Sanders v. Whitcomb

25CA0213 Sanders v Whitcomb 01-08-2026

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 25CA0213
Jefferson County District Court No. 23CV31671
Honorable Christopher C. Zenisek, Judge

Denise Sanders,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Whitcomb, Selinsky, P.C.

Appellant.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED

Division VII
Opinion by JUDGE LUM
Tow and Moultrie, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced January 8, 2026

The Fields Group LLC, Jerry Douglas Fields, Conifer, Colorado, for Plaintiff-
Appellee

Whitcomb, Selinsky, P.C., Joseph A. Whitcomb, Lakewood, Colorado, for
Appellant
¶1 In this attorney fees dispute, the district court granted

Whitcomb, Selinsky, P.C. (WSPC), a $108,000 quantum meruit

award for its representation of plaintiff, Denise Sanders, in a

personal injury matter. WSPC appeals the award. We affirm.

I. Background

¶2 On October 30, 2022, Kerry Hamilton (the defendant in the

underlying case) struck Sanders’ car with his own. Sanders

suffered severe injuries in the accident and was hospitalized. A few

days later, Sanders hired WSPC to represent her in her personal

injury case against Hamilton.

¶3 Sanders and WSPC entered into a contingent fee agreement

(CFA). As relevant here, the CFA contained the following provisions:

• WSPC would receive “35 percent of the gross from any

recovery obtained” before, during, or after trial.

• WSPC agreed to advance litigation costs for Sanders’

representation, but not her “medical expenses” or “other

parties’ costs.”

• In the event Sanders terminated the CFA “without

wrongful conduct by [WSPC],” WSPC “may have a lien for

attorney[] fees and costs advanced on all claims and

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causes of action that are the subject of [Sanders’

representation] under th[e] agreement and on all

proceeds of any recovery obtained (whether by

settlement, arbitration award, or court judgment).”

• If WSPC and Sanders disagreed about WSPC’s

compensation in the event of termination, WSPC had the

right to request that the court order payment of attorney

fees “based upon the reasonable value of the services

provided.”

• WSPC’s hourly fees for senior attorneys, associate

attorneys, and paralegals were set at $400, $300, and

$200, respectively.

¶4 On December 14, 2023, WSPC filed Sanders’ lawsuit against

Hamilton. Jerry Douglas Fields, a WSPC employee, was the lead

attorney assigned to Sanders’ case.

¶5 On June 18, 2024, WSPC sent Hamilton a statutory offer of

settlement in the amount of $2.25 million. On June 30, Fields

indicated to Sanders that he planned to leave WSPC and explained

that she had the option to stay with WSPC or continue to be

represented by Fields at his new firm. Sanders informed Fields that

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she wanted him to continue representing her and instructed him to

convey that information to WSPC.

¶6 On the morning of July 1, Fields sent an email to WSPC

leadership informing them of his resignation and that Sanders

intended to follow him to his new firm. About three hours later,

Hamilton accepted the settlement offer by email.1 Later that

evening, Sanders sent a text message to WSPC reiterating that on

June 30, she “confirmed that [she] wanted to go with [Fields],

thereby terminating any affiliation with [WSPC].”

¶7 Fields (now with his new firm) took over ongoing tasks related

to Sanders’ representation, including negotiating the final

settlement and release agreement with Hamilton and negotiating

the release of Medicare and Medicaid liens. Fields received a check

for the settlement proceeds in September 2024 and deposited it into

his trust account. However, he couldn’t disburse any of the

1 Pursuant to section 13-17-202(1)(a)(IV), C.R.S. 2025, “If an offer of

settlement is accepted in writing within fourteen days after service
of the offer, the offer of settlement shall constitute a binding
settlement agreement, fully enforceable by the court in which the
civil action is pending.”

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proceeds to Sanders until he resolved the liens and completed other

related tasks.

¶8 Meanwhile, WSPC filed a notice of attorney’s lien and a motion

to reduce the lien to judgment. WSPC asserted a lien in the amount

of the entire contingent fee — $787,500.

¶9 After a hearing on WSPC’s attorney’s lien, the district court

made the following relevant rulings:

• WSPC wasn’t entitled to its contingent fee under the CFA

because the CFA was terminated on July 1 and was

therefore inoperative when the contingency was triggered

— i.e., when Fields received the funds for deposit into the

trust account. Additionally, because there were “a lot of

steps to take” after the settlement before Sanders could

receive the funds, WSPC hadn’t substantially performed

the “essential obligations” of the contract when Sanders

terminated it.

• In any event, the CFA was unenforceable because it failed

to substantially comply with the requirements pertaining

to contingent fee agreements under Colo. RPC 1.5.

