Bachman v. Tesla

25CA0760 Bachman v Tesla 01-29-2026

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 25CA0760
Pueblo County District Court No. 24CV44
Honorable Tayler Thomas, Judge

Jason Bachman,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

Tesla, Inc.,

Defendant-Appellee.

APPEAL DISMISSED IN PART, JUDGMENT REVERSED,
AND CASE REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS

Division III
Opinion by JUDGE DUNN
Moultrie and Taubman*, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced January 29, 2026

Jason Bachman, Pro Se

Sidran Law Corp, David R. Sidran, Matthew K. Sidran, Denver, Colorado, for
Defendant-Appellee

*Sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice under provisions of Colo. Const. art.
VI, § 5(3), and § 24-51-1105, C.R.S. 2025.
¶1 Plaintiff, Jason Bachman, appeals the district court’s

summary judgment in favor of defendant, Tesla, Inc. He contends

that the court misapplied the law when it granted summary

judgment on two of his claims. He also challenges an order denying

an entry of default and denying a motion to strike Tesla’s answer to

the amended complaint. Because we agree that the court erred by

granting summary judgment on Bachman’s breach of contract and

revocation of acceptance claims, we reverse and remand for further

proceedings on those claims. And because we reverse judgment on

those claims, there is no final judgment in the case and we

therefore dismiss the remaining portions of the appeal.

I. Background

¶2 The basic facts are set forth in the amended complaint and

summary judgment briefing and appear to be mostly undisputed.

On June 5, 2024, Bachman purchased a used car from Tesla for

$34,709.50. He did not receive the certificate of title at purchase

but expected it within thirty days.

¶3 Two months later — and after the car’s temporary registration

expired, Bachman still had not received the title. On August 10,

Bachman sent a letter notifying Tesla that he had not received the

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title and demanded a response within ten days “indicating the steps

[Tesla] will take to resolve this issue.”1 Ten days later, having

received no title, Bachman notified Tesla in writing that he

“revoke[d] acceptance” of the car under the Colorado Uniform

Commercial Code, section 4-2-608, C.R.S. 2025, because the “title

was never properly delivered” within thirty days, leaving him

“unable to legally register or use” the car. Bachman returned the

car to the dealership and requested a refund of the purchase price.

Tesla refused to accept the revocation and instructed Bachman to

remove the car from the dealership.

¶4 On September 5, ninety-two days after purchasing the car and

sixteen days after his notice of revocation of acceptance, Bachman

received the title.

¶5 Bachman then filed suit against Tesla, alleging claims for

violation of the Colorado Consumer Protection Act, violation of the

Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, revocation of acceptance under

1 The letter asks Tesla to provide the title “within [three] business

days” and also asks for a response “within [ten] business days.”
This inconsistency, however, doesn’t impact our analysis.

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section 4-2-608, breach of contract, fraud, and breach of warranty

of title.

¶6 Bachman filed a motion for partial summary judgment on his

breach of contract and revocation of acceptance claims. Tesla filed

a cross-motion seeking summary judgment on all six claims. The

district court denied Bachman’s motion and entered summary

judgment in favor of Tesla on all of Bachman’s claims.

II. Discussion

¶7 Bachman contends that the court erred by granting summary

judgment in favor of Tesla on his breach of contract and revocation

of acceptance claims.2 He argues, among other things, that the

court misapplied the law when it granted judgment against him on

those claims. We agree.

A. Standard of Review

¶8 We review de novo a district court’s decision to grant summary

judgment. People ex rel. Rein v. Meagher, 2020 CO 56, ¶ 19.

Because we apply the same standard as the district court in our

review, we must “determine whether a genuine issue of material fact

2 Bachman doesn’t appeal the district court’s order granting

summary judgment in favor of Tesla on the remaining four claims.

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existed and whether the district court correctly applied the law.”

City of Fort Collins v. Colo. Oil & Gas Ass’n, 2016 CO 28, ¶ 9.

Summary judgment is a drastic remedy that should be granted only

when it is clear that the applicable standards have been met. Rein,

¶ 21; see C.R.C.P. 56(c).

B. Breach of Contract Claim

¶9 Tesla moved for summary judgment on Bachman’s breach of

contract claim, arguing that the late delivery of title did not breach

the contract because “nothing in the contract . . . [stated] that Tesla

would deliver title within thirty days.”

¶ 10 Bachman responded that Tesla had a statutory duty to

“deliver or facilitate the delivery” of title within thirty days of the

sale under section 42-6-112(1), C.R.S. 2025. And he argued this

statutory obligation was incorporated into the parties’ contract.

Because Tesla did not deliver title within thirty days, Bachman

argued that Tesla breached the contract.3

¶ 11 The court agreed that Tesla’s failure to “deliver or facilitate the

delivery of the certificate of title within [thirty] days may violate . . .

3 Bachman presented similar arguments in his motion for partial

summary judgment on his breach of contract claim.

