Peo v. Lopez

24CA1826 Peo v Lopez 08-07-2025

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 24CA1826
Jefferson County District Court No. 07CR1789
Honorable Diego G. Hunt, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Michael Christopher Lopez,

Defendant-Appellant.

ORDER AFFIRMED

Division VII
Opinion by JUDGE LUM
Lipinsky and Pawar, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced August 7, 2025

Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, William G. Kozeliski, Senior Assistant
Attorney General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee

Michael Christopher Lopez, Pro Se
¶1 Defendant, Michael Christopher Lopez, appeals the

postconviction court’s order denying his Crim. P. 36 motion to

amend the mittimus. We affirm.

I. Background

¶2 In 2007, Lopez pleaded guilty to attempted first degree murder

and a crime of violence in this case — Jefferson County Case No.

07CR1789 — and four counts of illegal discharge of a firearm in

Jefferson County Case No. 07CR1224 (counts 7, 8, 9, and 10).

¶3 On January 15, 2008, the trial court sentenced Lopez to

forty-five years in the custody of the Department of Corrections

(DOC) on the attempted first degree murder conviction. As to the

illegal discharge of a firearm convictions, the court sentenced him

as follows:

As to 07[CR]1224, this carries four counts of
firing those shots into that house where these
four family members were, I’m sentencing him
to two years on each of those counts, so that
will be two times four would be eight additional
years. That’s specifically consecutive to and
not concurrent with the sentence I just
announced. That’s consecutive to each other.

¶4 The court also sentenced Lopez in a third case — Jefferson

County Case No. 06CR3314 — to a consecutive two-year sentence

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for eluding a police officer. The aggregate sentence for all three

cases was fifty-five years; the aggregate sentence for this case and

07CR1224 was fifty-three years.

¶5 Two days later, the trial court issued the mittimus in this case.

The top of the mittimus stated, “The Defendant was sentenced on:

1/15/2008 Sentenced Modified on: 1/17/2008.” The mittimus

reflected Lopez’s forty-five-year sentence and stated that the

sentence was consecutive to “COUNT 1” in 06CR3314 and

consecutive to “COUNT 7” in 07CR1224.

¶6 Lopez challenged the propriety of his sentences in this case

and 07CR1224 on direct appeal. He did not assert any arguments

regarding the mittimus. In his opening brief, Lopez indicated that

“the court sentenced [him] to 45 years in 07CR1789 and to four

consecutive two-year sentences (eight years total) in 07CR1224, for

a total of 53 years.” A division of this court found “no abuse of

discretion in the district court’s imposition of an aggregate

fifty-three-year prison sentence.” People v. Lopez, slip op. at 2

(Colo. App. No. 08CA0415, May 28, 2009) (not published pursuant

to C.A.R. 35(f)). In recounting the factual background, the division

said, “The district court sentenced defendant to four consecutive

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two-year prison terms for the illegal discharge of a firearm

convictions and a consecutive forty-five-year term for the attempted

first degree murder conviction.” Id. at 1. The mandate issued on

September 25, 2009.

¶7 Lopez filed a Crim. P. 35(b) motion asking for reconsideration

of his sentences in 07CR1224 and 07CR1789. He said that, “[o]n

January 15, 2008, this Court sentenced [him] to 45 years in the

[DOC] and ordered that the sentence be served consecutively to the

sentence in Case Number 07CR1224, for a total of 53 years.” The

postconviction court denied his motion, reiterating that Lopez “was

sentenced to a total of 53 years in the [DOC]” in 07CR1224 and

07CR1789.

¶8 A few years later, Lopez filed a Crim. P. 35(c) motion in this

case. In the motion, he said that he was sentenced to forty-five

years in prison and “to four consecutive two year [DOC] terms in

case no. 2007CR1224 . . . and to one consecutive two year [DOC]

term in case no. 2006CR3314. All those counts were run

consecutive to the 45 year [DOC] term in this case.” The

postconviction court denied the motion without a hearing. A

division of this court affirmed the order on appeal, stating, “The

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trial court sentenced defendant to consecutive prison terms of

forty-five years for the attempted murder conviction and four

two-year terms for the illegal discharge of a firearm convictions.”

People v. Lopez, slip op. at 3 (Colo. App. No. 14CA0882, Oct. 1,

2015) (not published pursuant to C.A.R. 35(f)). The mandate issued

on September 13, 2016.

¶9 Nearly eight years later, Lopez filed a Crim. P. 36 motion to

amend the mittimus. He acknowledged that he had been sentenced

in 2008 “to an aggregate term of 55 years in the [DOC],” with the

sentences in 07CR1224 and 06CR3314 running consecutively to

the sentence in 07CR1789. However, he asserted that “[t]hereafter,

the Court modified [his] sentences under Crim. P. 35(b).”

