United States of America v. Mohammed Mabrook

In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________
No. 02-1433
U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA ,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
M OHAMMED M ABROOK ,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 98 CR 271—George W. Lindberg, Judge.
____________
A RGUED J UNE 4, 2002—D ECIDED A UGUST 15, 2002
____________
Before C OFFEY , E ASTERBROOK , and W ILLIAMS , Circuit
Judges.
W ILLIAMS , Circuit Judge. Mohammed Mabrook was
convicted of mail and wire fraud after he convinced his
friends and associates to invest over one million dollars
in a business he knew was failing. He now appeals argu-
ing that the district court abused its discretion in making
the various contested trial rulings; and that it erred in
imposing sentence. We disagree and affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Mabrook owned Global Chemical, a small company in the
business of selling a chlorine substitute for swimming pools,

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2 No. 02-1433
Oxydyne. Mabrook hired Ioanis Paneras to be the com-
pany’s national sales manager. Paneras, a con man, quickly
began attracting business using false claims, documents,
and promises. Mabrook was using the same methods to
lure investors.
Mabrook convinced three individuals to invest over one
million dollars in Global Chemical using false purchase
orders and financial statements and exploiting friend-
ships and associations. Once he had the money, he needed
to quell concerns about the investments. Mabrook repeat-
edly assured the men that the Oxydyne shipments would be
sent, but that he first had to wait for EPA approval.
Eventually the house of cards began to fall. Paneras
was convicted of defrauding the distributors he recruited,
and for other crimes as well. He began giving the govern-
ment information about Global Chemical and Mabrook.
Mabrook was eventually convicted after a jury trial, and
although Paneras did not testify at trial, the evidence
Paneras gave to the authorities was instrumental in Ma-
brook’s conviction.
II. ANALYSIS
A. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion at Trial
1. No Sixth Amendment Violation
Mabrook argues that the district court denied him a fair
trial when it allowed Paneras, who had already been con-
victed for mail and wire fraud, to assert his Fifth Amend-
ment privilege, a finding we review for an abuse of dis-
cretion. United States v. Kaufmann, 985 F.2d 884, 898
(7th Cir. 1993). When a potential witness indicates that
he will likely invoke his privilege against self-incrimina-
tion, the district court should ensure that the witness
cannot possibly incriminate himself. If a witness’s testi-
mony may make him vulnerable to prosecution, the trial

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No. 02-1433 3
court may allow him to invoke his privilege and refuse
to testify. Gleason v. Welborn, 42 F.3d 1107, 1109 (7th
Cir. 1994). In deciding whether the district court abused its
discretion in denying Mabrook’s request to call Paneras
as a witness and allowing Paneras to invoke the Fifth
Amendment, we must remain mindful that Mabrook’s
Sixth Amendment right to the compulsory process does
not trump Paneras’s Fifth Amendment right against self-
incrimination. Id.
First, Mabrook argues that the district court should
have permitted him to question Paneras about matters
outside the statute of limitations. However, after con-
ducting a hearing, the district court found that Paneras
would not be insulated from state or federal prosecution
if he testified. In fact, the very real possibility existed
that Paneras would expose himself to conspiracy, RICO,
or 18 U.S.C. § 1001 charges if he testified at Mabrook’s
trial. Thus, even though Paneras had already been prose-
cuted for mail and wire fraud, the possibility that other
charges, like conspiracy, could be brought against Paneras
based on his testimony weighs heavily in determining
whether the court abused its discretion. Cf. United States
v. Pardo, 636 F.2d 535, 544 n.24 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (had
the government suggested that the witness faced conspir-
acy charges, then a strong case would have been made
for either granting immunity or dismissing the charges
against the defendants).
Mabrook also claims that Paneras should have taken
the stand and asserted his privilege in front of the jury.
However, it would have been improper for the jury to
draw any inference from Paneras’s exercise of his Fifth
Amendment privilege. United States v. Taylor, 154 F.3d
675, 684 (7th Cir. 1998). Mabrook disagrees, citing United
States v. Hartmann, 958 F.2d 774, 789 (7th Cir. 1992), in
support. However, we have never found that it is permis-
sible for a jury to make an inference from the invocation of