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[section] 42-6-112,” but it concluded that any such failure was “not

a breach of the contract” because the contract “did not set forth a

specific time” for delivery of the title.

¶ 12 But a “[s]tatutory law which pertains to the terms of a contract

is considered part of that contract.” Bd. of Governors of Colo. State

Univ. v. Alderman, 2025 CO 9, ¶ 13 (alteration in original) (quoting

Keelan v. Van Waters & Rogers, Inc., 820 P.2d 1145, 1148 (Colo.

App. 1991)); see also McShane v. Stirling Ranch Prop. Owners Ass’n,

2017 CO 38, ¶ 17 (“[C]ontractual language must be interpreted in

light of existing law, the provisions of which are regarded as implied

terms of the contract, regardless of whether the agreement refers to

the governing law.” (quoting Shaw v. Sargent Sch. Dist. No. RE-33-J,

21 P.3d 446, 450 (Colo. App. 2001))).

¶ 13 Section 42-6-112(1), which establishes a dealer’s obligation

with respect to the delivery of title, “pertains” to the parties’

contract. Thus, the statutory obligation to deliver or facilitate

delivery of title within thirty days is “considered part of that

contract.” Alderman, ¶ 13 (quoting Keelan, 820 P.2d at 1148); see

also Arnove v. First Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n of Tarpon Springs, 713

P.2d 1329, 1330 (Colo. App. 1985) (construing redemption statutes

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as part of contract). Because the district court concluded, at least

implicitly, that the statutory requirement regarding the delivery of

title was not part of the parties’ contract, we conclude the court

misapplied the law when it granted summary judgment in Tesla’s

favor on Bachman’s breach of contract claim.

¶ 14 Even so — and without addressing or acknowledging section

42-6-112 — Tesla maintains summary judgment on the breach of

contract claim was proper because it says that the district court

correctly found that Bachman “never set forth any facts” that he

“suffered any damages.” But there are a few problems with this

argument.

¶ 15 First, the record shows that Bachman alleged damages from

Tesla’s failure to deliver title within thirty days and submitted an

affidavit and documentation in support of his claimed damages.

The court seemingly overlooked this supporting documentation.

Second, and more critically, “[p]roof of actual damages is not an

essential element of a breach of contract claim.” Interbank Invs.,

LLC v. Eagle River Water & Sanitation Dist., 77 P.3d 814, 818 (Colo.

App. 2003). Rather, “[n]ominal damages are recoverable even if no

actual damages resulted or can be proven.” City & County of

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Denver v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, 2024 CO 5, ¶ 58; accord Interbank

Invs., ¶ 12.

¶ 16 For these reasons, we must reverse the court’s summary

judgment in favor of Tesla on Bachman’s breach of contract claim.

See Educ. ReEnvisioned BOCES v. Colo. Springs Sch. Dist. 11, 2022

COA 128M, ¶ 17 (reversing summary judgment because “order was

based on a misapplication of the law”), aff’d, 2024 CO 29.4

C. Revocation of Acceptance

¶ 17 A buyer may revoke his acceptance of nonconforming goods

when the nonconformity substantially impairs the value of the

goods to the buyer. § 4-2-608(1); see Cissell Mfg. Co. v. Park, 36

P.3d 85, 89 (Colo. App. 2001). Revocation must occur within a

reasonable time after the buyer discovers the nonconformity and is

not effective until he notifies the seller. § 4-2-608(1)-(2). But a

buyer is not required to give a seller unlimited opportunities to cure

the nonconformity before revoking his acceptance. Jackson v.

Rocky Mountain Datsun, Inc., 693 P.2d 391, 395 (Colo. App. 1984).

And once a buyer revokes, he has the same rights and duties

4 We, of course, express no opinion on whether Tesla breached any

material obligation under the contract.

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regarding the goods as if he had rejected them, including canceling

the contract. See § 4-2-608(3); § 4-2-711(1), C.R.S. 2025; see also

Heaton v. Nelson, 194 P. 614, 614 (Colo. 1920) (“If the vendor

cannot furnish, or refuses to furnish, a good title when due, or in a

reasonable time, the vendee may rescind . . . and recover what has

been paid.”).

¶ 18 Before he revoked his acceptance, Bachman notified Tesla of

the nonconformity — a missing title — and gave it a period to cure

the nonconformity. When that period passed, Bachman revoked his

acceptance, returned the car to Tesla, and requested a refund of the

purchase price. See Heaton, 194 P. at 614. Some weeks after his

revocation of acceptance, Bachman received the title.

¶ 19 As we understand it, the district court concluded that since

Bachman received the title a couple of weeks after he revoked his

acceptance, the “delay of title” did not rise “to the level of a

nonconformity justifying revocation.” Thus, it entered summary

judgment in favor of Tesla on the revocation of acceptance claim.

