Larry W. Garner v. the Northern District of Ohio Marcia F. Lambert, O P I N I O N

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0624n.06
No. 08-3930
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
LARRY W. GARNER, )
)
Petitioner-Appellant, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
)) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v. ) THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
) OHIO
MARCIA F. LAMBERT, )
) O P I N I O N
Respondent-Appellee. )
)
__________________________________________)
Before: MERRITT, COOK, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
WHITE, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Larry Garner, an Ohio firearms auctioneer, seeks
reversal of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives’s (ATF) revocation of his
federal firearms license (FFL). Garner filed a petition for review with the Northern District of Ohio,
which granted summary judgment for respondent Marcia Lambert, the Director of Industry
Operations for the ATF’s Columbus Field Division. Garner appeals, and we AFFIRM.
I
Garner was originally issued his federal firearms license in 1982. As a firearms licensee, he
was required by the Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA), as amended, to comply with a number of
record-keeping requirements administered by the ATF. See 18 U.S.C. § 923. In accordance with
the GCA and the applicable regulations, Garner was also subject to regular compliance inspections
of his premises.

-- 1 of 14 --

Form 4473 is a transaction record that licensees are required to keep “to verify that all1
over-the-counter transactions involve qualified purchasers.” Armalite, Inc. v. Lambert, 544 F.3d
644, 645 (6th Cir. 2008); see 27 C.F.R. § 478.124.
2
In April 1995, the ATF inspected Garner’s premises and cited him for three types of
violations, including eight instances of failing to properly complete ATF Form 4473 prior to
disposition of a firearm. The Report of Violations (ROV), which contained Garner’s signature1
acknowledging receipt, included instructions for corrective action for each cited violation. A
subsequent inspection in November 1996 found no violations. However, the ATF conducted another
inspection in May 2002, after which another ROV was issued citing Garner for seven violations,
including failure to properly complete Form 4473 and failure to maintain required records at the
licensed premises. After the inspection, Garner signed a statement acknowledging that the pertinent
GCA regulations were “thoroughly explained” to him by the ATF inspector and “any questions . .
. were answered.” A warning letter was subsequently sent to Garner by certified mail, informing him
that repeat violations of those found at the May 2002 inspection “will be viewed as willful, and may
result in the revocation of your license.”
The ATF conducted its next inspection in April 2004. This inspection revealed several
violations, including the failure to execute a Form 4473 before a firearms transaction, the failure to
accurately complete Form 4473s in 213 out of the 436 reviewed forms, and the failure to document
all information in the Acquisition and Disposition Record (A&D Record). In February 2005, the
ATF sent another warning letter to Garner, which included a copy of the ROV that was issued at the
time of the April 2004 inspection. The letter stated that “[a]s a result of the recently cited violations,
it is important that we have a meeting with you to discuss the violations found.” According to the
letter, the meeting would include discussions of the reasons for the violations, the applicable legal

-- 2 of 14 --

3
requirements, and the steps to be taken to ensure Garner’s future compliance. The ATF reminded
Garner of the importance of complying with the GCA and applicable regulations, and stated that
“[a]ny violations, either repeat or otherwise, could be viewed as willful and may result in the
revocation of [his] license.” A meeting was held in March 2005, at which the April 2004 citations
were discussed. In a letter memorializing the meeting, the ATF again informed Garner that future
violations could be viewed as willful and could result in license revocation, and that he should
anticipate a further inspection in order to ensure his compliance.
The ATF conducted another inspection in 2006, and on May 4, 2006, another ROV was
issued. This time, the ATF issued a Notice of Revocation of Garner’s license. This Notice of
Revocation contained six counts alleging willful violations of the GCA and applicable regulations;
each count alleged repeat violations. For example, Count III alleged that the serial numbers in the
A&D Record did not match the serial numbers on the Form 4473 in three instances of the twelve
firearms transferred to an individual on September 17, 2005. This was alleged to be a repeat
violation from April 2004, May 2002, and April 1995. Count VI alleged that Garner transferred two
handguns to one non-licensee and three handguns to another non-licensee on January 1, 2005
without submitting or attaching the required ATF Form 3310.4 (Report of Multiple Sale). This was
alleged to be a repeat violation from May 2002.
Garner, acting through counsel, requested an administrative hearing, which was held on June
26, 2007. The hearing officer found that each of the six counts alleged in the Notice of Revocation
were proven, and that they were willful. The hearing officer determined that Garner “does seem
plainly indifferent to his responsibilities under the Gun Control Act,” and opined that there were
“very few occasions where a Federal firearms licensee has had the benefit of so many opportunities

