Edward F. Lint v. John Prelesnik

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 13a0923n.06
No. 11-2040
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
EDWARD F. LINT,
Petitioner-Appellant
v.
JOHN PRELESNIK,
Respondent-Appellee.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN
DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
OPINION
Before: ROGERS and COOK, Circuit Judges; VAN TATENHOVE, * District Judge.
GREGORY F. VAN TATENHOVE, District Judge. A Macomb County Circuit Court
jury found Edward Lint guilty of, among other things, kidnapping his wife, Maja Lint. After nearly
a decade of challenging this conviction in state court, Lint petitions this court for a writ of habeas
corpus, claiming that it is he who is now being unlawfully detained. Specifically, he argues that he
was confined without the effective assistance of counsel because his attorney did not properly
investigate certain evidence, object to improper jury instructions, or communicate an advantageous
plea offer to him. The district court declined to hold an evidentiary hearing or issue the writ, but did
*The Honorable Gregory F. Van Tatenhove, United States District Judge for the Eastern
District of Kentucky, sitting by designation.

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grant a certificate of appealability as to these issues, and Lint appealed to this court. For the reasons
that follow, the district court’s decision will be AFFIRMED.
I
The honeymoon did not last long for Maja and Edward Lint. Shortly after midnight on
November 10, 2003, less than two months after their marriage, Maja told her new husband that she
was leaving him. Edward Lint begged her not to go, but when she insisted, he resorted to more
coercive measures to ensure his wife would stay. According to Maja, her husband burned her green
card, tackled her to the floor, tied her up with utility straps, forced a sock in her mouth, and
threatened to kill her. After restraining her, he sprayed PAM cooking spray on the floor and walls,
and then ignited some in the air as a demonstration that it would start a fire. Though Lint briefly
released Maja for purposes of sexual intercourse and to accompany him to the store, he restrained
her again upon returning home. When she tried to escape her bonds, Lint strengthened them and
undertook additional measures to ensure she would not try to escape, such as hanging a hot iron over
her head and tethering her to a television, which he claimed would fall on her if she were to move.
According to Maja, Lint released her when he observed a police car drive through the
neighborhood and believed the police might see him because there were no blinds on the windows.
At that point, Lint cleaned up the apartment, hid the utility straps in the laundry room, and kept Maja
near him, threatening to kill her if she moved. Around 8:00 a.m. the next day, Maja’s brother called.
Lint informed him that Maja had left and that he did not know where she went. After taking the call,
Lint fell asleep, and Maja, who was now unrestrained and awake, took the opportunity to escape.
She went to a gas station and called the police. She reported that she had not previously attempted
to call the police because she did not have a cell phone in her possession and Lint had “cut off” the
phone line.
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Lint was charged with Kidnapping in violation of M ICH . COMP . LAWS § 750.349; two counts
of First-Degree Criminal Sexual Conduct in violation of MICH . COMP . LAWS §750.520b(1)(f); and
Malicious Destruction of Personal Property with a value of between $1,000 and $20,000 in violation
of M ICH . COMP . LAWS §750.337a(1)(b)(i). Over the course of the preliminary hearing and ensuing
trial, Lint was represented by counsel James Hoare. According to the affidavits provided by Lint
and his parents, Hoare received a plea offer from the government, but rejected the offer without
communicating it to Lint. Thus, the case proceeded to trial.
At the conclusion of the government’s case, which included testimony from Maja Lint,
Hoare called Lint’s Sister, Amanda Lint, and his cousin, Christy Dickenson. Because Hoare had
not filed timely notice of using an alibi defense, he was limited to using testimony of these witnesses
for the purposes of rebuttal and impeachment. By affidavit, Lint’s parents and other sister, Jessica
Lint, claim that they had other important information about the case, including testimony concerning
the apartment’s telephone line and window blinds, that could have impeached Maja’s testimony.
Jessica even claims to have contacted Hoare to inform him of this fact, but none of them were called
to testify. In addition, Lint also claims that Hoare failed to properly introduce evidence of phone
records and a police report.