Specifically, he said that “[i]n Case No. 07CR1789, the Court

removed the order that Count 1 be consecutive to Count 8, Count

9, and Count 10 in Case No. 07CR1224,” thereby reducing his

aggregate sentence from fifty-five to forty-nine years. He further

claimed that the DOC was calculating his parole eligibility date

based on all the sentences running consecutively, even though the

mittimus “clearly indicates that the 45-year sentence was ordered

to run consecutively to only Count 7 in Case No. 07CR1224.” Lopez

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asked the postconviction court to “amend the mittimus to reflect the

sentence that was actually imposed — that is, the 45-year sentence

is consecutive to Count 7 but concurrent with Counts 8, 9, and 10.”

He argued that “[t]his interpretation of the modified mittimus is

consistent with the presumption of concurrency.”

¶ 10 After the motion was fully briefed, the postconviction court

denied it. It found that “[t]he sentencing transcript reflects that the

sentencing court imposed a 45-year sentence with the [DOC] on

case 2007CR1789 as to Count 1. In case 2007CR1224, the court

imposed eight years DOC on counts 7, 8, 9, and 10 consecutive to

2007CR1789.” The court rejected Lopez’s claim that the trial court

amended his sentence under Crim. P. 35(b) two days after

sentencing because “there is no record to suggest otherwise and the

sentencing transcript is clear, [case] 2007CR1224 resulted in 8

years on four counts to be served consecutively to 2007[CR]1789.”

The court found that this was “consistent with the court of appeals

ruling and the district court[’]s ruling in the 35(b) matter.” The

court ordered the mittimus to be corrected to “add Counts 8, 9, and

10 from case 2007CR1224.”

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II. Discussion

¶ 11 On appeal, Lopez contends that the postconviction court erred

by denying his Crim. P. 36 motion. He argues that, because the

trial court reduced his sentence under Crim. P. 35(b) two days after

sentencing, the postconviction court erred by modifying the

mittimus to reflect the originally imposed fifty-five-year sentence.

He also reasserts that the presumption of concurrency supports his

interpretation of the mittimus. We disagree.

A. Standard of Review

¶ 12 We review a district court’s factual findings — in this case,

whether the district court reduced Lopez’s sentence under Crim. P.

35(b) two days after the sentencing hearing — for clear error.

Martinez v. People, 2024 CO 6M, ¶ 24. But we review a district

court’s order denying a Crim. P. 36 motion for an abuse of

discretion. Quintana v. People, 613 P.2d 1308, 1309-10 (Colo.

1980). A district court abuses its discretion when its decision is

manifestly arbitrary, unreasonable, or unfair, or is based on an

erroneous understanding or application of the law. People v.

Huggins, 2019 COA 116, ¶ 28.

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¶ 13 Under “the presumption of regularity,” we presume that the

district court “did not commit error absent affirmative evidence

otherwise.” LePage v. People, 2014 CO 13, ¶ 15. “When

determining whether the party asserting error has met its burden,

reviewing courts must review and consider the entire record and

‘apply the evidence so as to support the judgment.’” Id. at ¶ 16

(quoting Kallnbach v. People, 242 P.2d 222, 224 (Colo. 1952)).

B. Applicable Law

1. Crim. P. 35(b)

¶ 14 Crim. P. 35(b) suspends the finality of a sentence to provide

the district court an opportunity to reduce a sentence upon a

defendant’s motion, if such motion is filed within 126 days of

sentencing, or on its own initiative within the same timeframe.

2. Crim. P. 36

¶ 15 Crim. P. 36 provides that “[c]lerical mistakes in judgments,

orders, or other parts of the record and errors in the record arising

from oversight or omission may be corrected by the court at any

time and after such notice, if any, as the court orders.” “[C]lerical

errors in a . . . mittimus” may be corrected under Crim. P. 36.

People v. Glover, 893 P.2d 1311, 1316 (Colo. 1995).

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¶ 16 Clerical errors corrected under Crim. P. 36 include “‘errors

made by the clerk’ — such as in entering a judgment or a sentence

— as well as any ‘mistakes apparent on the face of the record,

whether made by the court or counsel during the progress of the

case,’” People v. Wood, 2019 CO 7, ¶ 39 (quoting Glover, 893 P.2d at

1316), “which cannot reasonably be attributed to the exercise of

judicial consideration or discretion,” Glover, 893 P.2d at 1316. The

rule “authorizes the trial court to correct a clerical or ministerial

error ‘in order to show the judgment that was actually

pronounced.’” Wood, ¶ 39 (quoting Glover, 893 P.2d at 1316); see

also People v. Emeson, 500 P.2d 368, 369 (Colo. 1972) (“[A] judge

may correct or amend a record so that it speaks the truth.”).

Generally, the point of correcting a mittimus under Crim. P. 36 is to

effectuate “the intent and understanding of the court and the

parties at the sentencing hearing.” Wood, ¶ 43; see also People v.