-- 3 of 14 --

18 U.S.C. § 923(f)(3) provides in pertinent part: “The aggrieved party may at any time2
within sixty days after the date notice was given under this paragraph file a petition with the United
States district court for the district in which he resides or has his principal place of business for a de
novo judicial review of such denial or revocation. In a proceeding conducted under this subsection,
the court may consider any evidence submitted by the parties to the proceeding whether or not such
evidence was considered at the hearing held” to review the revocation.
Garner separately filed a motion for declaratory relief requesting that his license’s revocation3
be stayed pending judicial review, which respondent opposed and the district court denied.
4
for improvement as has Mr. Garner.” Following the hearing, the ATF served Garner with a Final
Notice of Revocation, which set out the six statutory and regulatory violations and concluded that
“the record in this case demonstrates that [Garner] is familiar with the requirements imposed upon
Federal firearms licensees” and that he “has been plainly indifferent to, or has acted in purposeful
disregard of, these requirements.”
Garner filed a petition for de novo judicial review of the revocation of his license pursuant
to 18 U.S.C. § 923(f)(3). He contested the ATF’s conclusions that he willfully violated applicable2
laws and regulations as to each of the six counts. Garner acknowledged the errors alleged in Counts
III and VI but contended that such violations were “inadvertent, technical record-keeping errors
which were not knowing or reckless.” Garner also contended that the ATF unlawfully seized his
Form 4473s, which formed the basis of Counts I-III, and that this evidence was therefore
inadmissible.3
Lambert, as respondent, filed a motion for summary judgment arguing that the undisputed
material facts established that Garner willfully violated the licensing provisions of the GCA. In
response, Garner maintained that the seizure of the Form 4473s was unlawful and that he did not
willfully violate any statute or regulation. On May 22, 2008, the district court granted Lambert’s
motion for summary judgment. Garner v. Lambert, 558 F. Supp. 2d 794 (N.D. Ohio 2008). The

-- 4 of 14 --

The district court did not address the violations alleged in the other counts.4
18 U.S.C. § 923(g)(1)(B)(ii)(I) provides for the inspection or examination of the inventory5
and records of a licensed firearms dealer, without reasonable cause or a warrant, “for ensuring
compliance with the record keeping requirements of this chapter . . . not more than once during any
12-month period.” 18 U.S.C. § 923(g)(1)(D) states in part:
At the election of a licensed collector, the annual inspection of records and inventory
5
court held that the Form 4473s were seized lawfully and were admissible, that Garner was aware of
his legal obligations under the GCA, and that he willfully failed to comply with the violations
alleged in Counts III and VI. The court entered judgment affirming the ATF’s Final Notice of4
Revocation and ordered that Garner’s FFL be revoked. Garner appeals.
II
A federal court reviewing the government’s revocation of a federal firearms license may grant
summary judgment “if no genuine issue of material fact exists about whether [the licensee] willfully
violated an applicable statutory or regulatory provision.” Armalite, 544 F.3d at 647. We review de
novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment. Int’l Union v. Cummins, Inc., 434 F.3d 478, 483
(6th Cir. 2006). Factual evidence is to be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party
and all reasonable inferences must be construed in that party’s favor. See Henderson v. Walled Lake
Consol. Sch., 469 F.3d 479, 487 (6th Cir. 2006).
A.
Garner argues as a threshold matter that the ATF’s 2006 seizure of all his Form 4473s, which
constitute the evidence on which Counts I-III were based, was unlawful because the ATF inspector
did not review all the Form 4473s at Garner’s premises but rather seized the 4473s that he might
want to look at, took them to his office to review, and returned them to Garner a week later. Garner
contends that such a seizure was not in accordance with the statute, and that the records were5