In 2004, a Macomb County jury, which had been instructed on, among other crimes, a theory
of secret kidnapping, found Lint guilty of kidnapping and malicious destruction of property, but
acquitted him of the criminal sexual conduct charges. Lint was sentenced to 210 months to 40 years
on the kidnapping conviction and 40-60 months on the malicious destruction of property conviction.
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Lint filed a direct appeal in the Michigan Court of Appeals, where he raised, among other
issues, his contentions that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because of his trial
attorney’s failure to investigate various testimonial and documentary evidence, as well as his trial
counsel’s failure to object to the jury instructions on secret kidnapping. The Michigan Court of
Appeals affirmed Lint’s conviction in a reasoned opinion, and the Michigan Supreme Court
summarily denied his appeal.
Lint then collaterally attacked his conviction in state court, filing a motion for relief in the
trial court. In this motion, Lint again raised his claim for ineffective assistance of counsel based on
failure to pursue certain testimonial or documentary evidence. Lint also included an argument for
ineffective assistance of counsel related to his trial counsel’s failure to inform him of a plea deal
offered by the government. The Macomb County Circuit Court denied Lint’s motion for relief in
an opinion that detailed its justifications for doing so. Both the Michigan Court of Appeals and the
Michigan Supreme Court denied Lint’s motion for leave to appeal “because the defendant has failed
to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D).” People v. Lint, No.
281800 (Mich.Ct.App. Apr. 8, 2008); People v. Lint, 769 N.W.2d 211 (Mich. 2008).
Having found no success in the Michigan state courts, Lint filed a petition for writ of habeas
corpus in the Federal District Court of the Eastern District of Michigan, raising several of the claims
he had previously asserted in state court. The District Court denied Lint’s petition without an
evidentiary hearing, but did grant a limited certificate of appealability. Lint now appeals to this
court for yet another review.
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II
A
This court applies de novo review to a district court’s legal conclusions and the legal aspect
of its rulings on mixed questions of law and fact in a habeas corpus proceeding. Jalowiec v.
Bradshaw, 657 F.3d 293, 301 (6th Cir. 2011). However, under the Antiterrorism and Effective
Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214, this court’s review of
a state court decision affirming the conviction of a habeas petitioner is “highly deferential.” Cullen
v. Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1391-92 (2011) (quoting Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19, 24
(2002) (per curiam)). State court findings of fact shall be “presumed to be correct,” and the
petitioner has the burden of overcoming that presumption by clear and convincing evidence. 28
U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).
When a habeas claim has been adjudicated on the merits in state court, the AEDPA prohibits
federal reviewing courts from granting the habeas petition unless the state court decision:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable
application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the
facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A state court decision is contrary to clearly established federal law when a
state court arrives at a conclusion opposite of that reached by the Supreme Court on a question of
law or on indistinguishable facts. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412–13 (2000). Unreasonable
application of clearly established federal law occurs when “the state court identifies the correct legal
principle from [the Supreme] Court’s decision but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts
of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 413. In terms of application, the Supreme Court has stated that, "[i]f
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this standard is difficult to meet, that is because it was meant to be.” Harrington v. Richter, 131 S.
Ct. 770, 786 (2011). Under the AEDPA, the federal reviewing courts are empowered with authority
to “issue the writ in cases where there is no possibility fairminded jurists could disagree that the state
court’s decision conflicts with [the Supreme] Court’s precedents.” Id. In this way, the writ of
habeas corpus operates as a “‘guard against extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice
systems,’ not a substitute for ordinary error correction through appeal.” Id. (citing Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 332, n. 5 (1979) (Stevens, J., concurring in judgment)).
B
All three of Lint’s claims reaching this court assert ineffective assistance of counsel.
Accordingly, “[t]here is no dispute that the clearly established federal law here is Strickland v.
Washington [,466 U.S. 668 (1984)].” Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. at 1403. In Strickland, the Supreme
Court articulated a two-component test that must be satisfied for a defendant to demonstrate that a
counsel’s performance was so defective as to require reversal of a conviction: “[f]irst, the defendant
must show that counsel’s performance was deficient” and “[s]econd, the defendant must show that
the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Id. at 687.