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• Although the CFA was unenforceable, WSPC was

nevertheless entitled to recover the reasonable value of

the services it rendered under quantum meruit. The

court calculated the amount by determining the lodestar

value of WSPC’s services, applied a multiplier of five after

considering the equitable factors set forth in Colo. RPC

1.5(a)(1)-(8), and awarded WSPC $108,000.

¶ 10 WSPC appeals. It asserts that the district court erred by

(1) finding that Sanders terminated the CFA before the contingency

triggering event; (2) finding that WSPC did not substantially

perform; and (3) concluding that $108,000 (rather than the full

amount of the contingent fee) was appropriate remuneration for

WSPC under quantum meruit.

II. The CFA Isn’t Enforceable

¶ 11 WSPC challenges the district court’s conclusion that the CFA

was unenforceable under Colo. RPC 1.5. We disagree.

¶ 12 An attorney’s contingent fee agreement is not enforceable

unless it substantially complies with all provisions in Rule 1.5.

Colo. RPC 1.5(c)(6).

¶ 13 The CFA in this case violated Colo. RPC 1.5 because it

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• lacked WSPC’s signature, Colo. RPC 1.5(c)(2);

• misidentified Sanders’ sister as the client, Colo. RPC

1.5(c)(1)(i);

• lacked a statement regarding the possibility that the

court could award costs or attorney fees against Sanders,

Colo. RPC 1.5(c)(1)(vi);

• lacked a statement advising Sanders of procedures

related to the hiring of additional attorneys to assist with

the case, Colo. RPC 1.5(c)(1)(viii); and

• lacked a statement that other persons and entities may

have a right to be paid from amounts recovered on

Sanders’ behalf, Colo. RPC 1.5(c)(1)(ix).

¶ 14 WSPC doesn’t argue that the court erred by finding that the

agreement violated the rule in these respects or by concluding that

the violations meant the agreement didn’t “substantially compl[y]”

with the rule. Instead, WSPC contends, in a single sentence, that a

CFA is unenforceable for noncompliance only when an attorney is

terminated for cause. WSPC cites no authority — and we can find

none — supporting this proposition. Indeed, Rule 1.5(c)(6) plainly

says that “no contingent fee agreement shall be enforceable” unless

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it substantially complies with the rule’s provisions. (Emphasis

added.) We therefore decline to consider this contention further.

¶ 15 Because the CFA is unenforceable, we review WSPC’s first two

claims — regarding (1) the termination of the contract and (2) the

degree of WSPC’s performance and outstanding necessary services

at the point of termination — only to the extent those issues affect

whether the district court abused its discretion by awarding WSPC

$108,000, and not the full contingent fee, under quantum meruit.

III. Quantum Meruit

¶ 16 Both parties agree — as do we — that in the absence of an

enforceable CFA, a court may fashion a remedy under quantum

meruit. Dudding v. Norton Frickey & Assocs., 11 P.3d 441, 444-45

(Colo. 2000). However, WSPC challenges the district court’s

reliance on the lodestar method to calculate the $108,000 fee

award. Relying on Mullens v. Hansel-Handerson, 65 P.3d 992 (Colo.

2002), WSPC argues that the correct amount under quantum

meruit is $787,500 (the full amount of the fee contemplated by the

CFA). We disagree.

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A. Legal Principles

1. Generally Applicable Law and Standard of Review

¶ 17 “Quantum meruit is a theory of contract recovery that invokes

an implied contract when the parties either have no express

contract or have abrogated it.” Dudding, 11 P.3d at 444.

“Quantum meruit strikes the appropriate balance by gauging the

equities and ensuring that the party receiving the benefit of the

bargain pays a reasonable sum for that benefit.” Id. at 445.

¶ 18 An attorney may seek quantum meruit recovery if an

underlying contingent fee agreement is unenforceable. Id. at 444-

45. To recover in quantum meruit, an attorney must demonstrate

that (1) at their expense; (2) the client received a benefit; (3) under

circumstances that would make it unjust for the client to retain the

benefit without paying the attorney. Id. at 445; see also Mullens, 65

P.3d at 999 (Colo. 2002) (“Not allowing an attorney to receive

reasonable payment for completing legal services . . . to the benefit

of the client, under a good faith belief that he would receive an

agreed[-]upon compensation for his services, solely because the

contract was [deficient,] is inequitable and unjustly enriches the

client.”).

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¶ 19 A lodestar analysis is one way for a court to determine the

reasonable value of an attorney’s services when faced with an

unenforceable fee agreement. Est. of McClain v. Killmer, Lane &

Newman, LLP, 2024 COA 50, ¶ 105. The court first calculates the

lodestar amount, which is the number of hours reasonably

expended on the case multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate.