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4 No. 02-1433
1 During trial, Mabrook presented his theory of the case to the
jury, continually claiming that Paneras created the false docu-
ments and duped everyone with them, including Mabrook.
a witness’s assertion of the Fifth Amendment and Hart-
mann only references a First Circuit case stating that
the jury may make an inference from the assertion of the
privilege during cross-examination. United States v. Kaplan,
832 F.2d 676, 684 (1st Cir. 1987). Such was not the
case here. Mabrook wanted Paneras to take the stand for
the purpose of asserting his privilege and that is impermis-
sible. Taylor, 154 F.3d at 684.
Finally, Mabrook contends that the district court erred
by barring him from introducing evidence of Paneras’s
previous fraudulent behavior. Mabrook claims that Paneras
vowed retribution because Mabrook failed to pay him the
salary he was owed. Therefore, Mabrook argues, Paneras
had a motive to lie to the government, and the jury should
have seen him in person to assess his credibility. But Ma-
brook has acknowledged that the jury was aware that
Paneras was a scoundrel and was capable of creating
the false documents used in the scheme.1 Knowing that
Paneras was an unsavory character, the jury could have
found that he alone was at fault, but instead the jury
convicted Mabrook for his role in the fraud. The district
court was within its discretion in refusing to allow Ma-
brook to parade Paneras in front of the jury for the sole
purpose of putting a face to the alleged evil.
2. Other Alleged Errors
Mabrook claims the district court made other numerous
errors which denied him his right to a fair trial. We have
reviewed his claims and find them to be without merit.
First, the district court did not abuse its discretion in
denying Mabrook’s request for a continuance. If a party

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No. 02-1433 5
requests a motion to continue, the district court abuses
its discretion if it acts arbitrarily and actual prejudice
resulted from the denial. United States v. Avery, 208 F.3d
597, 602 (7th Cir. 2000). Mabrook argues that his mo-
tion should have been granted for two reasons, the gov-
ernment disclosed thousands of pages of documents just
weeks before trial and he did not learn that Paneras had
given documents to the government until three days be-
fore trial. Therefore, he claims, he needed additional time
to procure both a handwriting expert and a computer
analyst to determine whether Paneras created the docu-
ments used to establish Mabrook’s guilt. Both of his ar-
guments are meritless.
Keeping in mind the circumstances surrounding the
case, we look to the amount of time for trial preparation,
the likelihood of prejudice, Mabrook’s diligence, the com-
plexity of the case, the government’s disclosure, the likeli-
hood that a continuance would have satisfied Mabrook’s
needs, and the inconvenience to the court. Avery, 208 F.3d
at 602. First, although Mabrook claims that he did not
receive all the documents until weeks before trial, he had
adequate time to prepare for trial. Also, there was little
likelihood for prejudice because the government stipulated
that the handwriting on the documents in question was
Paneras’s and not Mabrook’s. Furthermore, although the
district court denied Mabrook’s motion to continue, it
offered to address the issue again during trial if circum-
stances required it. However, Mabrook never renewed
his request or raised the subject again. As to Mabrook’s
diligence, the government disclosed Paneras’s coopera-
tion more than a year before trial. Also, this was not a
complex case. Additionally, the government produced
all documents to which Mabrook was entitled three weeks
prior to trial. Furthermore, there was little likelihood
that a continuance would have satisfied Mabrook’s needs;
the need for a handwriting expert was eliminated by the
government’s stipulation and the need for a computer