For a defendant to satisfy the deficient performance component of the standard, he must
show that “counsel’s representation fell below the objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 688.
However, “[j]udicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be highly deferential,” and the court
must apply a “strong presumption” that the counsel’s representation was within the “wide range”
of reasonable professional assistance. Id. at 689. To establish the prejudice component, a defendant
must show “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability
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sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694. This likelihood of a different result
“must be substantial, not just conceivable.” Richter, 131 S. Ct. at 792.
In application, the Supreme Court has noted that, “[s]urmounting Strickland’s high bar is
never an easy task.” Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 371 (2010). The difficulty of this challenge
is intensified when a petitioner is attempting to establish that a state court’s application of Strickland
was unreasonable under the AEDPA. “The standards created by Strickland and §2254(d) are both
highly deferential…and when the two apply in tandem, review is doubly so.” Richter, 131 S. Ct.,
at 788 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
1
First, Lint claims that his counsel was ineffective under the Strickland standard for failing
to investigate and present potential testimonial and evidentiary sources.1 Specifically, Lint argues
that the introduction of phone records would have provided evidence that Maja was not held in
secrecy, and would have impeached her testimony that she never made a call during the
confinement. Lint also indicates that his parents and sister had important information that could
have impeached Maja’s testimony about the landline telephone cord and the blinds on the house, but
that his attorney failed to investigate these matters. Finally, he asserts that his counsel failed to
introduce a police report that he claims would have impeached certain testimony of Maja’s.
1The State argues that Lint first presented this claim, as well as his claim for ineffective
assistance of counsel for failure to communicate the plea deal, during his motion for relief from
judgment, despite a state law that requires defendants to present claims in their direct appeal.
However, whether or not Lint actually ran afoul of any state procedural laws, none of the courts that
have engaged in a reasoned review of his claims has enforced such a rule against him. Thus, this
claim may not be considered procedurally defaulted. See Taylor v. McKee, 649 F.3d 446, 450 (6th
Cir. 2011) (quoting Willis v. Smith, 351 F.3d 741, 744 (6th Cir. 2003)).
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Lint has been through several appeals, but to determine the proper state-court opinion to
review, this court must “look through” the summary decisions of the Michigan Supreme Court and
the Michigan Court of Appeals to the last reasoned state-court opinion discussing the ineffective
assistance of counsel claims for failure to investigate, which was issued by the Macomb County
Circuit Court in denying Lint’s motion for relief from judgment. See Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S.
797, 804 (1991) (describing the “look through” presumption); Guilmette v. Howes, 624 F.3d 286,
289 (6th Cir. 2010) (“Brief orders citing Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D) are not explained orders
invoking a procedural bar.”). Lint argues that this court confined its analysis to state law and did
not sufficiently adjudicate his federal claims on the merits to trigger the AEDPA deference. The
clear text of the AEDPA applies its deferential standard only when claims were “adjudicated on the
merits in State court proceedings.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Therefore, if a state court “did not reach
the merits of [a habeas] claim, federal habeas review is not subject to the deferential standard that
applies under AEDPA. . . .Instead, the claim is reviewed de novo.” Moritz v. Lafler, No. 12-1222,
2013 WL 1777127, at *5 (6th Cir. Apr. 25, 2013) (quoting Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449, 472 (2009)).
However, under the so-called Richter presumption, “[w]hen a federal claim has been
presented to a state court and the state court has denied relief, it may be presumed that the state court
adjudicated the claim on the merits in the absence of any indication or state-law procedural
principles to the contrary.” Richter, 131 S. Ct. at 784-85. Further, even when the state court decision
contains an analysis of some issues, but does not expressly address the federal law claims raised in
a subsequent habeas petition, the Richter presumption still applies. Johnson v. Williams, 133 S. Ct.