McLain, 2016 COA 74, ¶ 26 (“[Crim. P. 36] authorizes the district

court to amend a judgment to conform to the sentence imposed.”),

overruled on other grounds by People v. Weeks, 2021 CO 75.

“[W]hile ‘a trial court may correct a recording or transcription error

to effectuate the understanding and intent of the parties and the

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court,’ it may not substantively ‘amend[] . . . the sentence itself.’”

Wood, ¶ 41 (quoting McLain, ¶ 26).

3. Presumption of Concurrency

¶ 17 A court may not change a sentence from concurrent to

consecutive after a defendant has begun serving it. People v.

Sandoval, 974 P.2d 1012, 1015 (Colo. App. 1998). “[W]here the

trial court is advised of a pre-existing Colorado sentence but does

not specify whether the new sentence is to be concurrent with or

consecutive to the prior sentence, the new sentence will be

presumed to run concurrently with the prior sentence.” Id. The

presumption of concurrency also applies to contemporaneously

announced sentences. People v. Sellers, 2022 COA 102, ¶¶ 35-36,

aff’d on other grounds, 2024 CO 64. But the presumption only

applies when the “sentencing court record is silent”; it does not

apply when “the original sentence unambiguously imposed

consecutive sentences.” Sandoval, 974 P.2d at 1014.

C. Analysis

¶ 18 The premise underlying Lopez’s contention is that, based on

the language in the mittimus, the district court had a “change of

heart” and “modified” his sentence two days after the sentencing

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hearing to reflect that his sentence in this case only ran

consecutively to one of the convictions in 07CR1224. But the

record belies this premise. True, the mittimus includes the phrase

“Sentence Modified” and does not list the sentences for counts 8, 9,

or 10 from 07CR1224 as running consecutively to the forty-five-year

sentence in this case. But we construe this as a mere clerical error,

as the remainder of the record demonstrates that the trial court

intended that all four sentences in 07CR1224 run consecutively to

the sentence in this case. The transcript from the sentencing

hearing illustrates this, as the trial court said it was running the

four sentences in 07CR1224 “consecutive to each other” and

“specifically consecutive to and not concurrent with the sentence”

in this case. See People v. Rockne, 2012 COA 198, ¶¶ 22-24 (to the

extent the written order differs from the oral pronouncement of the

court, any conflict is resolved in favor of the oral pronouncement),

overruled on other grounds by Weeks, ¶ 47 n.16. Lopez’s direct

appeal and his Crim. P. 35(b) and Crim. P. 35(c) litigation also

support the trial court’s intention to run the sentences

consecutively. Each court involved in those proceedings indicated

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that Lopez was serving a fifty-three-year aggregate sentence in

07CR1224 and this case.

¶ 19 Moreover, the record does not contain a minute order

modifying Lopez’s sentence two days after the sentencing hearing.

Indeed, the only entries in the register of actions related to

sentencing are a minute order from the sentencing hearing

conducted on January 15, 2008, indicating that Lopez’s sentence in

this case was “CONSECUTIVE TO . . . 07CR1224”; an action from

January 17, 2008, indicating “Mittimus Issued”; and another action

from January 17, 2008, indicating that a sentencing hearing was

held.

¶ 20 Accordingly, we conclude that the record as a whole

demonstrates that the inclusion of “Sentence Modified” in and the

exclusion of counts 8, 9, and 10 from 07CR1224 from the mittimus

were clerical mistakes, not changes resulting from the exercise of

judicial consideration or discretion. See Wood, ¶ 42 (holding, based

on the record, that “to the extent that the original mittimus failed to

reflect the judge’s oral ruling and sentence, it was not as a result of

judicial consideration or discretion; it was, instead, as a result of a

clerical or ministerial error in drafting the original mittimus”).

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Therefore, the trial court did not amend Lopez’s sentence under

Crim. P. 35(b) two days after the sentencing hearing.

¶ 21 As a result, we also conclude that the presumption of

concurrency does not apply to Lopez’s sentence. The record

demonstrates that the trial court specified that the sentences in this

case and 07CR1224 were to run consecutively. The record is not

“silent” as to concurrency or consecutiveness as it is in cases that

apply the presumption. See Sandoval, 974 P.2d at 1014-16

(applying the presumption of concurrency to a sentence when the

record was silent as to concurrency or consecutiveness); Sellers,

¶¶ 35-41 (same).

¶ 22 “Because any error in the original mittimus was clerical in

nature, not the result of judicial consideration or discretion, the

proper remedy was to correct that mittimus pursuant to Rule 36.”

Wood, ¶ 43. Therefore, the postconviction court did not abuse its

discretion by denying Lopez’s motion and did not err by correcting

the mittimus to reflect consecutive sentences in this case and

07CR1224. This correction did not amount to a substantive

amendment to the judgment or sentence but, rather, “allowed the

mittimus to speak the truth.” Id.

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III. Disposition

¶ 23 The order is affirmed.

JUDGE LIPINSKY and JUDGE PAWAR concur.

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