Peo v. Garcia

23CA2089 Peo v Garcia 12-04-2025

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 23CA2089
Adams County District Court No. 21CR3827
Honorable Jeffrey Smith, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Santos Garcia Jr.,

Defendant-Appellant.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED

Division II
Opinion by JUDGE BROWN
Fox and Meirink, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced December 4, 2025

Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Austin R. Johnston, Assistant Attorney
General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee

Megan A. Ring, Colorado State Public Defender, Keri Coble, Deputy State
Public Defender, Brighton, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant
¶1 Defendant, Santos Garcia Jr., appeals the judgment of

conviction entered on a jury verdict finding him guilty of third

degree assault and obstructing a peace officer. Garcia contends

that the district court erred by (1) admitting prior acts evidence

without conducting the appropriate analysis; (2) failing to require

jury unanimity as to which of his acts constituted obstruction; and

(3) declining to question potential jurors about race and implicit

bias. We affirm.

I. Background

¶2 In November 2021, Nayelly Mendoza was standing in her

kitchen when she turned around and saw someone walking through

the front door, seemingly angry and confused. Although Mendoza

did not recognize the individual, he was later identified as Garcia.

Garcia sat on the couch and indicated that he was looking for

Mendoza’s father, who had passed away two months earlier. When

Mendoza informed Garcia of her father’s passing, Garcia began

blaming Mendoza for her father’s death. Garcia also threatened

her, saying that if she “called [her] brother, . . . [he] would smack

the shit out of [her].”

1
¶3 Approximately twenty minutes after Garcia entered the home,

Mendoza’s brother, Pablo Munoz, came out of the restroom. When

he saw Garcia sitting on the couch, he was surprised and did not

know why Garcia was in their home. When Munoz asked why

Garcia was there, Garcia responded that his sister said that Munoz

“was talking shit, so [Garcia] came to [Munoz’s] house.” Garcia told

Munoz that he wanted to fight him, so Munoz said the two should

“[t]ake this outside.”

¶4 Once outside, Garcia began scratching Munoz and attempted

to bite his ear. Munoz threw Garcia to the ground. Before Garcia

got up and left, he threatened Munoz, saying that he would “come

back and shoot” him. Shortly after the fight ended, the police found

Garcia in his sister’s neighboring trailer. The officers ordered

Garcia to place his hands behind his back, but Garcia resisted,

tucking his hands under his body so the officers could not handcuff

him. Eventually, the officers were able to free Garcia’s hands and

place him under arrest.

¶5 Based on these events, the prosecution charged Garcia with

second degree burglary; first degree criminal trespass; third degree

assault; obstructing a peace officer; and harassment. Following a

2
two-day trial, a jury convicted Garcia of the misdemeanor charges

of obstructing a peace officer and harassment but acquitted him of

the remaining charges. The district court sentenced Garcia to a

controlling term of twelve months of probation with mandatory

alcohol evaluation and treatment.

II. Prior Acts Evidence

¶6 Garcia contends that the district court erred by admitting

evidence of his prior uncharged misconduct without conducting the

required analysis under CRE 404(b). We disagree.

A. Additional Background

¶7 During opening statements, the prosecutor previewed witness

testimony for the jury, explaining that minutes before Garcia

entered Munoz’s home, Garcia told a neighbor, “I can be anywhere I

want.” Defense counsel objected, arguing that the prosecutor was

discussing “unlitigated 404(b)” evidence that was irrelevant.

¶8 Outside the presence of the jury, the prosecutor explained that

the neighbor would testify that she saw Garcia in her backyard and

that he was “acting drunk.” When the neighbor asked why he was

there, Garcia responded, “I can be anywhere I want.” The neighbor

called the police, who were dispatched to the neighborhood. The

3
prosecutor argued that he had the burden to prove Garcia’s

knowledge with respect to the charged trespass of Munoz’s home

and that Garcia’s statement “demonstrate[d] his knowledge that he

was going into someone’s home.”