1088, 1094 (2013). The Supreme Court has recognized that there exists various reasons that a state
court might not expressly discuss a federal claim that it considered on the merits, including when
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“a line of state precedent is viewed as fully incorporating a related federal constitutional right;”
when the state court does not “regard a fleeting reference to a provision of the Federal Constitution
or federal precedent as sufficient to raise a separate federal claim;” and when “a state court may
simply regard a claim as too insubstantial to merit discussion.” Id. at 1094-95. However, though
the Richter presumption is “a strong one,” it may be overcome in unusual circumstances, such as
when the federal claim was rejected out of “sheer inadvertence.” Id. at 1096-97.
Though Lint argues that the Michigan state courts did not adjudicate his claims on the merits,
the Macomb County Circuit Court expressly characterized its rulings differently. In discussing
Lint’s claim that his counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate, the court stated that Lint’s
argument “wholly lacks merit” and “is, at best, specious,” and “failed to establish an entitlement to
a new trial.” [R. 6-16 at 1171, 1173]. Thus, the state court expressly indicated that it was evaluating
Lint’s claims on the merits.
Further, the court’s citation of state law in its analysis sufficiently incorporates the federal
standard. See Johnson, 133 S. Ct. at 1094. The state circuit court characterized the two-part
ineffective assistance of counsel test as follows: “First, the defense counsel must perform at least
as well as a lawyer with ordinary training and skill in the criminal law. Second, even though the
first test is satisfied, counsel must not make a serious mistake but for which the defendant would
have a reasonably likely chance of acquittal.” [R. 6-16 at 1170]. The state circuit court also noted
that the trial counsel enjoyed the presumption of effective representation, and the burden is on the
defendant to make a showing of ineffectiveness. Though the Supreme Court of Michigan has
characterized this iteration of the test as more protective of defendants than the Strickland standard,
in that a defendant need only demonstrate the prejudice prong for relief, it fully incorporates the
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federal standard.2 That is to say, if the state court could not find Lint’s counsel ineffective under the
Garcia test, it would by definition be unable to do so under Strickland. As the applied state standard
“is viewed as fully incorporating a related federal constitutional right,” the Macomb County Circuit
Court did not need to cite directly to Strickland to conduct an adjudication on the merits for the
purposes of § 2254(d)(1). Johnson, 133 S. Ct. 1094; see Richter, 131 S. Ct. at 784. Thus, the state
court having considered this claim on the merits, its decision must be afforded AEDPA deference.
When viewed through the deferential lens of the AEDPA, the Macomb County Circuit
Court’s analysis is not contrary to nor an unreasonable application of the first prong of Strickland.
In the context of the deficiency component of the Strickland analysis, “strategic choices made after
thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. It is clear from the record that Lint’s trial counsel was aware of
photographs of the Lint apartment and the police report, but made a strategic choice to argue against
their admission, likely because they contained evidence that he calculated as being more harmful
than favorable. The trial court’s refusal to second guess these decisions in hindsight is in line with
Strickland.
2 In People v. Pickens, the Michigan Supreme Court found that the test applied by the circuit
court here provided for more protection for defendants than Strickland, allowing a finding of
ineffective assistance of counsel even if counsel’s performance did not prejudice the defendant. 521
N.W.2d 797, 809-10 (Mich. 1994). In Pickens, the Michigan Supreme Court held that, as was
already the case with the deficient performance prong, the prejudice prong of the Garcia test was
to be applied in a manner that is consistent with the federal standard in Strickland. Id.; see also
People v. Kevorkian, 639 N.W.2d 291, 324 (Mich. 2001). This court has recognized the ineffective
assistance of counsel analysis that is generally applied by the Michigan state courts is now
essentially the same as the deficiency and prejudice analysis mandated by Strickland. Ballinger v.
Prelesnik, 709 F.3d 558, 561 (6th Cir. 2013).
