Robert A. Lewis v. Wisconsin Central, Ltd.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 14a0267n.06
Case No. 13-1805
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
ROBERT A. LEWIS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
WISCONSIN CENTRAL, LTD.,
Defendant-Appellee.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
MICHIGAN
BEFORE: BOGGS, SILER, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.
SILER, Circuit Judge. Robert A. Lewis, a railroad engineer employed by Wisconsin
Central, Ltd. (WCL), was injured while exiting the door of a locomotive. He filed a negligence
suit under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA) and the Locomotive Inspection Act
(LIA) alleging that a sliding bolt lock snagged his safety vest and caused him harm. The district
court granted summary judgment to WCL. We AFFIRM.
I.
In 2008, Lewis and conductor Gary Everingham were operating a train from Sault Ste.
Marie, Ontario to Trout Lake, Michigan. The train was being pulled by a locomotive designated
as CN 5295. Upon reaching Trout Lake, Lewis attempted to go out the back door of CN 5295 to
secure a handbrake. After pushing down the handle on the locomotive’s back door to unlatch it,

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Lewis asserts that his safety vest became caught on a sliding lock bolt as he moved through the
doorway. He momentarily lost his balance and, while in the process of catching himself, injured
his shoulder.
II.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Campbell v.
Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry., 600 F.3d 667, 671 (6th Cir. 2010). FELA provides that a railroad
common carrier engaging in commerce:
shall be liable in damages to any person suffering injury while he is employed by
such carrier in such commerce . . . for such injury or death resulting in whole or in
part from the negligence of any of the officers, agents, or employees of such
carrier, or by reason of any defect or insufficiency, due to its negligence, in its
cars, engines, appliances, machinery, . . . or other equipment.
45 U.S.C. § 51. To succeed on a FELA claim, a plaintiff must “prove the traditional common
law elements of negligence: duty, breach, foreseeability, and causation.” Adams v. CSX Transp.,
Inc., 899 F.2d 536, 539 (6th Cir. 1990). Lewis accurately notes that FELA relaxes the standard
of proof necessary for a plaintiff to prove causation. See Rogers v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 352 U.S.
500, 506 (1957). That relaxed standard, however, does not lessen a plaintiff’s burden to prove
the remaining elements of negligence. Van Gorder v. Grand Trunk W. R.R., 509 F.3d 265, 269
(6th Cir. 2007).
The LIA provides that a railroad may use only locomotives that:
(1) are in proper condition and safe to operate without unnecessary danger of
personal injury;
(2) have been inspected as required under this chapter and regulations prescribed
by the Secretary of Transportation under this chapter; and
(3) can withstand every test prescribed by the Secretary under this chapter.

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49 U.S.C. § 20701. The LIA does not create an independent cause of action; instead, “[a]
violation of the LIA is negligence per se under the FELA.” Szekeres v. CSX Transp., Inc., 617
F.3d 424, 427 (6th Cir. 2010).
III.
A. FELA
Neither party disputes that under FELA a railroad has a duty to provide its employees
with a reasonably safe workplace. See Bailey v. C. Vt. Ry., 319 U.S. 350, 352-53 (1953). This
does not mean, though, “that a railroad has the duty to eliminate all workplace dangers.” Van
Gorder, 509 F.3d at 269. “A railroad breaches its duty to its employees when it fails to use
ordinary care under the circumstances or fails to do what a reasonably prudent person would
have done under the circumstances to make the working environment safe.” Id.
In this case, Lewis alleges that WCL breached its duty by (1) installing sliding bolt locks
on its locomotive’s doors, and (2) failing to repair an alleged defective sliding bolt lock on CN
5295. The district court correctly found that Lewis provided no evidence that WCL had
breached its duty.
In 1988, WCL began installing sliding bolt locks in order “[t]o provide a reliable and low
maintenance way of locking locomotive cab doors.” William Stoltenberg, WCL’s expert and its
General Supervisor Mechanical, indicated that the sliding bolt locks were installed to “augment
the existing door latches” to comply with 49 C.F.R. § 229.119(a). The Federal Railroad
Administration (FRA) has never issued any citations or violations to WCL with respect to these
locks.
Moreover, in the 20-year period from the sliding bolt locks’ initial installation until this
incident in 2008, there were no reported snag incidents from safety vests (or any other item)