¶9 The court overruled the objection, explaining that it was “not

sure [the evidence was] 404(b).” The court said, “It doesn’t strike

me as a prior action. It is more on the intrinsic side and helps

establish a state of mind.” Defense counsel requested that the

court limit the scope of the neighbor’s testimony to Garcia’s

statement because Garcia being in the neighbor’s backyard was

“another crime.” The court reiterated that the objection was

overruled but said, “We’ll limit it to just that statement.”

¶ 10 The prosecutor continued his opening statement, explaining

that the neighbor spotted Garcia in her backyard as she exited her

trailer and walked toward her truck. Garcia positioned himself next

to the truck’s door. When the neighbor asked him, “What are you

doing in my backyard?” Garcia responded, “I can be anywhere I

want.” The neighbor drove away, called the police, and met the

officers nearby. Defense counsel again objected, arguing that the

4
prosecutor’s statement went beyond the court’s order, but the court

overruled the objection.

¶ 11 The neighbor was the first trial witness and recalled that, after

she left her trailer and saw Garcia in her backyard, she climbed

into her truck, but Garcia prevented her from closing the door and

“got all up in [her] face.” Defense counsel repeatedly objected,

arguing that the neighbor’s testimony went “well beyond the scope

of the [c]ourt’s order.” At a bench conference, the court overruled

the objection but told the prosecutor to “just get to the statement.”

The neighbor then testified that she asked Garcia why he was in her

backyard. The prosecutor inquired whether Garcia had told the

neighbor that “he c[ould] be anywhere he want[ed],” and the

neighbor responded, “Yes, he did.” The neighbor said she called the

police.

B. Applicable Law and Standard of Review

¶ 12 Under CRE 404(b)(1), “[e]vidence of any other crime, wrong, or

act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show

that on a particular occasion the person acted in conformity with

the character.” However, such evidence may be admitted for

5
nonpropensity purposes, such as to show motive, intent, or

knowledge. CRE 404(b)(2).

¶ 13 To determine whether the admission of uncharged misconduct

evidence implicates CRE 404(b), a trial court must first determine

whether the evidence is intrinsic or extrinsic to the charged

offenses. Rojas v. People, 2022 CO 8, ¶ 52. “Intrinsic acts are

those (1) that directly prove the charged offense or (2) that occurred

contemporaneously with the charged offense and facilitated the

commission of it.” Id. Because intrinsic evidence is not evidence of

“other” crimes, wrongs, or acts, a court need not conduct a CRE

404(b) analysis; instead, it must “evaluate the admissibility of

intrinsic evidence under [CRE] 401-403.” Id. In contrast, a court

may admit extrinsic evidence that implicates a defendant’s bad

character only as provided by CRE 404(b) and after conducting a

Spoto analysis. Id.; People v. Spoto, 795 P.2d 1314, 1318-19 (Colo.

1990).

¶ 14 We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of

discretion. People v. Clark, 2015 COA 44, ¶ 14. A court abuses its

discretion when its ruling is manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or

6
unfair or when it misapplies the law. People v. Sims, 2019 COA 66,

¶ 44.

C. The District Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion by Concluding
the Neighbor’s Testimony Was Intrinsic Evidence

¶ 15 Garcia first contends that the neighbor’s testimony was

extrinsic evidence that suggested bad character and that the

district court should not have admitted it without conducting the

appropriate analysis under CRE 404(b) and Spoto. We perceive no

abuse of discretion.

¶ 16 Among other crimes, Garcia was charged with second degree

burglary and first degree criminal trespass. As relevant here, a

person commits second degree burglary “if the person

knowingly . . . enters unlawfully in . . . a building or occupied

structure with intent to commit therein a crime against another

person or property.” § 18-4-203(1), C.R.S. 2025.1 Similarly, one

commits first degree criminal trespass if such person “[k]nowingly

and unlawfully enters or remains in a dwelling of another.”

1 A prior version of section 18-4-203, C.R.S. 2025, was in effect at

the time of Garcia’s arrest, but the operative language cited here
remains the same. See Ch. 462, sec. 202, § 18-4-203, 2021 Colo.
Sess. Laws 3176; Ch. 298, sec. 10, § 18-4-203, 2023 Colo. Sess.
Laws 1784-85.