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“[S]trategic choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to
the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91. Counsel has a “duty to make reasonable investigations or to make
a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.” Id. at 91. An attorney’s
decision not to investigate must be directly assessed for “reasonableness in all circumstances,
applying a heavy measure of deference to counsel’s judgment.” Id. It was reasonable under this
standard for the state court to find that Lint’s counsel, having already secured two family witnesses
to impeach the credibility of Maja Lint, did not perform deficiently when he determined that the
testimony of Lint’s sister and parents, none of whom was at the apartment at the time of the incident
and all of whom would appear obviously biased before the jury, would be insufficiently helpful to
merit further investigation or introduction at trial. This is especially true considering that the subject
of their alleged testimony would have been cumulative or of little exculpatory value for Lint. Lint’s
counsel had already cross-examined Maja Lint about her inconsistent statement relative to the
window blinds. Also, whether or not Lint’s family members could have testified that the phone cord
was not cut, does not foreclose the possibility that Lint deceived Maja into believing that it was.
Likewise, the fact that phone calls were made from the Lint home does not show that Maja Lint
could freely make calls during the time that she was supposedly captured, only that calls were made.
The state court’s decision that Lint’s counsel was not deficient for failing to introduce or investigate
this testimonial and documentary evidence is not objectively unreasonable.
Though Lint’s failure to carry his burden on the first component of the Strickland test
forecloses habeas relief on this ground, the state court’s decision that Lint was in any event not
prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to investigate the previously mentioned evidence was not
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unreasonable. As has been stated, the evidence cited by Lint was largely cumulative, irrelevant, or
even harmful to his case. Even if his parents and sister would have testified that his phone line was
not cut and that there were blinds on the windows, and even if Lint had introduced into evidence his
phone records, pictures of his home, and the police report, the chance that a jury would reach a
different outcome, especially in light of the overwhelming evidence against him, is not “substantial,”
which is required for Lint to meet his burden under the second component of Strickland. Richter,
131 S. Ct. at 792.
2
Lint’s second claim is that his counsel was ineffective under the Strickland standard for
failing to object to jury instructions for kidnapping by secret confinement. Specifically, Lint claims
that the jury was instructed on secret confinement even though that was “a theory of criminal
conduct that was absent from Mr. Lint’s criminal information and complaint.” As a result of his
counsel’s failure, Lint argues that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation against him.
Unlike the previous claim, this ground for ineffective assistance of counsel was raised in the
direct appeal, but not the motion for post-conviction relief. The last reasoned state-court opinion
in which this claim was discussed is the decision of the Michigan Court of Appeals, which
considered Lint’s direct appeal of his conviction. See Ylst, 501 U.S. at 804; Guilmette, 624 F.3d at
291-92. Contrary to Lint’s contention, the Michigan Court of Appeals considered this claim on the
merits. The court not only expressly stated that Lint’s argument had no merit, but also applied a
state law standard for ineffective assistance of counsel that essentially mirrors the one set forth in
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Strickland.3 See Johnson, 133 S. Ct. at 1094. Thus, AEDPA deference applies and the relevant
inquiry is whether the district court correctly determined that the Michigan state court’s decision was
not contrary to or an unreasonable application of Strickland.
The felony information charges Lint with kidnapping, stating that he “did willfully,
maliciously and without lawful authority forcibly confine Maja Lint within her will; contrary to
MCL 750.349.” At the time that Lint was charged, the Michigan kidnapping statute, MCL 750.430,
stated as follows:
Section 349. Confining person against will, etc.—Any person who willfully,
maliciously and without lawful authority shall forcibly or secretly confine or
imprison any other person within this state against his will, or shall forcibly carry or
send such person out of this state, or shall forcibly seize or confine, or shall inveigle
or kidnap any other person with intent to extort money or other valuable thing
thereby or with intent either to cause such person to be secretly confined or
imprisoned in this state against his will, or in any way held to service against his will,
shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for life or
for any term of years.
M ICH . COMP . LAWS § 750.349. At the conclusion of Lint’s trial, pursuant to CJI 12d 19.4,
Michigan’s standard jury instruction for “Kidnapping; Secret Confinement of a Victim,” the trial
judge instructed the jury to find Lint guilty if it found the State had sufficiently proven the following
elements: (1) the defendant forcibly confined the victim against her will; (2) the defendant was
without legal authority to confine the victim; (3) the defendant kept the victim’s location a secret;
(4) the defendant intended that the victim’s confinement be a secret; and (5) the defendant acted
willfully and maliciously.