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6 No. 02-1433
analyst would have likely revealed that Paneras was
capable of producing the false documents, a fact the jury
already knew. Finally, the court would have been greatly
inconvenienced by a continuance; witnesses had made
travel arrangements to testify and the court had cleared
its docket for a two-week trial. Therefore, the district
court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mabrook’s
motion for a continuance because its decision was nei-
ther arbitrary nor prejudicial.
Next, Mabrook argues that two of the jury instruc-
tions were given in error. First, Mabrook argues that the
district court gave a conscious avoidance, or “ostrich”
instruction, without evidence to support it and in contradic-
tion to the government’s theory of the case. We review the
district court’s decision to give the instruction for an abuse
of discretion. United States v. Wilson, 134 F.3d 855, 868
(7th Cir. 1998). An ostrich instruction is proper when “a
defendant claims a lack of guilty knowledge and there
are facts and evidence that support an inference of de-
liberate ignorance.” United States v. Walker, 25 F.3d 540,
546 (7th Cir. 1994) (quotation omitted). The fact that
the government argued both that Mabrook created the
false documents and that Paneras created them and Ma-
brook should have known they were false is permissible.
The prosecution may argue both that Mabrook had actual
knowledge and consciously avoided knowledge without
depriving him of a fair trial. United States v. Carrillo,
269 F.3d 761, 770 (7th Cir. 2001).
Mabrook used false purchase orders indicating large
shipments to two swimming pool supply companies to
induce investments. He also used false financial state-
ments showing the company’s net worth to be ten times
its actual value. Clearly, the evidence presented at trial
was more than sufficient to show that Mabrook either
created the false purchase orders and financial statements
or took deliberate steps to avoid full or exact knowledge

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No. 02-1433 7
of their falsity. See United States v. Giovannetti, 919
F.2d 1223, 1228 (7th Cir. 1990). First, Mabrook knew or
should have known that the financial statements that he
used to induce his friends to invest were false because
he had to sign the tax returns reporting Global Chem-
ical’s true financial worth. Also, Mabrook was aware
that Global Chemical had never produced 50,000 cases
of Oxydyne as the purchase orders claimed. In truth the
evidence revealed that only 1,000 cases of Oxydyne were
produced. Therefore, the ostrich instruction was proper.
Mabrook also claims that the district court erroneously
instructed the jury that his good faith was irrelevant.
Mabrook claims that because fraud requires specific in-
tent to defraud, an intent to repay is evidence of good
faith. According to Mabrook, although he meant to defraud
his victims, he also intended eventually to repay them,
negating any intent to defraud. Not only is this argument
circular, it is contrary to this court’s precedent. In order
to establish good faith, Mabrook must prove that he ac-
tually believed the information that he sent to his in-
vestors, not that he believed that he would eventually
pay them back. In fact, an instruction informing the jury
that a defendant’s honest belief that he will ultimately
be able to perform what he has promised is not in itself
a defense to the crimes charged has been held to be prop-
er. See United States v. Dunn, 961 F.2d 648, 650 (7th
Cir. 1992) (citing United States v. Alexander, 743 F.2d
472, 478 (7th Cir. 1984)). Mabrook’s good-faith belief that
Global Chemical would eventually be successful is not
relevant because that belief did not negate the falsity of
his representations to his investors. Dunn, 961 F.2d at
651. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discre-
tion in giving the instruction.
Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion in
denying Mabrook’s motion for a mistrial based on alleged
prosecutorial misconduct. When determining whether pros-

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8 No. 02-1433
2 In its rebuttal summation, the prosecution told the jury:
And what I find most disturbing is not only has Dr.
Rahim been defrauded $600,000, he basically was de-
frauded right in front of your eyes. He doesn’t know what
you know. Mr. Shobat [defense counsel] made that clear.
He doesn’t know there’s no Leslie’s order. He doesn’t
know his money went to pay back prior investors. He
doesn’t know his money was rolled over. He still thinks
it is because the defendant has maintained that it was to
him.
So Mr. Shobat gets up and cross-examines him and
makes him into the character witness. That’s one of the
most disgusting things that you’re going to see in a court-
room, ladies and gentlemen. That’s taking a victim and
using him twice. Now I have your money, and you still
believe me, I’m going to use you again.
(Transcript of Proceedings, Volume 6 at 795.)
ecutorial misconduct warrants a mistrial, we first con-
sider the remarks in isolation to determine whether they
were improper. United States v. Butler, 71 F.3d 243, 254
(7th Cir. 1995). If we decide that the remarks were im-
proper, we then look at them in context to determine
if Mabrook was denied his right to a fair trial. Id. In
that regard we examine (1) the nature and seriousness
of the statements, (2) whether the defendant’s conduct
invited the statements, (3) whether the district court ad-
equately instructed the jury, (4) whether the defendant
had the opportunity to counter the statements, and (5) the
weight of the evidence against the defendant. Id.; United
States v. Johnson-Dix, 54 F.3d 1295, 1305 (7th Cir. 1995).
Mabrook claims that the government improperly com-
mented on his failure to file tax returns. He also takes issue
with the government’s reference to his taking unfair ad-
vantage of one of his victims. 2 The government counters