¶ 20 But that ruling is not consistent with the plain language of

section 4-2-608, which states that a revocation occurs when the

buyer notifies the seller of the nonconformity. § 4-2-608(1)-(2).

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While the parties may dispute whether a nonconformity

substantially impaired the value of the good to the buyer or whether

the buyer notified the seller within a reasonable time after

discovering the nonconformity, that doesn’t change when the

revocation occurred. See id. Thus, to the extent the court added a

post-revocation cure period into the revocation of acceptance

statute, it erred. See UMB Bank, N.A. v. Landmark Towers Ass’n,

2017 CO 107, ¶ 22 (noting that courts do not add words to

statutes).5

¶ 21 Because the district court misapplied the law, we must reverse

summary judgment on the revocation of acceptance claim.6

5 Tesla offers no argument about the revocation of acceptance

statute.

6 We again express no opinion as to whether Bachman provided

reasonable notice of revocation of acceptance or whether a missing
title at the time of revocation substantially impaired the value of the
car. See Stroh v. Am. Recreation & Mobile Home Corp., 530 P.2d
989, 992 (Colo. App. 1975) (describing the reasonable time inquiry
as “a question of fact”); see also Mauk v. Pioneer Ford Mercury, 709
S.E.2d 353, 356-58 (Ga. Ct. App. 2011) (reversing summary
judgment because “questions of fact exist[ed] about whether [the
buyer’s] revocation was timely” and “whether the alleged defects
substantially impaired the car’s value to her”); Clay v. Harris, 592
N.E.2d 1154, 1159 (Ill. App. Ct. 1992) (holding that a buyer could
rescind the purchase of a car where the seller failed to provide the
certificate of title within a reasonable time after purchase).

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D. Remaining Contentions

¶ 22 Bachman also asks us to review an order that denied his

motion to enter default and his motion to strike Tesla’s answer to

the amended complaint.

¶ 23 With limited exceptions not presented here, this court has

jurisdiction over final judgments only — that is, judgments that end

an action, leaving nothing further for the district court to do to

completely determine the parties’ rights. Wilson v. Kennedy, 2020

COA 122, ¶¶ 5-7; see also C.A.R. 1(a)(1) (appellate jurisdiction is

limited to review of final judgments).

¶ 24 Because we reverse the judgment based on two of Bachman’s

claims and remand the case to the district court for further

proceedings, there is not a final judgment in the case. See Wolf v.

Brenneman, 2024 CO 31, ¶ 10 (“A judgment is typically not ‘final’

until the court has ruled on all outstanding claims.”). We therefore

do not have jurisdiction to consider the nonfinal order that

Bachman asks us to review. See Scott v. Scott, 2018 COA 25, ¶ 11

(“A final judgment is a jurisdictional prerequisite to review on

appeal.”).

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E. Appellate Attorney Fees and Costs

¶ 25 Considering our disposition, we disagree with Tesla that

Bachman’s appeal is “patently frivolous.” We therefore deny its

request for an award of attorney fees and costs.

¶ 26 Given the tone and tenor of Tesla’s fee request, we are

compelled to add one thing further. Vigorous and thoughtful

disagreement about the law and facts is expected. Zealous and

spirited advocacy is expected. Personal and gratuitous attacks on a

self-represented party — like those advanced by Tesla’s counsel —

are not.7 Nastiness in legal briefs isn’t persuasive, effective, or

helpful. Quite the opposite. While we will assume that the briefing

in this case is not representative of counsel’s practice, we suggest

counsel reacquaint themselves with the rules of professional

conduct and the oath they took when they were admitted to the bar.

7 Many litigants are unable to afford legal representation. See Colo.
Jud. Branch, Cases and Parties without Attorney Representation in
Civil Cases 5 (2025), https://perma.cc/8WWN-S36V. Self-
representation is not only common but steadily increasing. See
Colo. Jud. Branch, Cases and Parties without Attorney
Representation in Civil Cases 5 (2024), https://perma.cc/W5TE-
UUF2. To say a self-represented litigant has a fool for a client, as
Tesla’s counsel claims, needlessly denigrates thousands of litigants
in the judicial system.

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See PFW, Inc. v. Residences at Little Nell Dev., LLC, 2012 COA 137,

¶ 45 (“Our Rules of Professional Conduct prohibit discourteous and

uncivil behavior toward any person involved in the legal

system . . . .”); accord Colo. RPC, Preamble, ¶ 9; see also Off. of Att’y

Regul. Counsel, Colo. Sup. Ct., Attorney Oath of Admission,

https://perma.cc/7KUH-4ATP (swearing to “treat all persons whom

I encounter through my practice of law with fairness, courtesy,

respect and honesty”).

III. Disposition

¶ 27 We reverse the district court’s summary judgment as to

Bachman’s breach of contract and revocation of acceptance claims

and remand the case to the district court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion. We dismiss the remaining portion of

the appeal.

JUDGE MOULTRIE and JUDGE TAUBMAN concur.

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