United States of America v. Cherie Brown

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
CHERIE BROWN,
Defendant-Appellant.
Nos. 15-50077
15-50186
D.C. No. 2:14-cr-00282-R-3
MEMORANDUM*
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Manuel L. Real, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 14, 2017
Pasadena, California
Before: D.W. NELSON, TALLMAN, and N.R. SMITH, Circuit Judges.
Following a jury trial, Cherie Brown appeals her convictions and sentence
for mail fraud and wire fraud. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and
we affirm.
1. Brown argues she did not receive a fair trial, based on the district
court’s (1) refusal to grant her request for a continuance, in full; (2) manner of
FILED
FEB 28 2017
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

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conducting the trial; and (3) evidentiary and procedural rulings. These allegations
did not individually, or in combination, result in an unfair trial.
The district court did not abuse its wide discretion in ruling on Brown’s
request for a continuance. Brown fails to identify any evidence she would have
presented at trial if she had more time to review discovery and prepare. See United
States v. Wilkes, 662 F.3d 524, 543 (9th Cir. 2011) (“Prejudice resulting from the
denial of the continuance must be established.”). Brown also fails to acknowledge
that, on the day she expected to begin trial, the court granted her an additional
month to prepare by severing her from the trial of two co-defendants. Thus,
Brown’s trial began only three weeks before the date she requested.
Neither the district court’s manner of conducting the trial, nor its evidentiary
and procedural rulings, showed judicial bias. First, most of the admonishments
about which Brown complains occurred outside the presence of the jury to
maintain the integrity of the hearing. Second, several interactions had innocent
explanations. For example, when the district court confronted Brown about
misleading the jury, the court’s concern was based on its misunderstanding of an
item of evidence rather than on any animosity. Third, although Brown complains
that the district court interrupted her presentation twenty-four times, this was not
unreasonable for a trial that lasted more than a week. See United States v. Scott,
642 F.3d 791, 799 (9th Cir. 2011) (per curiam) (finding no bias where the court
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interrupted the defense “over a hundred times during the course of a week-long
trial”). Fourth, while Brown argues the district court limited her ability to elicit
testimony on several topics and to engage in certain trial practices, each ruling was
well within the bounds of the district court’s discretion. Considering the court’s
conduct as a whole––rather than certain incidents in isolation––we are not left with
“an abiding impression that the jury perceived an appearance of advocacy or
partiality.” United States v. Marks, 530 F.3d 799, 806 (9th Cir. 2008).
2. The district court did not deprive Brown of a defense by exercising its
discretion to limit cross-examination. See United States v. Larson, 495 F.3d 1094,
1101–02 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc). Brown could not lay the foundation for the
unverified complaint from Daniel Zucker’s lawsuit because it was not comprised
of Zucker’s statements, and Brown could not introduce the complaint under
Federal Rule of Evidence (FRE) 801(d)(1)(A) because it was not a statement made
“under penalty of perjury.” Furthermore, Brown suffered no prejudice from the
exclusion, as she was able to introduce the same information through other sources.
Concerning witness Tiffany Ryan, the district court allowed testimony
sufficient to show a potential bias and its source. After the district court ensured
that Brown had the opportunity to demonstrate Ryan’s potential bias, the court
acted within its discretion to determine that further testimony on the topic would
have been “repetitive or only marginally relevant.” See Larson, 495 F.3d at 1101
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(quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679 (1986)).
Finally, limits the district court placed on other topics Brown identifies did
not exceed the court’s discretion to “determin[e] the relevance of a given topic and
the extent of [evidence] to be permitted on that topic.” See Scott, 642 F.3d at
796–97 (quoting United States v. Brown, 936 F.2d 1042, 1048 (9th Cir. 1991)).
3. It was not an abuse of discretion to exclude Brown’s out of court
statements to investors. See United States v. Mitchell, 502 F.3d 931, 964 (9th Cir.
2007). Brown sought to introduce statements, in which she apparently expressed
her belief in certain aspects of the companies, to prove that she actually believed in
those aspects of the companies. Those statements are hearsay, and Brown’s
“attempt to introduce[, through FRE 803(3),] statements of her belief (that she was
not violating the law) to prove the fact believed (that she was acting in good-faith)
[was] improper.” See United States v. Sayakhom, 186 F.3d 928, 937 (9th Cir.),
amended by 197 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. 1999) (mem.). Even assuming the statements
were excepted under FRE 803(3), Brown introduced evidence of her belief in the
financial success of the companies through other means. Thus, she has not shown
prejudice. See Mahone v. Lehman, 347 F.3d 1170, 1172 (9th Cir. 2003).
4. The district court’s restitution order was not an abuse of discretion.
See United States v. Fu Sheng Kuo, 620 F.3d 1158, 1162 (9th Cir. 2010). The
government had the burden to prove the amount of restitution by a preponderance
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of the evidence. United States v. Waknine, 543 F.3d 546, 556 (9th Cir. 2008); see
also 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1)–(2). An FBI forensic accountant used bank records
of Gigapix, OZ3D, and related entities to calculate the victims’ losses. She cross-
checked her own system for determining the deposits made by the victims with an
investor list provided by a former Gigapix employee and with documents from
trust companies the victims used to make deposits. She then further researched any
differences. Although the district court could have imposed over $14 million in
restitution, it instead ordered that Brown pay only the $2,566,875 in losses
sustained by her own investor victims.
AFFIRMED.
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