-- 5 of 14 --

permitted under this paragraph shall be performed at the office of the Attorney
General designated for such inspections which is located in closest proximity to the
premises where the inventory and records of such licensed collector are maintained.
The inspection and examination authorized by this paragraph shall not be construed
as authorizing the Attorney General to seize any records or other documents other
than those records or documents constituting material evidence of a violation of law.
If the Attorney General seizes such records or documents, copies shall be provided
the licensee within a reasonable time.
(Emphasis added.) The provision allowing only the seizure of records and documents “constituting
material evidence of a violation of law” was not in the Gun Control Act of 1968 when it was
enacted, but was added by Congress in 1986 when it enacted the Firearms Owners’ Protection Act
(FOPA), Pub. L. No. 99-308, 100 Stat. 449 (1986). See David T. Hardy, The Firearms Owners’
Protection Act: A Historical and Legal Perspective, 17 Cumb. L. Rev. 585, 655 (1986/1987).
Noting the first sentence of this subparagraph, the district court determined that the provision6
restricting the seizure of records and documents in § 923(g)(1)(D) applies only to “licensed
collectors,” and thus did not apply to Garner, a licensed dealer.
Respondent claims that Garner consented to the ATF’s seizure of the 4473s; Garner7
disagrees. Whether there is valid consent is a fact-specific inquiry and is to be determined by
considering the totality of the circumstances. United States v. Carter, 378 F.3d 584, 587 (6th Cir.
2004) (en banc). “While we review the determination of the ultimate question of whether there was
consent de novo, we must afford due weight to the factual inferences and credibility determinations
made by the district court.” United States v. Moon, 513 F.3d 527, 536 (6th Cir. 2008). Here, the
district court expressly did not decide whether Garner consented to the seizure of the records. See
Garner, 558 F. Supp. 2d at 802. We do not decide this question either, though we note that there
was no objection when the 4473s were removed, nor is there any indication in the record that the
inspector was not acting in good faith when he removed them.
6
therefore inadmissible. The district court rejected this argument, ruling that the seizure comported
with the applicable statute, and that even if it did not, the records were still admissible.6 7

-- 6 of 14 --

The Supreme Court has observed that “Congress ordinarily adheres to a hierarchical scheme8
in subdividing statutory sections” under which, “[t]o the maximum extent practicable,” paragraphs
are subdivided starting with “(1)” and subparagraphs are subdivided starting with “(A).” Koons
Buick Pontiac GMC, Inc. v. Nigh, 543 U.S. 50, 60-61 (2004). If this scheme is applied, the
“paragraph” referred to in § 923(g)(1)(D) is § 923(g)(1), which includes § 923(g)(1)(B)(ii). The
drafting history of this paragraph supports the interpretation that this sentence applies to dealers. See
Stephen P. Halbrook, Firearms Law Deskbook § 3:9 (2008) (observing that § 923(g)(1) appeared
as one long paragraph without any subparagraphs in an earlier version of the proposed legislation).
And, the ATF’s own regulation indicates that this provision also applies to inspections and
examinations of a licensed dealer’s premises. See 27 C.F.R. § 478.23(d).
7
While there is support for Garner’s view of the statute, we need not decide the issue because8
even if the inspector’s seizure of the 4473s to examine them off-site was contrary to § 923(g)(1)(D),
it does not follow that the 4473s should have been excluded. In United States v. Biswell, 406 U.S.
311 (1972), the Supreme Court observed that “[i]t is . . . plain that inspections for compliance with
the Gun Control Act pose only limited threats to the dealer’s justifiable expectations of privacy.”
Id. at 316; cf. United States v. Acklen, 690 F.2d 70, 75 (6th Cir. 1982) (citing Biswell and holding
that the pharmaceutical industry, like the firearms industry, is a pervasively regulated industry, and
that “consequently pharmacists and distributors subject to the Controlled Substances Act have a
reduced expectation of privacy in the records kept in compliance with the Act”). Garner’s
expectation of privacy in these 4473s was necessarily reduced. These are ATF forms that the GCA
requires licensed firearms dealers to maintain solely for the government’s benefit, and that are
subject to ATF inspection. See Armalite, 544 F.3d at 645; 27 C.F.R. § 478.124. There is no
question that the inspector was lawfully on the premises and that he lawfully inspected Garner’s ATF
records. Under such circumstances, these Form 4473s were properly considered in the
administrative proceeding and by the district court.