Payan v. Nash Finch Co., 2012 COA 135M, ¶ 18. The court may

then adjust the amount after considering the factors set forth in

Colo. RPC 1.5(a), including difficulty of the questions involved, the

skill required to perform the legal services, the amount involved and

results obtained, the nature and length of the attorney-client

relationship, and whether the fee is fixed or contingent. Tisch v.

Tisch, 2019 COA 41, ¶ 84; Colo. RPC 1.5(a).

¶ 20 Because quantum meruit is an equitable doctrine, Dudding,

11 P.3d at 445, we review the trial court’s “application of the correct

test” for an abuse of discretion, Lewis v. Lewis, 189 P.3d 1134,

1141 (Colo. 2008). However, we review de novo whether the trial

court “correctly understood the appropriate test” for quantum

meruit. Id.

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2. Mullens

¶ 21 In Mullens, an attorney entered into an oral contingent fee

agreement with his client. 65 P.3d at 994. After three years of

work, the attorney secured a $262,440 settlement. Id. The client

accepted the amount, and the attorney retained the contingent fee

(forty percent of the settlement) as agreed. Id.

¶ 22 Two years later, the client attempted to recover the fee from

the attorney. Id. Relying on Dudding, 11 P.3d at 448, a division of

this court concluded that the attorney was required to return the

entire fee to the client because the agreement didn’t provide the

client with “written notice that payment for legal services was

required even if the services were not completed.” Mullens, 65 P.3d

at 997-98. The Colorado Supreme Court reversed. Id. at 999-1000.

It concluded that the rule announced in Dudding, 11 P.3d at 444,

448 — that an attorney may only seek quantum meruit recovery if

the agreement contains written notice to the client of that

possibility — didn’t apply when the agreed-upon services had been

completed. Mullens, 65 P.3d at 998-99. Because the attorney’s

services were completed, the court determined that the attorney

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“may be compensated under quantum meruit for the reasonable

worth of the legal services he provided to” the client. Id. at 999.

3. McClain

¶ 23 In McClain, a division of this court considered whether the

district court abused its discretion by awarding a law firm the full

amount of its contingent fee when the client terminated the firm for

cause before the case was resolved. McClain, ¶¶ 16-17, 87-89. The

firm argued that Mullens supported the district court’s award.

McClain, ¶ 99.

¶ 24 The division concluded that, while the firm could recover an

appropriate fee under quantum meruit, Mullens could not support

an award of the full fee because the facts differed from Mullens in

significant respects. McClain, ¶¶ 100, 105. First, unlike Mullens,

the client in McClain terminated the firm for cause. McClain, ¶ 100.

And second, while the attorney in Mullens had fully performed the

contract and the client had received payment of the settlement

proceeds, the client terminated the McClain agreement before any

event triggered the contingency. McClain, ¶¶ 100, 115.

¶ 25 The division further concluded that an award of the full

contingent fee was inconsistent with the language of the firm’s

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contingent fee agreement, which contemplated a lodestar analysis if

the client terminated the agreement before the contingency was

triggered. Id. at ¶ 101. Finally, the division noted that awarding

the full contingent fee “using a quantum meruit rubric would

effectively impose the . . . contingent fee of the unenforceable

[contingent fee agreement]. We cannot sanction such an end run

around the ethical rules governing contingent fee agreements.” Id.

at ¶ 103. The division therefore reversed the district court’s award.

Id. at ¶ 104.

B. Analysis

¶ 26 WSPC argues that it should receive the full contingent fee. It

contends that, like the attorney in Mullens, it provided complete

legal services by obtaining a substantial settlement for Sanders. We

disagree.

¶ 27 First, contrary to WSPC’s contention, Mullens does not

mandate an award of the full contingent fee to an attorney who has

fully performed their services. At best, Mullens stands for the

proposition that a court may award the entire contingent fee if the

services have been completed and if such a fee represents “the

reasonable worth of the legal services” the attorney provided to the

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client. 65 P.3d at 999-1000; see also Beeson v. Indus. Claim

Appeals Off., 942 P.2d 1314, 1316-17 (Colo. App. 1997) (affirming

an order of the Industrial Claim Appeals Panel allowing attorney to

retain contingent fee despite unenforceable fee agreement when

there was substantial evidence that the attorney fee “reflected the

reasonable value of his services”).

¶ 28 Next, we note that the facts of this case fall somewhere

between Mullens and McClain. Like Mullens (and unlike McClain),

Sanders didn’t terminate WSPC for cause. See Mullens, 65 P.3d at

993-94; McClain, ¶ 36. But unlike Mullens, Sanders terminated the

agreement before the earliest possible contingency triggering event:

Hamilton’s acceptance of the statutory settlement offer on the

afternoon of July 1. Cf. Mullens, 65 P.3d at 994.

