Peo in Interest of EQB

25CA1528 Peo in Interest of EQB 01-29-2026

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 25CA1528
Mesa County District Court No. 24JV13
Honorable JenniLynn E. Lawrence, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Appellee,

In the Interest of E.Q.B., a Child,

and Concerning M.T.,

Appellant.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED

Division A
Opinion by JUDGE GRAHAM*
Román, C.J., and Taubman*, J., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced January 29, 2026

Todd M. Starr, County Attorney, John Rhoads, Assistant County Attorney,
Grand Junction, Colorado for Appellee

Josie L. Burt, Guardian Ad Litem

Patrick R. Henson, Office of Respondent Parents’ Counsel, Chelsea A. Carr,
Office of Respondent Parents’ Counsel, Denver, Colorado for Appellant

*Sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice under provisions of Colo. Const. art.
VI, § 5(3), and § 24-51-1105, C.R.S. 2025.
¶1 In this dependency and neglect proceeding, M.T. (mother)

appeals the judgment terminating her parent-child legal

relationship with E.Q.B. (the child). We affirm.

I. Background

¶2 In February 2024, the Mesa County Department of Human

Services received a referral that mother was at a hospital emergency

room with her then-one-year-old child, and the hospital staff had

concerns that mother was either under the influence of drugs or

experiencing psychosis. A caseworker met with mother at the

hospital and noticed that she had dilated pupils, spoke erratically,

and was easily perturbed. Consequently, the Department requested

emergency protective custody of the child. The juvenile court

granted the request, and the Department placed the child in foster

care.

¶3 The Department filed a petition in dependency and neglect

alleging concerns about mother’s substance use and mental health.

After a two-day jury trial, the juvenile court adjudicated the child

dependent or neglected. Shortly thereafter, the court adopted a

treatment plan that required mother to (1) attend family time; (2)

complete a psychological evaluation and follow its

1
recommendations; (3) complete a co-occurring substance abuse and

mental health assessment and engage in the assessment’s

recommended treatment; (4) follow the probation department’s

requirements of her criminal cases and refrain from engaging in

further criminal activity; (5) obtain stable housing and employment;

and (6) communicate and cooperate with the Department.

¶4 The Department later moved to terminate mother’s parental

rights. After a two-day hearing, the juvenile court granted the

termination motion.

II. Sequestration

¶5 Mother contends that the juvenile court abused its discretion

by denying her request to exempt her advisory witness from the

sequestration order. We are not persuaded.

A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review

¶6 The Colorado Rules of Evidence provide that, at the request of

a party, the court shall order witnesses excluded so that they

cannot hear the testimony of other witnesses. CRE 615.

Sequestration orders prevent witnesses from tailoring their

testimony to that of other witnesses and aid the court in the

detection of false testimony. People v. Melendez, 102 P.3d 315, 319

2
(Colo. 2004). Even so, this rule does not authorize exclusion of a

person whose presence is shown by a party to be essential to the

presentation of that party’s case. See CRE 615; People v. Cohn, 160

P.3d 336, 346 (Colo. App. 2007).

¶7 We review a juvenile court’s determination regarding

sequestration for an abuse of discretion. Cohn, 160 P.3d at 346. A

court abuses its discretion when its ruling is manifestly arbitrary,

unreasonable, or unfair. People in Interest of T.M.S., 2019 COA 136,

¶ 43.

B. Analysis

¶8 At the termination hearing, mother asked the juvenile court to

allow her to have an advisory witness — a consultant whom mother

had hired to review the case records and conduct a reasonable

efforts evaluation of the Department. Mother also asked the court

to exempt that witness from the sequestration order. In support of

her request, she asserted that, as an expert witness, the consultant

had “a right to hear the testimony that is brought up in this case in

order to . . . further advise and inform her opinion” because the

other witnesses’ testimony would provide the consultant with a

“better understanding” of the case.

3
¶9 The juvenile court denied mother’s request, finding that if it

exempted the consultant from the sequestration order, it “might be

hard . . . to decipher what [was] based on previously . . . disclosed

information, and what [was] based on information heard in this

room today.” The court stated that it was “err[ing] on the side of

caution” to make sure that the hearing was “as fair as possible.”

¶ 10 We conclude that the juvenile court did not abuse its

discretion by declining to exempt the consultant from the

sequestration order for two reasons.

