Tafoya v. Borns

24CA0416 Tafoya v Borns 06-05-2025

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 24CA0416
Lincoln County District Court No. 23CV4
Honorable H. Clay Hurst, Judge

Stephanie Louise Tafoya and Stuffy’s Ride Service, LLC, a Colorado limited
liability company,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

Gary Borns and Tricia Borns,

Defendants-Appellees.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED

Division II
Opinion by JUDGE HARRIS
Fox and Schutz, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e)
Announced June 5, 2025

Earl & Earl, PLLC, Collin J. Earl, Ryan T. Earl, Brian E. Hefner, Colorado
Springs, Colorado, for Plaintiffs-Appellants

No Appearance for Defendants-Appellees
¶1 Plaintiffs, Stephanie Louise Tafoya and Stuffy’s Ride Service,

LLC, appeal the dismissal of their defamation complaint against the

defendants, Tricia and Gary Borns. We affirm.

I. Background

¶2 In the midst of an intense neighbor dispute, Tafoya and

Stuffy’s filed a complaint against the Bornses alleging the following

facts:

• In April 2023, Tricia Borns “filed a restraining order, which

she ultimately dropped,” claiming that Tafoya’s service animal

was dangerous. The police went to Tafoya’s home, which

“affect[ed] her business in a negative manner.”

• Stuffy’s received complaints about its owner, Chris Rosado,

“regarding supposed speed.” As a result, the police went to

Tafoya’s house for “unfounded follow-up and harassment.”

• On May 7, 2023, Tricia Borns posted a statement to Facebook.

¶3 Tricia Borns then left a comment to the post.

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• “Upon information and belief,” Gary Borns, at the behest of

Tricia Borns, “on more than one occasion spoke negatively

about” Tafoya and Stuffy’s.

• In July 2023, Linda Kerns and her granddaughter heard Tricia

Borns “talking poorly about” Stuffy’s “to individuals in the

community.”

• The Bornses have “attacked Plaintiff Tafoya to friends and

other individuals in the community using false complaints to

the Marshall office” to bully Tafoya and “wreck her business

reputation.”

The complaint asserted claims for libel, trade libel, and slander.

¶4 The Bornses moved to dismiss the complaint under C.R.C.P.

12(b)(5) for failure to state a claim for relief. The district court

granted the motion, concluding that the statements identified in the

complaint are non-defamatory “constitutionally protected opinion

speech” based on “the forum [on] which they are posted, the

language that was used, and the context of the post.”

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II. Discussion

¶5 Tafoya and Stuffy’s contend that the complaint plausibly

stated claims for defamation, defamation per se, and trade

libel/disparagement, and, therefore, the district court erred by

dismissing it. We disagree.

A. Legal Principles

¶6 Defamation is a communication that holds an individual up to

contempt or ridicule, thereby causing injury or damage. Jogan

Health, LLC v. Scripps Media, Inc., 2025 COA 4, ¶ 21. The tort of

defamation consists of two types of communication — libel and

slander. Keohane v. Stewart, 882 P.2d 1293, 1297 n.5 (Colo. 1994).

Libel is usually a written communication while slander is generally

an oral communication. Id.

¶7 To prevail on a defamation claim, the plaintiff must prove (1) a

defamatory statement by defendant concerning the plaintiff;

(2) published to a third party; (3) with fault amounting to at least

negligence on the part of the defendant; and (4) either actionability

of the statement irrespective of special damages or the existence of

special damages to the plaintiff caused by the publication. Jogan

Health, ¶ 21; CJI-Civ. 22:5 (2025).

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¶8 A statement is defamatory per se if the defamatory meaning is

apparent from the face of the publication without resort to extrinsic

proof and it is specifically directed at the plaintiff. Gordon v. Boyles,

99 P.3d 75, 79 (Colo. App. 2004). The traditional categories of

defamation per se include imputation of a criminal offense or a

matter incompatible with the individual’s business or trade. Id.

¶9 To prove trade libel — commonly referred to as disparagement

— the plaintiff must establish (1) a false statement; (2) published to

a third party; (3) derogatory to the plaintiff’s business; (4) through

which defendant intended to cause harm to plaintiff’s pecuniary

interest or either recognized or should have recognized that it was

likely to do so; (5) malice; and (6) special damages. Thompson v.