3 The Michigan Court of Appeals directly cited to the previously referenced case of People
v. Pickens, 521 N.W.2d 797 (Mich. 1994), in which the court articulates the state ineffective
assistance of counsel analysis, which sufficiently incorporates the Strickland standard. See Ballinger,
709 F.3d at 561.
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The Michigan Court of Appeals expressly found that the jury instructions were sufficient
under state law in light of the language of the charging document and the relevant statute. The
reasons for this finding are largely immaterial to this proceeding. “[A] state court’s interpretation
of state law, including one announced on direct appeal of the challenged conviction, binds a federal
court sitting in habeas corpus.” Bradshaw v. Richey, 546 U.S. 74, 76 (2005) (citing Estelle v.
McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67–68 (1991)); Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 691 (1975)). This court
has previously stated, “[p]rinciples of comity require federal courts to defer to a state court judgment
on the issues of state law.” Israfil v. Russell, 276 F.3d 768, 771 (2001)(citing Engle v. Isaac, 456
U.S. 107, 128-29 (1982)).
Though the reasons that the Michigan Court of Appeals found its jury instruction adequately
reflected the state law and corresponding state charges might be immaterial, the fact that it made
such a finding is relevant to this analysis. The Michigan Court of Appeals reviewed the secret
confinement jury instruction and found that in light of the state statute and interpreting state case
law, the instruction approximately reflected the crime charged. Specifically, the Michigan Court
of Appeals found that “[t]he instructions fairly presented the issues and protected Lint’s rights.”
People v. Lint, No. 256743, 2005 WL 3179637 at *9 (Mich. Ct. App. Nov. 29, 2005). Additionally,
citing its precedent, the court expressly held that, “the instructions properly included the elements
of the crime of kidnapping and did not exclude consideration of the material issues, defenses, or
theories for which there was supporting evidence.” Id. at *10. If this was the understood state of the
law on kidnapping in Michigan, as represented by the Michigan Court of Appeals, it can hardly be
said that a defense counsel’s failure to object to the jury instructions is unreasonable. As the state
court concluded, Lint’s counsel was “not required to advocate a meritless position.” Id.
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Further, it is not as though the State kept its theory of secret confinement hidden in the
weeds, waiting to spring it on Lint at the charge conference, after which he would have had no
opportunity to attack that accusation. The Michigan Court of Appeals found that the prosecutor had
made his theory clear at the preliminary hearing, the opening argument, and the closing argument.
Included in this theory was that Lint used multiple methods to restrain Maja, that he tied her up in
the apartment and forbade her from leaving, and that he kept her location and confinement a secret.
When Lint and his counsel had continued through the course of an entire trial in which the
prosecutor had made his theory clear, it is difficult to conceive that the trial court would have been
receptive to an objection that Lint was without notice that this instruction would be proposed by the
prosecution. As stated by the Michigan Court of Appeals, “the parties knew at all times that the
kidnapping charge was based on a theory of secret confinement.” Id. Therefore, the decision of the
Michigan Court of Appeals that Lint’s counsel was not ineffective for failing to object on Sixth
Amendment grounds to the secret kidnapping jury instruction is not contrary to or an unreasonable
application of the clearly established federal law set forth in Strickland.
3
Lint’s third claim is that his counsel was ineffective under the Strickland standard for failing
to communicate a plea offer from the prosecutor. Specifically, Lint submits affidavits from his
mother and father, each of which states that the defense attorney, James Hoare, told them that he had
rejected a plea offer without communicating it to Lint. Lint also submits an affidavit in which he
alleges that after trial, Hoare told him about a plea offer which he unilaterally rejected without first
communicating with Lint. Though the affidavits of his parents do not reveal the terms of the plea
deal, Lint’s affidavit identifies the rejected plea offer to have been for a sentence of 48-96 months.