¶ 11 First, the juvenile court gave mother the opportunity to show

that exempting the consultant from the sequestration order was

essential to her case, but mother did not do so. Rather, she argued

that the consultant had the “right” to hear the other testimony to

“advise and inform” her expert opinion. But she did not point to

any legal authority, and we are not aware of any, that allows an

expert witness to hear other witnesses’ testimony as a matter of

right. Allowing an expert witness to hear other testimony solely to

“advise and inform” their opinion is contrary to the purpose of

sequestration orders. See Melendez, 102 P.3d at 319 (sequestration

4
orders are meant to prevent witnesses from tailoring their testimony

to that of other witnesses).

¶ 12 Second, although we acknowledge that when an expert

witness offers testimony based on previously prepared reports it is

unlikely to be affected by the testimony of others, see Martin v.

Porak, 638 P.2d 853, 855 (Colo. App. 1981), that does not mean

that a court may not sequester that expert witness. Here, the

juvenile court stated it intended to preserve the fairness of the

hearing by preventing confusion and ensuring that the consultant

did not change her testimony based on other witness testimony.

Thus, we cannot say that its ruling was manifestly arbitrary,

unreasonable, or unfair; therefore, it was not an abuse of

discretion. See T.M.S., ¶ 43.

¶ 13 Nonetheless, mother fails to articulate how she was prejudiced

by the court’s decision because she provides no detail about how

the consultant’s insights would have changed her defense or altered

the outcome of the hearing. Thus, although we do not perceive an

abuse of discretion, even so, any error was harmless. See C.A.R.

35(c) (“The appellate court may disregard any error or defect not

affecting the substantial rights of the parties.”); People in Interest of

5
R.D., 2012 COA 35, ¶ 25 (an error affects a substantial right only if

it can be said with fair assurance that the error substantially

influenced the outcome of the case or impaired the basic fairness of

the trial itself).

III. Expert Witness

¶ 14 Next, mother contends that the juvenile court abused its

discretion by denying her request to designate the consultant as an

expert in the “differential response model, reasonable efforts, and

Volume 7 mandates.” 1 We discern no error.

A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review

¶ 15 The admissibility of expert testimony is governed by CRE 702

and CRE 403. People in Interest of A.F., 2025 COA 76, ¶ 11. In

determining if expert testimony is admissible, a court must consider

whether: (1) the scientific, technical, or specialized principles

underlying the testimony are reasonably reliable; (2) the expert is

qualified to opine on the matter; (3) the expert testimony will be

helpful to the jury; and (4) the probative value of the evidence is

1 Practitioners often refer to the Colorado Department of Human

Services’ administrative rules and regulations as “Volume 7.” The
rules and regulations are codified in the Colorado Code of
Regulations. See 12 Code Colo. Regs. 2509-1 to -9.

6
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Id. at

¶¶ 21-25.

¶ 16 The decision to admit or exclude expert testimony lies within a

juvenile court’s discretion, and thus, we will not disturb it absent

an abuse of that discretion. People in Interest of M.W., 140 P.3d

231, 233 (Colo. App. 2006).

B. Analysis

¶ 17 At the termination hearing, mother sought to designate the

consultant as an expert in (1) social work with emphasis in child

protection; (2) “the differential response model” for child welfare

cases; (3) reasonable efforts; and (4) Volume 7 mandates. Neither

the Department nor the GAL objected to allowing the consultant to

testify as an expert in social work with an emphasis in child

welfare. But the GAL objected to allowing the witness to testify as

an expert in the remaining designations.

¶ 18 The juvenile court granted mother’s request to designate the

consultant as an expert in social work with an emphasis in child

protection but denied the request to designate her as an expert in

the other areas. We discern no abuse of discretion in the juvenile

court’s exclusion of this expert testimony.

7
¶ 19 First, the juvenile court found that although the consultant

had done “a lot of work” in the area of differential response, it did

not have “enough background information regarding the differential

response work in terms of what it is and how [the consultant is]

specially qualified in that work.” In other words, it properly

considered the underlying principles of the “differential response

model” and whether the consultant was qualified to testify on the

matter. See A.F., ¶¶ 21-23. In doing so, it necessarily weighed the

consultant’s testimony about her experience with the differential

response model. See People in Interest of E.H., 837 P.2d 284, 289

(Colo. App. 1992) (the sufficiency of the foundational evidence to

establish the qualifications and knowledge of a witness to entitle

her to express an opinion is a question for the trial court’s

determination). And we cannot reweigh the evidence. People in

Interest of K.L.W., 2021 COA 56, ¶ 62.