-- 7 of 14 --

8
B.
Having disposed of the evidentiary issue, we next determine whether Garner willfully
violated the firearms laws and regulations. “The Attorney General may, after notice and opportunity
for hearing, revoke any license issued under this section if the holder of such license has willfully
violated any provision of this chapter or any rule or regulation prescribed by the Attorney General
under this chapter . . . .” 18 U.S.C. § 923(e) (emphasis added). Because the government may revoke
a license if a licensee willfully violates “any” such provision, rule, or regulation, “a single willful
violation . . . suffices to revoke a firearms license.” Armalite, 544 F.3d at 647. The ATF sustained
six counts alleging Garner’s willfully violating the GCA and applicable regulations. The district
court only addressed two of these counts—Counts III and VI—and concluded, after conducting the
required de novo review, that the ATF’s decision revoking Garner’s federal firearms license pursuant
to each of the counts was authorized.
1.
Garner initially argues that the district court used an incorrect legal standard for willfulness.
The district court relied in large part on this court’s prior explanation of the willfulness requirement
in Appalachian Resources Development Corp. v. McCabe, 387 F.3d 461 (6th Cir. 2004). Subsequent
to our Appalachian Resources decision, the Supreme Court construed the term “willfully” as used
in another statute, see Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burr, 551 U.S. 47, 56-60 (2007), and Garner
unsuccessfully argued to the district court that Safeco’s definition of “willfully” constituted an
implicit overruling of Appalachian Resources and should govern. After the district court’s decision,
we decided Armalite, Inc. v. Lambert, which specifically analyzed the effect of Safeco on
Appalachian Resources. See Armalite, 544 F.3d at 647-49. Garner argues on appeal that Armalite

-- 8 of 14 --

9
adopted Safeco’s willfulness requirement and diverged from Appalachian Resources. Respondent
contends that Armalite only “clarified the willfulness standard as set out in Appalachian
Res[ources], but did not discard it.”
In Armalite, we discussed the GCA’s willfulness requirement as it had been construed in
Appalachian Resources:
In Appalachian Resources, this court defined “willful” violations of the GCA in this
way: “[W]here a licensee understands his or her legal obligations under the GCA, yet
fails to abide by those obligations, his or her license can be denied or revoked on the
basis that the dealer ‘willfully’ violated the GCA.” 387 F.3d at 464. What this
articulation of the standard leaves unclear is whether the “understand[ing]” that the
licensee must have of its obligations under the GCA suffices by itself to establish the
requisite mens rea for a violation or whether the violation itself still must be
committed intentionally, knowingly or recklessly. One possibility is this: a dealer
violates the statute when it (1) knows what its legal obligations are and (2) fails to
comply with those obligations, whether that failure to comply was intentional,
reckless or negligent. The other possibility is this: a dealer violates the statute when,
with knowledge of what the law requires, it intentionally or knowingly violates the
GCA's requirements or acts with plain indifference to them (i.e. recklessly violates
them).
Id. at 647. Armalite clarified that “[w]e embrace the second interpretation.” Id. It noted that this
interpretation is consistent with the other circuit courts to have considered the issue—that “each of
them has held that a willful violation of the GCA requires a deliberate, knowing or reckless violation
of its requirements,” and that not one has held “that a negligent violation of the statute suffices to
establish a cognizable GCA violation.” See id. at 647-48 (discussing cases).
Significantly, we observed in Armalite that “nothing in Appalachian Resources indicates that
the panel meant to break from this consensus” existing throughout the circuits. Id. at 648. As for
Safeco’s impact, we determined that
in defining willful violations of the GCA, Appalachian Resources did not signal that
it was breaking from the background principle against which Congress enacted the