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This is in contrast to Lint’s actual sentence, which was for 210 months and 40-60 months to be
served concurrently.
The last reasoned analysis of this claim was in the opinion of the Macomb County Circuit
Court, which denied Lint’s motion for relief from judgment. See Ylst, 501 U.S. at 804; Guilmette
624 F.3d at 291-92. As previously discussed, the court’s decision expressly stated that it was
undertaking review on the merits, and the state standard for ineffective assistance of counsel that it
applied sufficiently encompassed Strickland. However, in the context of this claim, Lint also argues
that the opinion of the Macomb County Circuit Court cannot be considered a decision on the merits
for AEDPA purposes because the state court failed to fully develop the factual record by refusing
to grant Lint the evidentiary hearing that he requested. For this proposition, Lint cites this court’s
decision in Brown v. Smith, 551 F.3d 424 (6th Cir. 2008). In Brown, this court stated “whenever
new, substantial evidence supporting a habeas claim comes to light during the proceedings in federal
district court,” AEDPA deference is not appropriate because, “the state courts could not have made
a proper determination on the merits.” Id. at 429 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
As a result, this court concluded, “the absence of the counseling records before the Michigan Court
of Appeals (through no fault of Brown’s), combined with that court’s explicit statement that its
review was ‘limited to mistakes apparent on the record,’ means that there is no relevant state court
adjudication to which this court can defer.” Id. at 429-30. As a result, this court refused to apply
AEDPA deference, and instead reviewed the claims de novo.
Several factors render Brown inapplicable here. First, as this court has recently recognized,
intervening decisions of the United States Supreme Court have called into question the continued
validity of Brown. In Ballinger, this court stated as follows:
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In Brown, we concluded that the state court had not issued a decision on the merits
because highly relevant documents were absent from the trial court record. To the
extent that Brown is inconsistent with Harrington’s definition of “on the merits,”
however, it is no longer the law. It is now clear that a state-court adjudication, even
when unaccompanied by an explanation, is presumed to be on the merits and is to be
reviewed through the deferential lens of § 2254(d).
709 F.3d at 561-62. (internal citations omitted).
Further, unlike Brown, Lint did develop a record that the state courts actually reviewed. On
his collateral appeal to the Macomb County Circuit Court, Lint submitted the evidence that he had
to support his claim that his counsel had failed to communicate a plea offer to him. This included
his own affidavit, as well as affidavits from his mother and father. He seems to have proposed no
additional evidence that he might introduce or develop at a hearing, nor does it appear from his
briefs that he could have produced such evidence. The state court expressly considered the
affidavits Lint submitted relative to this claim and found that no evidentiary hearing was necessary
and that Lint had not successfully shown a plea offer had been extended that was not communicated
to him. Therefore, even if the Richter presumption had not likely rendered inapplicable the rule in
Brown, the nature of the evidentiary record distinguishes Lint’s case. The absence of an evidentiary
hearing at the state court level does not change the fact that the Macomb County Circuit Court
considered this claim on the merits, and that its decision should be afforded the required AEDPA
deference.
In considering the substance of Lint’s argument, “the two-part Strickland v. Washington test
applies to challenges to guilty pleas based on ineffective assistance of counsel.” Hill v. Lockhart,
474 U.S. 52, 58 (1985). A petitioner satisfies the deficient performance component if he can prove
“that the government extended a plea offer that [his counsel] failed to communicate to him.”
Guerrero v. United States, 383 F.3d 409, 416 (6th Cir. 2004). To satisfy the prejudice component,
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“defendants must demonstrate a reasonable probability they would have accepted the earlier plea
offer had they been afforded effective assistance of counsel.” Missouri v. Frye, 132 S. Ct. 1399,
1409 (2012).
The Macomb County Circuit Court recognized that the failure to advise a client of a plea
offer was an appropriate ground for finding ineffective assistance of counsel. In addition, though
brief, the Macomb County Circuit Court’s analysis of what constitutes deficient performance of
counsel is essentially the same as the standard employed by this court in Guerrero. Specifically, the
circuit court found that, in order to receive relief from the prior judgment, the petitioner must prove,
“that a plea offer was made and his counsel failed to communicate it to him.” [R. 6-16 at 1173].
