Mickey Wahl v. Charles L. Ryan

1 21-16174
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MICKEY WAHL,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
CHARLES L. RYAN,
Respondent,
and
ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR THE STATE
OF ARIZONA; DAVID SHINN, Director,
Respondents-Appellees.
No. 21-16174
D.C. No. 4:18-cv-00046-DCB
MEMORANDUM*
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Arizona
David C. Bury, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 6, 2023
Las Vegas, Nevada
Before: CLIFTON, BYBEE, and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner-Appellant Mickey Wahl (“Wahl”) appeals the district court’s
denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. While
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
FILED
MAR 15 2023
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

-- 1 of 5 --

2 21-16174
denying and dismissing with prejudice Wahl’s habeas petition, the district court
certified for appeal one claim of post-conviction review (“PCR”) ineffective
assistance of counsel (“IAC”). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§§ 1291, 2253, and we affirm. Because the facts and procedural history are
familiar to the parties, we do not recount them here.
We review a district court’s denial of habeas relief, including questions
regarding procedural default de novo. Dickinson v. Shinn, 2 F.4th 851, 857 (9th
Cir. 2021). “Ineffective assistance of counsel claims are mixed questions of law
and fact which we also review de novo.” Id. (quoting Jones v. Shinn, 943 F.3d
1211, 1219–20 (9th Cir. 2019). The district court’s factual findings are reviewed for
clear error. Maxwell v. Roe, 606 F.3d 561, 567 (9th Cir. 2010).
In the sole issue certified for appeal,1 Wahl alleges that his PCR counsel was
ineffective by not raising a claim of trial counsel ineffectiveness, thus excusing the
procedural default of that claim (which he admits) under Martinez v. Ryan, 566
U.S. 1 (2012).
When a claim is procedurally defaulted, a federal habeas court can review
the merits of the claim only if the petitioner is “able to make two showings: (1)
1 Wahl also raises several other issues that have not been certified for appeal
by the district court and for which we decline to issue a certificate of appealability
because he failed to make a substantial showing of the denial of constitutional
rights that reasonable jurists would find debatable. See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2);
Robertson v. Pichon, 849 F.3d 1173, 1187 (9th Cir. 2017); Ninth Cir. R. 22–1(e).

-- 2 of 5 --

3 21-16174
‘cause’ for the default, where the cause is something external to the prisoner that
cannot be fairly attributed to him; and (2) prejudice.” Clabourne v. Ryan, 745 F.3d
362, 375 (9th Cir. 2014), overruled in part on other grounds by McKinney v. Ryan,
813 F.3d 798 (9th Cir. 2015) (en banc) (citation omitted). In states where trial IAC
claims must be raised in post-conviction collateral proceedings, as is the case in
Arizona, such “cause” sufficient to excuse a procedural default may exist “if, in the
initial-review collateral proceeding, there was no counsel or counsel in that
proceeding was ineffective.” Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 17 (2012).
In Clabourne, we explained that to demonstrate “cause” under Martinez, a
petitioner “must establish . . . that both (a) post-conviction counsel’s performance
was deficient, and (b) there was a reasonable probability that, absent the deficient
performance,” the post-conviction proceedings would have resulted differently.
Clabourne, 745 F.3d at 377 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984)). Thus, determining the probability that PCR proceedings would have been
different is “necessarily connected to the strength of the argument that trial
counsel’s assistance was ineffective.” Id.
Wahl contends that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to request a
jury instruction defining the term “unlawful physical force” within the self-defense
jury instruction when self-defense was the crux of his defense. Even if we assume

-- 3 of 5 --

4 21-16174
that PCR counsel’s failure to make this argument was deficient performance,2 we
conclude that there is no reasonable probability that the PCR proceedings would
have resulted differently because a jury instruction defining “unlawful physical
force” would not have changed the outcome.
First, the trial court’s definition of “unlawful” instructed the jury to consider
whether “the context so requires, [that the actions in question are] not permitted by
law.” There was significant witness testimony—including from Wahl—regarding
the physical altercation between Wahl and the victim, such as testimony that the
victim was punching Wahl through an open car window, trying to grab the steering
wheel from Wahl, and attempting to pull Wahl from his seat through the window.
It is implausible that a reasonable juror would think that the victim’s actions were,
in context, permitted by law.
Second, Wahl’s reliance on State v. Fish, 213 P.3d 258, 275–78 (Ariz. Ct.
App. 2009), is misplaced. Fish does not require a court to have defined “unlawful
physical force” in Wahl’s case. In Fish, the court worried that
a jury not instructed on the definitions of assault and endangerment may
have concluded there could not have been unlawful physical force because
there was no contact [between the defendant and the victim]—[which]
makes it clear that the missing instructions provided the jury with the means
of completely disregarding all of the self-defense evidence.
2 “[A] court need not determine whether counsel’s performance was
deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of
the alleged deficiencies.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.

-- 4 of 5 --

5 21-16174
Id. at 279 (internal quotation and citation omitted). Unlike in Fish, a reasonable
juror here could not have disregarded the self-defense evidence given the extensive
evidence of physical contact between Wahl and the victim. Additionally, unlike in
Fish, in which “[t]he only real issue at trial was self-defense,” id. at 277, Wahl
raised defense-of-an-occupied-vehicle and pursued alternative theories of who had
caused the victim’s death.
Because it is unlikely that trial counsel asking for the definitional jury
instruction would have changed the outcome of the trial, it is equally unlikely that
PCR counsel having raised this trial IAC claim would have changed the outcome
of the post-conviction proceedings. Therefore, Wahl has not demonstrated cause to
excuse PCR counsel’s procedural default of this trial IAC claim.3
AFFIRMED.
3 We therefore need not consider whether the alleged PCR IAC claim was
prejudicial. Clabourne, 745 F.3d at 377 (petitioner must show both cause and
prejudice to overcome procedural default).

-- 5 of 5 --