7
§ 18-4-502(1)(a), C.R.S. 2025.2 Critically, both charges require the

prosecution to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Garcia

knowingly entered unlawfully into a building or dwelling. One acts

knowingly “when he is aware that his conduct is of such nature or

that such circumstance exists.” § 18-1-501(6), C.R.S. 2025.

¶ 17 Proving a defendant’s mental state often requires that the

prosecution rely on circumstantial or indirect evidence. People v.

Collie, 995 P.2d 765, 773 (Colo. App. 1999). A defendant’s mental

state may be inferred from his conduct or the circumstances

surrounding the commission of the crime. People v. Grant, 174

P.3d 798, 812 (Colo. App. 2007); see People v. Phillips, 219 P.3d

798, 800 (Colo. App. 2009) (“An actor’s state of mind is normally

not subject to direct proof and must be inferred from his or her

actions and the circumstances surrounding the occurrence.”).

¶ 18 The neighbor testified that Garcia walked through her

backyard, and, when asked why he was there, he said he “can be

anywhere he wants.” A rational juror could infer from Garcia’s

2 A prior version of section 18-4-502, C.R.S. 2025, was in effect at

the time of Garcia’s arrest, but the operative language cited here
remains the same. See Ch. 462, sec. 211, § 18-4-502, 2021 Colo.
Sess. Laws 3178.

8
statement that he understood he was in a place he was not lawfully

permitted to be in, but nonetheless felt entitled to be there, and that

he maintained that knowing mental state as he unlawfully entered

Munoz’s home just minutes later. The neighbor’s testimony was

proof of an element of the charged offenses — Garcia’s mental state.

See Grant, 174 P.3d at 812. As a result, we perceive no error in the

district court’s conclusion that the neighbor’s testimony was

intrinsic evidence. See Rojas, ¶ 52; Vigil v. People, 2019 CO 105,

¶ 14 (“In determining whether a trial court has abused its

discretion, reviewing courts . . . must affirm as long as the trial

court’s decision fell within a range of reasonable options.”). And

because the neighbor’s testimony was intrinsic evidence, the court

did not need to conduct a CRE 404(b) or Spoto analysis. Instead, it

was required to evaluate the testimony’s admissibility under the

ordinary rules of evidence. See Rojas, ¶ 52.

D. The Neighbor’s Testimony Was Admissible Under CRE
401-403

¶ 19 The Colorado Rules of Evidence favor the admissibility of

relevant evidence unless otherwise prohibited by constitution,

statute, or rule. CRE 402; Kaufman v. People, 202 P.3d 542, 552

9
(Colo. 2009). Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make

the existence of a fact of consequence more or less probable. CRE

401. Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible. CRE 402.

¶ 20 Evidence of Garcia’s mental state was relevant because, as

discussed, the charges of burglary and trespass required the

prosecution to prove that Garcia knowingly entered unlawfully into

Munoz’s home. See §§ 18-4-203(1), -502(1)(a); see also Yusem v.

People, 210 P.3d 458, 464 (Colo. 2009) (A “defendant’s mental state

is undeniably a material fact.”). We are not persuaded otherwise by

Garcia’s argument that the neighbor’s testimony was irrelevant

because “the sole connection between the [e]vidence and the

charged events [wa]s allegations of being on another’s property” and

that “[t]he facts [we]re otherwise dissimilar.” The connection

between the neighbor’s testimony and the charged crime was

Garcia’s own statement that he could be anywhere he wanted,

demonstrating his state of mind just moments before entering

Munoz’s home. “[E]vidence of an element of the substantive offense

charged,” such as the defendant’s mental state, is “always relevant”

because the prosecution is “required to prove that element beyond a

reasonable doubt.” People v. Kembel, 2023 CO 5, ¶ 54.

10
¶ 21 Still, relevant evidence “may be excluded if its probative value

is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice,

confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations

of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of

cumulative evidence.” CRE 403. In deference to a trial court’s

admissibility decision, we assume the maximum probative value

and the minimum unfair prejudice attributable to the evidence.