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from the more than 3,000 railroad employees who utilized the doors on WCL’s locomotives.
Indeed, Lewis admitted that most of the locomotives that he operated for WCL had sliding bolt
locks and that he had never snagged himself before nor had he heard of anyone else snagging a
safety vest (or anything else) on a sliding bolt lock. Fellow WCL employees Everingham and
Spencer confirmed that they had never heard of a snag caused by a slide lock during the decades
they have worked in the railroad industry.1
With regard to the design of the sliding lock, Lewis contends it increased the risk of
injury because the lock protruded out into the narrow doorway when the door was open. The
photographs of the locomotive door that are part of the record, however, show that the bolt from
the lock runs parallel to the door. When the door is open, even if the lock is in the extended
position, the bolt points in the same direction as the door, i.e., down the catwalk. Thus, the bolt
does not protrude into the doorway – a fact acknowledged by Spencer and Everingham as well as
by Lewis’s expert. Additionally, Lewis concedes that the bolt and housing of the lock had
“nicely rounded” parts, thereby reducing the risk of clothing snags.
Lewis attempts to support his defective-design claim by referencing a snagging incident
experienced by Parrish Silbernagel, a WCL trainmaster. However, Silbernagel indicated that he
caught his safety vest on the door latch – not the sliding bolt lock. This evidence involves an
entirely separate mechanism with a different potential for snagging; it is irrelevant for assessing
whether a sliding bolt lock increases the risk of injury.
Lewis also asserts that the risk of harm was increased because the safety vest he was
wearing did not tear away as it should have when it became snagged. As the district court
pointed out, though, Lewis offered conflicting answers when asked if his vest was secured
1 Spencer’s ten-year tenure on the union’s safety committee put him in a position to hear
hundreds of complaints, yet the issue of snagging safety vests on sliding locks never arose.

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properly. If not secured, it is unclear whether the vest would have worked as designed. In any
event, Lewis offered no evidence that the vest was defective.
Finally, Lewis contends that WCL breached its duty by not recognizing the specific
sliding bolt lock on CN 5295 was defective and needed replacement. This assertion, too, is
unsupported by competent evidence. Lewis concedes that he was responsible for insuring the
locomotive had been inspected prior to his using it, yet he took no exception to the slide lock
before beginning his work on the day in question. Throughout his trip from Sault Ste. Marie, he
sat within a few feet of the lock and admitted using the door a few times during the shift without
incident. After his injury, Lewis’s report made no mention of the locking bolt being bent or
otherwise defective. Similarly, an inspection of the locomotive completed just after the incident
by WCL supervisors Belanger and Silbernagel also found no defect with the slide lock.
Silbernagel confirmed that the sliding bolt lock was working as it was intended, and Belanger
took photographs that show that the lock was not bent or otherwise marred. Although Lewis’s
expert inspected the slide lock and found it had a bent finger handle, that inspection occurred
four years after the incident.
Having found that Lewis offered no evidence that WCL breached its duty to provide a
reasonably safe workplace, we need not examine the remaining elements of negligence.
B. LIA
Since Lewis cannot show that WCL failed any inspection or violated any regulation with
respect to its sliding bolt locks, he can only establish liability if the lock on CN 5295 was not “in
proper condition” or operated with “an unnecessary danger of personal injury.” 49 U.S.C.
§ 20701(1). Although Lewis’s expert contends that “[a] door lock that is capable of becoming
entangled in an employee’s clothing is exactly the type of condition [the LIA] is intended to

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prevent,” he admits that “[i]f the locking bolt had been properly retained in its unlocked position,
it could not have migrated outward and caused a snagging hazard.” Thus, as the district court
pointed out, the assertion by Lewis’s expert that the lock presented an unnecessary risk of injury
is premised on the sliding bolt lock’s malfunctioning. However, for the same reasons analyzed
above, Lewis failed to offer any reliable evidence that the sliding bolt lock on CN 5295 was not
working properly.
IV.
The district court properly granted WCL summary judgment because Lewis was not able
to offer evidence that the railroad breached its duty of care under FELA or created an
unnecessary risk of harm under the LIA. We do not reach the preclusion defense raised by
WCL, as it is unnecessary to decide this case.
AFFIRMED.

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