“[Section 8-4-121], by its plain language, voids any

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agreement that constitutes a waiver or modification of an

employee’s rights under the Wage Claim Act.”).

¶ 16 “For purposes of the CWCA, compensation is earned ‘if it is

vested pursuant to an employment agreement at the time of an

employee’s termination.’” Fang v. Showa Entetsu Co., 91 P.3d 419,

422 (Colo. App. 2003) (quoting Barnes v. Van Schaack Mortg., 787

P.2d 207, 209 (Colo. App. 1990)) (noting that Black’s Law

Dictionary 1557 (7th ed. 1999) defines vested as a “completed

consummated right for present or future enjoyment; not contingent;

unconditional; absolute”). The CWCA doesn’t create a substantive

right to compensation for labor and services performed; rather, it

“establishes minimal requirements concerning when and how

agreed compensation must be paid and provides remedies and

penalties for an employer’s noncompliance with those

requirements.” Barnes, 787 P.2d at 210. “The employee’s

substantive right to compensation and the conditions that must be

satisfied to earn such compensation remain matters of negotiation

and bargaining, and are determined by the parties’ employment

agreement, rather than by the statute.” Id.

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B. The Trial Court Did Not Err by Finding that the Separation
Agreement was Void

¶ 17 GAMI contends that, based on the plain language of the

CWCA’s anti-waiver provision, the separation agreement isn’t void

because the anti-waiver provision only voids agreements that violate

rights conferred by the CWCA. According to GAMI, the separation

agreement didn’t waive or modify Chatterton’s rights under the

CWCA. Rather, by signing the separation agreement, Chatterton

agreed that GAMI had already paid him all compensation owed and

didn’t owe him additional wages. In exchange, GAMI agreed to

release Chatterton from any liability for misappropriating company

funds. Thus, GAMI claims the separation agreement wasn’t void

under the CWCA because it acted as a “settlement” agreement

whereby Chatterton agreed that GAMI owed him no additional

wages beyond what GAMI had already paid. GAMI’s argument is

flawed and misapprehends the purpose of the CWCA.

¶ 18 Under section 8-4-109(1)(a), an employee has the right to

earned but unpaid wages at the time of termination. GAMI

correctly points out that the CWCA doesn’t create a substantive

right to compensation for labor and services performed, but GAMI

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overlooks the function of the CWCA, which is to provide a means to

ensure when and how agreed-upon compensation must be paid.

¶ 19 GAMI asserts that the trial court erred by considering whether

Chatterton may have had claims for past due wages under the

employment agreement because that issue wasn’t before the court

and thus shouldn’t have informed the court’s conclusion that the

separation agreement was void.2 GAMI contends that the court

should have focused only on whether Chatterton was due additional

wages under the separation agreement. GAMI’s argument is

misplaced.

¶ 20 Per the employment agreement, the parties agreed that GAMI

would pay Chatterton an annual base salary of $560,000. GAMI

2 GAMI also argues that the trial court should have never

considered the employment agreement because it wasn’t properly
admitted into evidence. We aren’t persuaded. Although the
employment agreement wasn’t formally admitted into evidence, it
was filed multiple times as an attachment to several pleadings,
witness testimony established the terms of the agreement, it was
discussed at length at trial, and it was properly before the court.
See Sakal v. Donnelly, 494 P.2d 1316, 1317 (Colo. App. 1972)
(Because the pieces of evidence in question were filed prior to trial
and were before the court, “[i]t was unnecessary under these
circumstances for the admissions to be formally offered and
received into evidence during the trial before they could be
considered by the trial court . . . [and] would . . . require a
meaningless formality.”).

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conceded — and the trial court found — that for the duration of his

employment Chatterton was paid (at most) $120,000. See Premier

Farm Credit, PCA v. W-Cattle, LLC, 155 P.3d 504, 512 (Colo. App.

2006) (“We will not disturb factual determinations made by the trial

court, so long as they are supported by the record.”).

¶ 21 Recall that compensation is earned if it has vested pursuant to

an employment agreement at the time of an employee’s termination.