Yusem, 210 P.3d at 467.

¶ 22 Garcia argues that the probative value of the testimony was

minimal because his mental state “was proved more directly by

other evidence.” And he argues that the challenged evidence

resulted in unfair prejudice because of “the broad manner [in

which] the [prosecutor] framed the evidence to the jury . . . to paint

Mr. Garcia as an entitled, undesirable character.” But the

prosecutors referenced the neighbor’s testimony only once in

opening statement and three discrete times in closing argument.

And the prosecutors did not use the evidence to argue that Garcia

was an undesirable character and should be convicted on that

basis. Instead, the prosecutors’ references to the evidence followed

a consistent logic: (1) Garcia told the neighbor he could go

11
anywhere he wanted; and (2) Garcia, just minutes later, went

anywhere he wanted. The prosecutor used the evidence for the

purpose for which it was admitted — as evidence of Garcia’s mental

state at the time he committed the charged conduct.

¶ 23 Under these circumstances, we conclude that the district

court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that the

neighbor’s testimony was relevant to the charged conduct and that

its probative value was not substantially outweighed by the danger

of unfair prejudice. See Rojas, ¶ 52.

III. Unanimity Instruction

¶ 24 Garcia contends that the district court erred by failing to

require juror unanimity with respect to the prosecution’s charge of

obstructing a peace officer. We discern no error.

A. Additional Background

¶ 25 One of the responding officers testified that when they initially

contacted Garcia, they gave him “verbal directions to stop [and] put

his hands in the air.” Garcia responded, “[F]uck you,” and walked

away, retreating inside his sister’s neighboring trailer. The officers

followed Garcia inside and found him sitting on the couch in the

living room. The officers informed Garcia that he was under arrest

12
and ordered him to place his hands behind his back, but Garcia

turned away and “tried to tuck his hands underneath his body.”

Eventually, the officers were able to free Garcia’s hands and place

him under arrest. After the officers placed him in the patrol car,

Garcia “was yelling and screaming” and “began headbutting” the

windows of the vehicle.

¶ 26 After the prosecution rested, defense counsel moved for a

judgment of acquittal under Crim. P. 29(a). In arguing the motion,

counsel identified a “potential lack of unanimity issue” as to the

charge of obstructing a peace officer. Specifically, counsel argued

that the “officers described two different actions that the jury could

consider obstruction, the running away when there was a lawful

stop, and then the actions in the home.” Counsel asked the court

to require the prosecutors to “specify which action they believe[d]

[wa]s the obstruction so the jury c[ould] agree based on what orders

were given to” Garcia.

¶ 27 In ruling on Garcia’s motion, the district court rejected the

prosecutor’s argument that “the totality of [Garcia’s] conduct”

interacting with police constituted obstruction. The court reasoned

that the only conduct sufficient to sustain the charge happened

13
when Garcia was sitting on his sister’s couch, police told him he

was under arrest and to put his hands behind his back, and he

physically interfered with that law enforcement order “by hiding his

hands or tucking them under his body in a way that the deputies

had to wrestle his hands out to ultimately place him into custody.”

The court ordered the prosecutor to limit his argument accordingly.

¶ 28 In closing, the prosecutor made the following argument

regarding the obstruction charge:

And once the police arrived, [Garcia said,]
“fuck you.” He walked away. He went into his
sister’s home. And he obstructed being
arrested by trying to put his hands into his
body so they couldn’t get him handcuffed.

....

You heard [the deputies] both testify
consistently that after Mr. Garcia yelled “fuck
you” and walked away, they ultimately were
able to get in contact with him. And when
they did it was not a peaceful contact. It was
a contact where Mr. Garcia was actively trying
to keep his hands under his body, actively
trying to prevent himself from being arrested,
being handcuffed. That is obstruction. That is
physical obstruction of not letting officers do
their job in the line of duty.

And . . . he continued to be belligerent. He
continued to scream obscenities and bang his
head against a partition of a police car.

14
(Emphasis added.)