¶ 29 WSPC contends that Fields’ July 1 email was insufficient to

effectuate termination of the CFA, but we disagree. The court

found, with record support, that Fields acted as Sanders’ agent

when he emailed his resignation to WSPC and informed WSPC that

Sanders would follow him to his new firm. WSPC argues that the

resignation didn’t contain “definitive language terminating WSPC’s

representation,” but the CFA requires no specific language. The

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email explained clearly that Sanders would be represented by Fields

from that point onward and noted that Fields would need to

“gather[] the files of the clients,” including Sanders, who were going

with him. We agree with the district court that this was sufficient

notice that Sanders wished to terminate WSPC’s representation.

¶ 30 WSPC also argues that termination could only be effectuated

by written notice mailed to its business address. But this

contention is unsupported by the CFA’s plain language, which says

only, “Client may discharge [WSPC] at any time by written notice

effective when received by [WSPC].”

¶ 31 The district court also found, again with record support, that

WSPC hadn’t completed all necessary services at the time Sanders

terminated the CFA. Unlike Mullens, 65 P.3d at 994, 999, where

performance of the contingent fee agreement was complete and the

client had received the settlement proceeds, Sanders’ case still

required work, including negotiating the final settlement and

release agreement, resolving medical liens, and structuring the

settlement and creating a special needs trust to protect Sanders’

public benefits eligibility. In fact, at the time of the hearing on

WSPC’s attorney’s lien, Sanders had not yet received any

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disbursement of settlement proceeds because Fields was still

working on some of those items.

¶ 32 We also note that, like McClain, an award of the full contingent

fee would be inconsistent with the terms of the CFA. See McClain,

¶ 101. The CFA states that if Sanders terminates the agreement

“without wrongful conduct by [WSPC],” WSPC may recover a fee

“based upon the reasonable value of the services provided.” And if

Sanders and WSPC disagreed about the amount of such recovery,

WSPC could request that the court determine the fee based on the

“nature and complexity of [Sanders’] case, the time and skill

devoted to [Sanders’] case by [WSPC], and the benefit obtained by

[Sanders] as a result of [WSPC’s] efforts.” In other words, even if

the CFA were enforceable, it still directs the district court to apply a

lodestar analysis. See id. at ¶¶ 101-02.

¶ 33 Having concluded that the CFA was unenforceable, the district

court was tasked with determining a reasonable fee for WSPC’s

services. See id. at ¶ 102; Mullens, 65 P.3d at 999. And under

these circumstances, we can’t conclude that the district court erred

by using the lodestar method to determine the reasonable fee. See,

e.g., McClain, ¶¶ 102, 105; Law Offs. of J.E. Losavio, Jr. v. Law Firm

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of Michael W. McDivitt, P.C., 865 P.2d 934, 936 (Colo. App. 1993); cf.

Berra v. Springer & Steinberg, P.C., 251 P.3d 567, 571 (Colo. App.

2010) (“When reviewing contingent fee agreements for

reasonableness . . . , our courts have tested the contracts against

the quantum meruit standard and determined whether the services

to be performed were reasonably worth the amount stated in the

agreement by considering” certain factors in Colo. RPC 1.5(a)(1)-(8).

(citation modified)). Further, to the extent the district court

concluded that awarding the full contingent fee to WSPC would be

inequitable because it would “sanction . . . an end run around the

ethical rules,” see McClain, ¶ 103, we perceive no abuse of

discretion.

¶ 34 Finally, we perceive no abuse of discretion in the district

court’s application of the lodestar method. It appropriately

calculated the initial lodestar amount based on evidence in the

record regarding the hours WSPC expended on the case and

WSPC’s hourly rates. Then it considered the factors in Colo. RPC

1.5(a)(1)-(8), ultimately adjusting the lodestar amount by a factor of

five to account for the case’s complexity, WSPC’s required skill, and

the “considerable risk” that WSPC undertook in representing

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Sanders due to the contingent fee. See Brody v. Hellman, 167 P.3d

192, 203 (Colo. App. 2007) (“[A] multiplier of 2.3 times the lodestar

is well within the range of fees customarily awarded in complex

litigation.”).2

IV. Disposition

¶ 35 The judgment is affirmed.

JUDGE TOW and JUDGE MOULTRIE concur.

2 To the extent the district court concluded that it didn’t have

discretion to award the full contingent fee, it erred. However, given
the disparity between the full contingent fee ($787,500) and the
amount the court concluded was the reasonable value for WSPC’s
services ($108,000), it is clear the court wouldn’t have awarded the
entire contingent fee even if it concluded it could have done so
because the contingent fee didn’t reflect the “reasonable worth of
[WSPC’s] legal services.” Mullens v. Hansel-Handerson, 65 P.3d
992, 999 (Colo. 2002). For that reason, any error is harmless.

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