Fang, 91 P.3d at 422. “Wages” or “compensation” are “[a]ll amounts

for labor or service performed by employees,” § 8-4-101(14)(a)(I),

C.R.S. 2025. Here, the employment agreement set a fixed annual

amount of $560,000 that, if unpaid and earned, Chatterton was

entitled to at the time of his termination. See Nieto, ¶ 14 (“Among

other things, [the CWCA] requires that an employer shall . . . pay,

upon separation from employment, all earned but unpaid

compensation . . . .”); Barnes, 787 P.2d at 210 (The CWCA

“establishes minimal requirements concerning when and how

agreed compensation must be paid.”).

¶ 22 The CWCA creates a remedy for employees seeking past due

compensation and doesn’t permit waiver of those remedies.

Lambdin, 903 P.2d at 1127. The anti-waiver provision is

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unambiguous and voids “[a]ny agreement, written or oral, by any

employee purporting to waive or to modify such employee’s rights”

in violation of the CWCA. § 8-4-121; see Lambdin, 903 P.2d at

1129.

¶ 23 Chatterton’s agreed-upon salary couldn’t be forfeited once

earned. See Nieto, ¶¶ 3, 42 (holding that a provision of an employee

handbook forfeiting earned but unused vacation pay is void under

section 8-4-121 because “when an employer chooses to provide

such pay, it cannot be forfeited once earned by the employee”). It is

GAMI’s obligation, as an employer, under the CWCA to pay unpaid

wages, and Chatterton cannot waive GAMI’s obligation. See Fang,

91 P.3d at 421 (“An employer is liable under the CWCA if the

employer does not pay an employee wages he or she earned at the

time of discharge.”). Therefore, any agreement between GAMI and

Chatterton that purported to waive Chatterton’s ability to recover

any portion of his unpaid wages violated his rights under the

CWCA.

¶ 24 The separation agreement released GAMI, in relevant part,

from “all claims related to . . . [Chatterton’s] compensation . . .

including salary [and] wages” and claims arising under the CWCA.

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This is exactly the type of situation that the CWCA’s anti-waiver

provision is meant to prevent. See Nieto, ¶ 14 (recognizing that the

CWCA’s anti-waiver provision “nullifies any effort to circumvent [the

CWCA’s] requirements by contract”). Because the release of claims

provision of the separation agreement purported to waive

Chatterton’s ability to recover his earned but unpaid salary, the

court didn’t err by finding that the separation agreement was void.

¶ 25 Likewise, we aren’t persuaded by GAMI’s argument that

Chatterton wasn’t due any outstanding compensation because, by

signing the separation agreement, Chatterton agreed that he had

“been paid all compensation owed and for all hours worked.” This

language characterizes Chatterton’s unpaid salary as “additional”

wages and is unavailing because, as already explained, the

separation agreement impedes Chatterton’s right to pursue his

remedies under the CWCA. Moreover, by asserting that Chatterton

agreed that “no additional wages were in fact due,” GAMI is using

Chatterton’s unpaid (but earned) wages as leverage against him,

which is exploitative and precisely the type of behavior that the

CWCA intended to curb. See Cagle, ¶ 36 (“The CWCA is ‘designed

to require employers to make timely payment of wages . . . and to

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provide adequate judicial relief when employers fail to pay wages

when due.’” (citation omitted)).

¶ 26 Finally, GAMI argues that the CWCA’s anti-waiver provision

shouldn’t extend to post-separation agreements. But the CWCA’s

anti-waiver provision states that “[a]ny agreement” waiving or

modifying the employee’s rights is void. § 8-4-121 (emphasis

added). “[W]e do not add words to or subtract words from a

statute,” People ex rel. Rein v. Meagher, 2020 CO 56, ¶ 22, and

“where the plain language is unambiguous,” as it is here, “we apply

the statute as written,” Nieto, ¶ 12. The legislature chose to use the

word “any.” “[W]e respect the legislature’s choice of language,” Rein,

¶ 22, and “presume that the legislature did not use language idly,”

Nieto, ¶ 21. See Colo. State Bd. of Acct. v. Raisch, 931 P.2d 498,

500 (Colo. App. 1996) (“The term ‘any’ is an inclusive term often

used synonymously with the terms ‘every’ and ‘all.’”), aff’d, 960 P.2d

102 (Colo. 1998). The statute is clear; it voids “any agreement” that

purports to waive or modify an employee’s rights in violation of the

CWCA.

¶ 27 Accordingly, the court didn’t err by finding that the separation

agreement was void and dismissing GAMI’s complaint.

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III. Disposition

¶ 28 We affirm the judgment.

JUDGE PAWAR and JUDGE SULLIVAN concur.

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