Md. Cas. Co., 84 P.3d 496, 507 n.16 (Colo. 2004). A disparagement

claim is subject to the law of defamation. See Creekside

Endodontics, LLC v. Sullivan, 2022 COA 145, ¶ 54 n.8.

¶ 10 Statements of opinion are generally not actionable defamation.

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 339-40 (1974). But there

is no “wholesale defamation exemption for anything that might be

labeled ‘opinion.’” Milkovich v. Lorain J. Co., 497 U.S. 1, 18 (1990).

Rather, the question is whether the statement contains a “provably

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false factual connotation” and can reasonably be interpreted “‘as

stating actual facts’ about an individual.” Id. at 20 (citation

omitted). Thus, the court must determine, first, if the statement is

sufficiently factual to be susceptible of being proved true or false

and, second, if reasonable people would conclude that the assertion

is one of fact. Keohane, 882 P.2d at 1299; see also Zueger v. Goss,

2014 COA 61, ¶ 16 (applying this two-part test to statements

uttered in a purely private context). In determining whether

reasonable people would interpret the statement as factual, courts

consider factors such as the phrasing of the statement, the context

in which it appears, and the circumstances surrounding its

publication, including the medium through which the information

is disseminated and the audience to whom the statement is

directed. Keohane, 882 P.2d at 1299.

¶ 11 Under this test, a statement that amounts to mere rhetorical

hyperbole is not defamatory. Wilson v. Meyer, 126 P.3d 276, 280

(Colo. App. 2005). That is because rhetorical hyperbole is a

statement that, considered in context, is “not intended to be

understood in its literal sense.” Lane v. Ark. Valley Publ’g Co., 675

P.2d 747, 750 (Colo. App. 1983).

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B. Standard of Review

¶ 12 Under the plausibility standard adopted in Warne v. Hall,

2016 CO 50, ¶ 24, a claim is subject to dismissal unless the

complaint’s factual allegations are sufficient to “‘raise a right to

relief “above the speculative level,” and provide “plausible grounds”’

to create an inference that the allegations are true.” Walker v.

Women’s Pro. Rodeo Ass’n, 2021 COA 105M, ¶ 37 (quoting Warne,

¶ 9). Thus, the plausibility standard requires that the complaint

“contain either direct or inferential allegations respecting all the

material elements [of the claim] necessary to sustain a recovery

under some viable legal theory.” Adams Cnty. Hous. Auth. v.

Panzlau, 2022 COA 148, ¶ 51 (citation omitted).

¶ 13 We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of a complaint

under C.R.C.P. 12(b)(5). Norton v. Rocky Mountain Planned

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Parenthood, Inc., 2018 CO 3, ¶ 7.1 In doing so, we accept all factual

allegations in the complaint as true and view them in the light most

favorable to the plaintiff, but we do not accept as true bare legal

conclusions. Id.

¶ 14 Whether a statement is defamatory is a question of law. Fry v.

Lee, 2013 COA 100, ¶ 20. Accordingly, we review de novo the

district court’s determination that a statement constitutes an

opinion. Lawson v. Stow, 2014 COA 26, ¶ 32.

C. The Complaint Fails to State Claims for Defamation

¶ 15 In their brief on appeal, plaintiffs focus on the Facebook

posting, which is the only alleged defamatory statement identified

with any specificity in the complaint. We turn there first.

¶ 16 The original post (as opposed to the comments) is somewhat

unintelligible, and plaintiffs do not explain what part of the post is

1 Plaintiffs say that in ruling on the motion to dismiss, the district

court considered matters outside the pleadings and should have
converted the motion to a motion for summary judgment. See
Bristol Bay Prods., LLC v. Lampack, 2013 CO 60, ¶ 46 (“Although a
trial court may consider certain . . . records without converting a
motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment, its power
to do so is not unlimited.”). The district court’s order does not
indicate that it considered matters outside the pleadings and
plaintiffs do not identify those matters, so we review the motion to
dismiss under C.R.C.P. 12(b)(5).

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defamatory. The post states, in part, that “Probably because, ‘Stuff

of what we don’t know’ whatever she goes by cannot get the

business in her ‘own name for ‘Mysterious reasons’ I’m sure . . . .”

If this is the statement plaintiffs contend is defamatory, we

disagree. That statement is presented as conjecture, not as fact,

particularly when read in context. Overall, the post suggests that

Tricia Borns was “venting her anger and frustration and is a signal

that her words should not be taken literally.” Keohane, 882 P.2d at

1301.