Lint is critical of the state court’s focus on state evidence law, but it is a reasonable inference
that the Macomb County Circuit Court is merely using evidence law as a mechanism to evaluate
whether petitioner has carried his burden in proving that a plea offer was made and then not
communicated to Lint. The evidence that Lint had placed into the record included three affidavits.
The first two were from his parents, each of whom indicated that the defense attorney had stated
during trial that he had received a plea offer from the prosecutor. Neither of these claimed to know
the length of the sentence range contained in the offer because, in the words of Lint’s mother,
“Attorney Hoare said that we did not want to hear what the offer was.” Lint also submits his own
affidavit, in which he claims that he called his attorney after the conclusion of trial and only then
did Hoare tell him that he had rejected a plea offer without first consulting with Lint. Lint claims
his attorney said that the plea offer was a sentencing minimum of 48-96 months. The Macomb
County Circuit Court classified this evidence as “rank hearsay” because “each affiant is relying on
what trial defense counsel allegedly said the prosecutor stated.” [R. 6-16 at 1173]. The state circuit
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court found that the evidence that a plea offer was extended and not communicated to Lint was
unpersuasive and insufficient to merit a new trial on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel.
This is not an unreasonable conclusion. The only evidence that Lint has to support this claim
is his own statement and the statement of his parents, containing information that they received
second hand. The power of this evidence is not only diluted by the fact that it is hearsay, but also
because of the obvious bias of his parents’ affidavit and the self-serving nature of his own. As
discussed, Lint has proposed no additional evidence that he might introduce or develop at a hearing,
nor does it appear from his briefs that he could have produced such evidence.4 Moreover, as noted
by the State, the wide variation between the alleged plea offer and the amount Lint actually received
upon conviction, even having been acquitted on two counts, somewhat reduces the persuasiveness
of the evidence Lint has presented.
In short, the Macomb County Circuit Court correctly recognized that in order to maintain
a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel on the basis of a plea agreement, Lint must first
demonstrate that a plea offer was made and that his counsel failed to communicate it to him. The
court’s decision that he failed in making that showing was not contrary to or an unreasonable
application of clearly established federal law so as to warrant habeas relief under the deferential
standard of the AEDPA.
4 Importantly, Lint did not submit an affidavit of his defense counsel.
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4
Finally, Lint argues that the federal district court abused its discretion by failing to grant an
evidentiary hearing to allow him to further develop his claim for ineffective assistance of counsel.
“This court reviews a district court's decision whether to hold an evidentiary hearing for an abuse
of discretion.” Hodges v. Colson, 711 F.3d 589, 613 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Vroman v. Brigano,
346 F.3d 598, 606 (6th Cir. 2003)).
The Supreme Court has recently limited the circumstances under which federal district courts
may hold an evidentiary hearing in the context of 28 U.S.C. § 2254. In Cullen v. Pinholster, the
Supreme Court held that, based on the “backward-looking language” of the statute, “review under
§ 2254(d)(1) is limited to the record that was before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the
merits.” 131 S. Ct. at 1398-99; see also Ballinger, 709 F.3d at 561 (“[D]istrict courts are precluded
from conducting evidentiary hearings to supplement existing state court records when a state court
has issued a decision on the merits with respect to the claim at issue.”).
As has already been discussed in detail, the state courts of Michigan adjudicated each of
Lint’s claims on the merits. Pursuant to § 2254(d)(1) and the Supreme Court’s decision in
Pinholster, the district court’s review was limited to the record that was before the state court.
Therefore, “[i]t was a reasonable exercise of the district court’s discretion to deny an evidentiary
hearing on the claim, because any evidence introduced would be ‘irrelevant’ and ‘have no bearing
on § 2254(d)(1) review’ in any event.” Hodges, 711 F.3d at 613 (quoting Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. at
1400).
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III
Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, the district court’s decision denying Lint’s petition
for writ of habeas corpus is AFFIRMED.
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