¶ 20 Next, the juvenile court noted that while the consultant’s

testimony about the Department’s efforts to rehabilitate mother

could be helpful, it did not believe that the consultant’s opinion on

whether the Department met its reasonable efforts obligation was

necessary because that was an issue for the court to decide. The

8
court properly considered whether the consultant’s opinion would

help it determine whether the Department made reasonable efforts

but found that it would not. See A.F., ¶ 24. That “common sense

inquiry” was within the court’s discretion. Id. (quoting People v.

Cooper, 2021 CO 69, ¶ 48).

¶ 21 Last, the court found that while the consultant could testify

about her experience applying Volume 7 mandates as a caseworker

or supervisor, she was not qualified to opine about Volume 7 itself,

because she did not have the requisite legal training or specialized

knowledge to qualify as an expert on that “area of law.” Again, the

determination that the consultant was not qualified to opine on

Volume 7 mandates was based on the court’s weighing the

consultant’s testimony about her qualifications, and we cannot

reweigh the evidence. See id. at ¶ 21; K.L.W., ¶ 62.

¶ 22 Moreover, mother fails to articulate what additional testimony

would have been presented if the consultant had been allowed to

opine on the “differential response model, reasonable efforts, and

Volume 7 mandates” or explain how that additional testimony

would have changed the outcome of the hearing. Thus, although

9
we do not perceive an abuse of discretion, nevertheless, any error

was harmless. See C.A.R. 35(c); R.D., ¶ 25.

IV. Reasonable Accommodations

¶ 23 Last, mother contends that the juvenile court erred by finding

that her treatment plan was appropriate and that the Department

made reasonable efforts to rehabilitate her because the Department

failed to provide reasonable accommodations for her bipolar

disorder, as required by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

(ADA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213. We are not persuaded.

A. Applicable Law

¶ 24 A court may terminate parental rights if it finds, by clear and

convincing evidence, that (1) the child was adjudicated dependent

or neglected; (2) the parent has not complied with an appropriate,

court-approved treatment plan or the plan has not been successful;

(3) the parent is unfit; and (4) the parent’s conduct or condition is

unlikely to change in a reasonable time. § 19-3-604(1)(c), C.R.S.

2025. As relevant here, to determine whether a parent is unfit, a

juvenile court must consider whether the department of human

services made reasonable efforts to rehabilitate the parent and

reunite the family. See §§ 19-3-100.5(1), 19-3-604(2)(h), C.R.S.

10
2025; People in Interest of S.N-V., 300 P.3d 911, 915 (Colo. App.

2011).

¶ 25 The ADA requires the juvenile court and the department of

human services to account for and make reasonable

accommodations for a parent’s disability when devising a treatment

plan and providing rehabilitative services. People in Interest of S.K.,

2019 COA 36, ¶ 34. But the ADA does not restrict the juvenile

court’s authority to terminate parental rights when the parent, even

on the basis of a disability, is unable to meet a child’s needs.

People in Interest of C.Z., 2015 COA 87, ¶ 17.

¶ 26 Whether a parent is a qualified individual with a disability

under the ADA requires a case-by-case determination. Id. at ¶ 21.

Before a department can be required to provide reasonable

accommodations under the ADA, it must know that the individual

is disabled, either because that disability is obvious or because

someone has informed it of the disability. Id. at ¶ 22. Thus, while

a department must provide appropriate screening and assessments

of a parent, the parent is responsible for disclosing information

regarding their disability. Id. at ¶ 21. And a parent should also

identify any treatment plan modifications that they believe are

11
necessary. Id. To that end, “waiting until the termination hearing

to raise the ADA issue is problematic because when the department

and the juvenile court don’t know that the parent has a disability,

the department can’t provide, and the court can’t order the

department to provide, reasonable accommodations to rehabilitate

the parent during the case.” People in Interest of S.Z.S., 2022 COA

133, ¶ 17.

¶ 27 Whether a juvenile court properly terminated parental rights is

a mixed question of fact and law. People in Interest of S.R.N.J-S.,

2020 COA 12, ¶ 10. Thus, we review the court’s factual findings for

clear error but review de novo its legal conclusions based on those

facts. Id.