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No. 02-1433 9
that Mabrook put his tax returns at issue and any com-
mentary with regard to the witness was in response to
defense tactics rather than to defense counsel himself.
Looking at the prosecutor’s comments both in isolation
and in context of the trial, we find that the district court
did not abuse its discretion in denying the mistrial. First,
neither statement was so serious or inflammatory as to
sway the jury to convict. Furthermore, Mabrook put his
tax returns in issue in his closing argument. The district
court gave a limiting instruction to the jury to disregard
the statements about the tax returns and a general in-
struction to cure any comments about defense counsel’s
tactics. Finally, the weight of the evidence was against
Mabrook. Therefore, we conclude that the district court
did not abuse its discretion in denying Mabrook’s motion
for a mistrial.
B. The District Court Properly Enhanced the Sentence
Mabrook’s final argument is that at sentencing, the
district court improperly imposed an enhancement under
U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 for abusing his position of trust. We re-
view the district court’s application of the enhancement
de novo and review the finding that Mabrook occupied
such a position under the clearly erroneous standard.
United States v. Bhagavan, 116 F.3d 189, 192 (7th Cir.
1997).
A formal position of trust is not necessary under § 3B1.3.
United States v. Davuluri, 239 F.3d 902, 908 (7th Cir.
2001). Instead, a court should look beyond labels and cat-
egories that characterize the relationship and focus on the
nature of the defendant’s relationship to the victim and
the level of responsibility he was given. Id. Therefore,
the enhancement is proper when a defendant occupied
a position of trust and his abuse of that position facil-
itated his crime. Id. at 909.

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10 No. 02-1433
In this case, the enhancement was proper. First, the
district court’s finding that Mabrook occupied a position
of trust was not clearly erroneous. Mabrook relied on at
least one close and long-term friend, Dr. Rahim, to invest
in his fraudulent scheme. Therefore, with respect to Dr.
Rahim, Mabrook was not engaged in an arms-length
transaction; rather he used his friendship to convince Dr.
Rahim that the investment was safe and profitable. See
United States v. Burke, 125 F.3d 401, 406 (7th Cir. 1997)
(“What is relevant is whether Burke relied on the relation-
ships he previously had established with those three vic-
tims to further his fraudulent securities scheme.”). Further-
more, Mabrook occupied a position of trust because he
made use of the corporate form, thereby assuming a
fiduciary duty with respect to his investors. See United
States v. Tiojanco, 286 F.3d 1019, 1021 (7th Cir. 2002).
Accordingly, the district court did not err in finding that
Mabrook occupied a position of trust. United States v.
Strang, 80 F.3d 1214, 1219-20 (7th Cir. 1996). Additionally,
Mabrook’s position facilitated his crimes. As the owner
of Global Chemical, Mabrook was in a unique position
to lure investors and conceal the fraud. Mabrook used
purchase orders which he knew, or should have known, to
be false along with financial statements which he knew
inflated the company’s worth to attract his friends and
associates. Because these actions facilitated the commis-
sion of the fraud and concealed the true nature of the
company’s stability, the enhancement was appropriate.
Bhagavan, 116 F.3d at 194.
III. CONCLUSION
The district judge did not abuse his discretion in making
his trial rulings. Therefore, Mabrook was not denied his
right to a fair trial. Furthermore, the district court’s
application of the abuse of position of trust enhancement

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No. 02-1433 11
at sentencing was proper. Accordingly, we A FFIRM Ma-
brook’s conviction and sentence.
A true Copy:
Teste:
________________________________
Clerk of the United States Court of
Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
USCA-97-C-006—8-15-02

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