B. Applicable Law and Standard of Review

¶ 29 Section 16-10-108, C.R.S. 2025, requires that “[t]he verdict of

the jury shall be unanimous.” Accordingly, the prosecution “may

be compelled to select the transaction on which [it is] relying for a

conviction” if it “presents evidence of multiple discrete acts, any one

of which would constitute the offense charged, and there is a

reasonable likelihood that jurors will disagree regarding which act

was committed.” People v. Archuleta, 2020 CO 63M, ¶ 21.

Alternatively, if the prosecution does not select a single transaction,

the defendant may be entitled to a modified unanimity instruction,

requiring the jury to “unanimously agree as to a specific act or

agree that the defendant committed all the acts alleged.” People v.

Manier, 197 P.3d 254, 258 (Colo. App. 2008). But “[n]either a

prosecutorial election nor a modified unanimity instruction is

required . . . when a defendant is charged with engaging in a single

transaction of criminal conduct and the prosecution proceeds at

trial on that basis.” Archuleta, ¶ 23.

15
¶ 30 “We review de novo whether a court erred by failing to require

an election or give a unanimity instruction.” People v. Ryan, 2022

COA 136, ¶ 15.

C. The District Court Did Not Err by Declining to Do More to
Ensure Juror Unanimity on the Obstruction Charge

¶ 31 As best we understand, Garcia contends that the district court

erred by failing to either require the prosecution to elect which act

constituted obstruction or give the jury a modified unanimity

instruction. We conclude that the court did not err.3

¶ 32 A person obstructs a peace officer if, “by using or threatening

to use violence, force, physical interference, or an obstacle, such

person knowingly obstructs, impairs, or hinders the enforcement of

the penal law or the preservation of the peace by a peace officer,

acting under color of his or her official authority.” § 18-8-104(1)(a),

C.R.S. 2025.4

3 The People argue that Garcia waived or forfeited this issue. We
are not convinced there was a waiver, see People v. Rediger, 2018
CO 32, ¶ 46 (“[W]e must indulge ‘every reasonable presumption
against waiver.’” (citation omitted)), and we need not address the
alleged forfeiture because we perceive no error.
4 A prior version of section 18-8-104, C.R.S. 2025, was in effect at

the time of Garcia’s arrest, but the operative language cited here
remains the same. See Ch. 462, sec. 272, § 18-8-104, 2021 Colo.
Sess. Laws 3194.

16
¶ 33 Like the district court, we reject Garcia’s contention that the

prosecution presented evidence of multiple acts for which Garcia

could have been convicted of obstruction. Our review of the record

reveals only one such act: Garcia’s efforts to conceal his hands

while the officers attempted to place him under arrest inside his

sister’s trailer. Neither Garcia’s cursing and walking away from the

officers nor Garcia’s conduct following his arrest could serve as the

basis of that charge. See Dempsey v. People, 117 P.3d 800, 810-11

n.14 (Colo. 2005) (explaining that nonthreatening verbal opposition

or walking away from law enforcement officers does not constitute

obstruction); see also § 18-8-104(1.5) (One does not commit

obstruction by stating “a verbal opposition to an order by a

government official.”).5 Because the prosecution did not present

“evidence of multiple discrete acts” that could serve as the basis of

the prosecution’s obstruction charge, neither an election nor a

modified unanimity instruction were required. Archuleta, ¶ 21.

5 The quoted language was added by amendment after Garcia’s

arrest and is therefore inapplicable to his offense. See Ch. 462, sec.
272, § 18-8-104(1.5), 2021 Colo. Sess. Laws 3194.

17
¶ 34 In reaching this conclusion, we necessarily reject Garcia’s

contention that the prosecutor argued that any one of three distinct

acts could have been obstruction: (1) “walking away from police”;

(2) “hiding his hands while being handcuffed”; and (3) “his behavior

in the police car after arrest.” The prosecutor argued only that

Garcia’s efforts “to keep his hands under his body, actively trying to

prevent himself from being arrested [and] being handcuffed”

constituted obstruction. True, the prosecutor explained that Garcia

initially cursed at the officers and walked away before they tried to

arrest him and then “continued to scream obscenities and bang his

head against a partition of a police car” after he was arrested. But

those acts were simply part of the story of what happened that day;

the prosecutor never argued that walking away from the officers or

banging his head in the patrol car amounted to obstruction.