B. Analysis

¶ 28 In its order terminating mother’s parental rights, the juvenile

court found that “no evidence was offered” to show that the

Department knew about mother’s alleged disability or that the

alleged disability significantly interfered with mother’s major life

activities. It went on to find that mother’s treatment plan was

appropriate because it “specifically addressed each of the concerns”

that brought the family to the Department’s attention. It also found

12
that the Department made reasonable efforts to rehabilitate mother

and reunite her with the child but that, largely due to mother’s

unwillingness to engage with the Department, those efforts were

unsuccessful.

¶ 29 Although it is typically the parent’s responsibility to disclose

information regarding their disability, see S.K., ¶ 21, neither mother

nor her legal team notified the Department or the court that they

believed mother had a qualifying disability under the ADA until the

termination hearing. However, mother argues that the Department

should have provided reasonable accommodations because it was

“on notice” of her “obvious” disability throughout the case.

¶ 30 Although the Department reported significant concerns about

mother’s erratic behaviors and her mental health, we disagree that

those concerns provided it with constructive knowledge of an

“obvious” qualifying disability under the ADA because mother’s

erratic behaviors and mental health symptoms, on their own, did

not establish that mother had a “physical or mental impairment

that substantially limit[ed] one or more major life activities.” See 42

U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A). And, as noted by the juvenile court, mother

did not present any evidence, either before or during the

13
termination hearing, to show that her mental health disorder

interfered with her major life activities.

¶ 31 Nonetheless, even if we assume that mother’s mental health

disorder somehow qualified as an obvious disability under the ADA,

she fails to identify any specific accommodations that the

Department should have or could have added to her treatment plan

or provided to her that would have precluded termination of her

parental rights. And, as it relates to mother’s mental health, the

record supports the court’s findings that mother’s treatment plan

was appropriate and that the Department made reasonable efforts

to rehabilitate her.

¶ 32 Specifically, mother’s treatment plan included two objectives

designed to address her mental health issues — one that required

her to complete a co-occurring disorders assessment and follow its

treatment recommendations and a second that required her to

complete a psychological evaluation and follow its treatment

recommendations. Those objectives were related to the

Department’s concerns about mother’s mental health when the

treatment plan was adopted. See People in Interest of A.N-B., 2019

COA 46, ¶¶ 25-26 (the appropriateness of a treatment plan must be

14
assessed in light of the facts existing at the time of the plan’s

approval). And before the termination hearing, mother never raised

the ADA or requested accommodations. See S.Z.S., ¶ 16 (if a parent

knows or has reason to know she has an ADA-cognizable disability,

the issue should be raised before the court adopts a treatment plan

so the department can include requested accommodations in the

treatment plan and provide services accommodating the disability

throughout the case).

¶ 33 As for the Department’s efforts to rehabilitate mother, the

caseworker testified that she could not refer mother to mental

health services for nearly a year because mother did not sign the

required releases of information. Nonetheless, when mother signed

the required releases, the caseworker referred mother for a

psychological evaluation.2 By the time of termination, mother had

2 Although it is unclear whether the caseworker referred mother for

a co-occurring disorders assessment the caseworker testified that
mother completed an evaluation at the Women’s Resource Center,
where mother went after she was released from jail in early 2025.
Mother testified that completing the Women’s Resource Center’s
impatient program under the terms of her pending criminal case.
Thus, it appears that the Department did not need to make a
referral for a co-occurring disorders assessment because the
referral would have been duplicative and unnecessary. See § 19-3-

15
completed the co-occurring disorders assessment, which revealed

that she had bipolar disorder. However, the caseworker testified

that neither the diagnosis nor the co-occurring disorders

assessment provided sufficient information to determine which

accommodations were necessary. Rather, the caseworker testified

that the psychological evaluation would provide specific

recommendations in terms of treatment and accommodations for

mother’s mental health issues. But mother had not completed the

psychological evaluation in the year-and-a-half since her treatment

plan had been adopted.

¶ 34 Based on the foregoing, we discern no error in the court’s

findings that mother’s treatment plan was appropriate and that the

Department made reasonable efforts to rehabilitate her and reunite

her with the child.

V. Disposition

¶ 35 The judgment is affirmed.

CHIEF JUDGE ROMÁN and JUDGE TAUBMAN concur.

208(2)(b), (d), C.R.S. 2025 (a department must provide services only
if they are determined to be necessary and appropriate).

16