¶ 17 As for the comment below the post — that Tafoya “has a

‘transportation business’ but smokes weed 100% of the time” — we

agree with the district court that the comment is not actionable

because it constitutes an opinion — specifically, it amounts to

rhetorical hyperbole.

¶ 18 No reasonable person would understand that comment as an

assertion of fact — i.e., that Tafoya smokes marijuana twenty-four

hours a day every day. To the contrary, the comment is the kind of

“imaginative expression,” NBC Subsidiary (KCNC-TV), Inc. v. Living

Will Ctr., 879 P.2d 6, 12 (Colo. 1994) (quoting Milkovich, 497 U.S. at

20), that can only be interpreted as overgeneralization and

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exaggeration, Keohane, 882 P.2d at 1301 (overgeneralization and

exaggerated terms signaled rhetorical hyperbole that should not be

taken literally). See also Wilson, 126 P.3d at 280 (the phrase

“undoubtedly paranoid” was rhetorical hyperbole that could not

reasonably be viewed as an assertion of fact); Neumann v. Liles, 369

P.3d 1117, 1126 (Or. 2016) (description of a wedding venue as “[t]he

worst wedding experience of [defendant’s] life” was rhetorical

hyperbole because it could not be understood as stating an

objective fact); Gold v. Harrison, 962 P.2d 353, 356, 361 (Haw.

1998) (statement describing a violation of privacy as “being raped by

all these people” was rhetorical hyperbole because it would not be

understood by even the most casual reader as being true). Thus,

the comment, considered in context, could not have been intended

to be understood in its literal sense. See Lane, 675 P.2d at 750.

¶ 19 The statement that Tafoya “introduced herself when she

moved here as ‘a stoner’” implies a verifiable fact and could be

understood that way. But being a “stoner” is not necessarily

defamatory, and plaintiffs never claim that it is. They do not

mention that part of the comment anywhere in their brief on

appeal. At any rate, plaintiffs do not allege that this part of the

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comment constitutes defamation per se, so they had to plead

special damages resulting from that particular statement. Their

complaint, though, says only that “Plaintiff has special damages

because of Defendant’s behavior.” That conclusory allegation does

not create a plausible inference that Tafoya has suffered a

pecuniary loss as a result of Tricia Borns’s statement that Tafoya

introduced herself as a “stoner.” See, e.g., Lind v. O’Reilly, 636 P.2d

1319, 1321 (Colo. App. 1981) (an allegation that “plaintiff has

suffered actual and presumed damages in the amount of $150,000”

was insufficient to satisfy the requirements for pleading special

damages); Warne, ¶¶ 9, 27 (conclusory allegations are not entitled

to an assumption of truth and cannot raise a right to relief above

the speculative level).

¶ 20 That brings us to the allegations of unspecified defamatory

statements. Plaintiffs allege that “on more than one occasion” Gary

Borns “spoke negatively” about Tafoya and Stuffy’s; in July 2023, a

woman and her granddaughter overheard Tricia Borns “talking

poorly” about Stuffy’s to “individuals in the community”;

unidentified people complained to police that the owner of Stuffy’s

(a nonparty) was speeding; and Tricia and Gary Borns “have

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personally attacked” Tafoya “to friends and other individuals” using

false complaints to the “Marshall office.”

¶ 21 While the plaintiff is not required “to quote each defamatory

statement verbatim in its entirety,” Coomer v. Donald J. Trump for

President, Inc., 2024 COA 35, ¶ 99, a defamation claim must be

pleaded with “a certain degree of specificity,” Corporon v. Safeway

Stores, Inc., 708 P.2d 1385, 1390 (Colo. App. 1985). The problem

with failing to specify the supposed defamatory statements is that,

as pleaded, the alleged conduct is “equally consistent with

non-tortious conduct,” given that the statements could have been

opinions. Warne, ¶ 27. (We do not address the allegation

concerning attacks “to friends and other individuals” by way of

“complaints to the Marshall office” because we do not understand

it.)

¶ 22 Because none of the identified statements are actionable as

defamation, we conclude that the district court properly dismissed

plaintiffs’ complaint.

III. Disposition

¶ 23 The judgment is affirmed.

JUDGE FOX and JUDGE SCHUTZ concur.

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