¶ 35 In any event, the court’s ruling on Garcia’s motion for a

judgment of acquittal — requiring that the prosecution argue only

that Garcia’s efforts to conceal his hands from police inside his

sister’s trailer constituted obstruction — effectively elected a single

act for the prosecution. And, as discussed, the prosecution

followed the court’s order. Under these circumstances, we conclude

18
that the district court was not required to compel a prosecutorial

election or to give a modified unanimity instruction to ensure juror

unanimity. See id.

IV. Prospective Juror Questionnaire

¶ 36 Garcia contends that the district court erred by denying his

motion to include questions regarding race and implicit bias in the

questionnaire distributed to prospective jurors. We disagree.

A. Additional Background

¶ 37 Defense counsel moved pretrial to include questions

concerning racial identity and implicit bias in the juror

questionnaire.6 Counsel argued that “[a] record of the race of every

juror is . . . relevant and necessary for the preservation and

litigation” of challenges under Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79

(1986). Counsel also argued that “[g]iven . . . the much needed

focus on race in America, . . . [t]he defense ha[d] an obligation to

inquire into issues of racial bias to protect Mr. Garcia’s rights to a

6 Although Garcia also requested that the prospective jury watch a

video concerning implicit bias, he does not raise the denial of that
request as an issue on appeal, so we deem the issue abandoned.
See People v. Delgado, 2019 COA 55, ¶ 9 n.3 (explaining that claims
not pursued on appeal are deemed abandoned).

19
fair trial and an impartial jury.” The prosecutor objected, arguing

that including questions pertaining to racial identity and implicit

bias would insert race into the juror fitness determination and that

Batson explicitly recognized that “[a] person’s race simply ‘is

unrelated to his fitness as a juror.’” Id. at 87 (quoting Thiel v. S.

Pac. Co., 328 U.S. 217, 227 (1946) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)).

¶ 38 In a written order, the district court denied the request for a

question addressing racial identity, explaining that defense counsel

had not identified “any racial issues that [we]re ‘inextricably

implicated’ in the subject matter of [Garcia’s] trial” and that,

“absent a policy decision such as a rule, statute, or Colorado

Supreme Court decision requiring that such a question be included

in a juror questionnaire,” the question was not necessary.

Concerning Garcia’s request for a question regarding implicit bias,

the court’s order explained that counsel was “free to inquire about

possible juror bias, prejudices, or stereotypes during jury voir dire”

and that it was “open to a question on the juror questionnaire

inquiring about possible racial stereotypes or bias.” The court

ordered Garcia to submit “a single question with no more than two

subparts” for consideration.

20
¶ 39 Defense counsel proposed the following question:

1. Please circle the statement you agree with
most and explain why:

a. Racial bias still exists in the United
States OR Racial bias is exaggerated by the
media

b. Explain why: _________________________

¶ 40 The court denied Garcia’s request to include the proposed

question in the juror questionnaire, explaining that a general

inquiry into the juror’s beliefs about the existence of racial bias

“does not have a sufficient nexus to the issues in this case.” The

court again clarified that counsel could inquire “on voir dire into

racial attitudes of the prospective jurors.”7

¶ 41 Defense counsel began voir dire by asking whether any of the

prospective jurors felt “like racial bias ha[d] been exaggerated in

America,” but, apparently, none of the prospective jurors responded

affirmatively as counsel next said, “No.” Counsel then asked

whether anyone felt as though racial bias was “a prevalent issue” in

7 Garcia’s motion included an attachment with a list of proposed

questions for the court’s consideration. To the extent Garcia argues
that the court erred by rejecting that list of questions, his argument
is undeveloped on appeal, and we will not address it. See People v.
Liggett, 2021 COA 51, ¶ 53, aff’d, 2023 CO 22.

21
America and then observed aloud that “most people [we]re raising

their hands.” Counsel then asked, “Does anybody . . . disagree with

that statement and think that it is not a prevalent issue?” Again,

none of the prospective jurors must have responded affirmatively

because counsel moved on to inquire about other topics.

B. Applicable Law and Standard of Review

¶ 42 Section 13-71-115(1), C.R.S. 2025, governs the information

that trial courts must collect from prospective jurors through a

standard juror questionnaire. Although the statute requires the

court to ask questions related to specific categories of information

(name, age, sex, family status, employment status, juror or legal

history, etc.), it does not address whether the court may ask a

prospective juror to identify their race or to answer questions

concerning racial bias. See id. Instead, “the decision whether to

permit additional questions of prospective jurors is committed to

the trial court’s sound discretion.” People v. Toro-Ospina, 2023 COA

45, ¶ 32; see Crim. P. 24(a)(3). Again, a court abuses its discretion

when its ruling is manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair or

when it misapplies the law. Sims, ¶ 44.

22
C. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Declining
the Proposed Questions on Race and Bias

¶ 43 Garcia contends that the district court abused its discretion

by denying his motion to include questions concerning race and

implicit bias in the juror questionnaire. He argues that including a

racial identification question would have provided an objective basis

for “the preservation and litigation of Batson challenges” and

lessened the “danger of any actor incorrectly assuming race based

only on superficial appearance.” He also argues that the question

pertaining to implicit bias was necessary because, as a Hispanic

man, Garcia is “vulnerable to racial stereotyping and stigma.” We

are not convinced.

¶ 44 The district court did not misapply the law. Garcia fails to

cite, and we are not aware of, any authority suggesting that a court

errs by declining to include questions pertaining to race and

implicit bias in the juror questionnaire. On the contrary, a division

of this court has concluded otherwise. See Toro-Ospina, ¶ 37.

¶ 45 In addition, the court’s rationale for declining the proposed

questions was not manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair.

Although the court recognized that information about jurors’ racial

23
identity could assist the defense in raising a prima facie Batson

challenge, it was also concerned that such a question would

unnecessarily inject race into jury selection and deliberation.8 And

while the court was mindful that racial biases exist, it was

concerned that raising racial bias during jury selection would “risk[]

exacerbating any possible prejudices without exposing them.”

These explanations reflect an appropriate exercise of discretion in

weighing competing policy issues that have not yet been resolved by

the General Assembly or the Colorado Supreme Court. See Toro-

Ospina, ¶ 37.

¶ 46 Moreover, the court did not prevent Garcia from gathering the

information he desired by other means, so the proposed questions

were not necessary. Specifically, the court allowed Garcia to

“present evidence or information gleaned through the jury selection

8 Garcia contends that the district court’s inclusion of information

pertaining to gender bias in its closing instructions to the jury
“serves as evidence of the arbitrary nature of the court’s reasoning
in this instance.” We reject this argument for two reasons. First,
Garcia asked to include questions in the juror questionnaire, not for
an instruction following trial. Second, the referenced instruction is
a model instruction, see COLJI-Crim E:01 (2024), and Garcia did
not object to it, propose an alteration to include a caution against
racial bias, or offer a separate instruction on racial bias.

24
process that the prosecution’s [juror] challenge [was] racially

motivated” in accordance with the approach contemplated by

Batson, 476 U.S. at 96. And the court encouraged the parties “to

inquire about possible juror bias, prejudices, or stereotypes during

jury voir dire” — and defense counsel did just that.

¶ 47 Finally, as the court noted, Garcia does not explain how race

was implicated by the facts of his case. Thus, we agree with the

court’s reasoning that, “[w]hile there may be a case in which racial

identity [or implicit bias] should be part of a juror questionnaire,

neither the arguments presented in [Garcia’s] [m]otion nor the facts

at issue warrant[ed] the inclusion in this particular case.”

¶ 48 Accordingly, we conclude that the court acted within its

discretion by denying Garcia’s request to include questions

pertaining to race and implicit bias in the juror questionnaire. See

Sims, ¶ 44.

V. Disposition

¶ 49 We affirm the judgment of conviction.

JUDGE FOX and JUDGE MEIRINK concur.

25