-- 9 of 14 --

10
statute—namely the “standard civil usage” of the word “willfully.” Safeco Ins. Co.
of Am. v. Burr, [551 U.S. 47,] 127 S. Ct. 2201, 2209 (2007). “[W]here willfulness
is a statutory condition of civil liability, [the Supreme Court has] generally taken it
to cover not only knowing violations of a standard, but reckless ones as well.” Id. at
2208. Appalachian Resources offers no indication that it meant to deviate from this
classic definition of willfulness (and to sweep negligent violations of the statute
within its coverage), and nothing in the statute offers any basis for thinking that
Congress meant to do so either.
Armalite, 544 F.3d at 648. “In resolving this ambiguity in Appalachian Resources,” we concluded
that “the court did not mean to announce a new standard of willfulness . . . . A dealer ‘willfully’
violates the GCA when it intentionally, knowingly or recklessly violates known legal requirements.”
Id. Armalite lifted some fog that might have obscured Appalachian Resources’s “willfulness”
requirement by making clear that Appalachian Resources is consistent with Safeco and with the
cases from other circuits on which it had relied. Armalite did not say, as Garner contends, that
Appalachian Resources is no longer good law.
As for the district court’s application of the willfulness requirement in the instant case, the
court could have been more precise at certain points of its discussion. To the extent the court did
not make clear that negligence is insufficient to show willfulness, we reject its analysis. See Garner,
558 F. Supp. 2d at 804 (“Where, as here, the licensee admits that he understood his obligations and
that he failed to abide by those obligations by committing the violation in question, the Court must
find that he acted willfully.”); cf. Armalite, 544 F.3d at 647 (noting that “the violation itself . . . must
be committed intentionally, knowingly or recklessly,” and rejecting the interpretation that a willful
violation of the statute can be shown simply where a dealer “(1) knows what its legal obligations are
and (2) fails to comply with those obligations”). Because the district court ultimately determined
that Garner “acted with plain indifference to his obligations under the GCA, obligations of which

-- 10 of 14 --

This subparagraph provides in pertinent part that “[e]ach licensed importer, licensed9
manufacturer, and licensed dealer shall maintain such records of importation, production, shipment,
receipt, sale, or other disposition of firearms at his place of business for such period, and in such
form, as the Attorney General may by regulations prescribe.”
This portion of the regulation states that “[t]he licensee shall identify the firearm to be10
transferred by listing on the Form 4473 the name of the manufacturer, the name of the importer (if
any), the type, model, caliber or gauge, and the serial number of the firearm.”
11
he was fully and completely cognizant,” Garner, 558 F. Supp. 2d at 805, we are satisfied that the
willfulness standard employed by the district court in considering the allegations contained in Count
III was ultimately consistent with Armalite.
2.
We now review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment based on its
conclusion that Garner willfully violated federal firearms statutes and regulations as alleged in Count
III. As to this count, the district court agreed with the ATF’s determination that Garner willfully
violated 18 U.S.C. § 923(g)(1)(A) and 27 C.F.R. § 478.124(c)(4) by incorrectly recording9 10
firearms’ serial numbers on Form 4473s in three instances out of the twelve firearms transferred to
one individual on September 17, 2005.
Based on our review of the record, we agree with the district court that Garner was “plainly
indifferent to his obligations under the GCA, and therefore his violations were willful.” Garner, 558
F. Supp. 2d at 806. The facts readily reveal Garner’s plain indifference to his legal responsibilities
to complete the 4473s properly. Garner was cited for a long string of violations involving his 4473s,
stretching back more than ten years. Each time the ATF cited him, it attempted to impress upon him
the importance of full compliance with the applicable legal requirements. Even after the ATF

-- 11 of 14 --

The hearing officer found these explanations to “occasionally [be] true,” but that “this does11
not negate the requirement for accurate serial number information to be recorded.”
12
warned him on more than one occasion that he could lose his license if more violations were found,
his violations persisted.
At the administrative hearing, Garner acknowledged the three discrepancies between the
4473s and the A&D Record that were alleged in Count III, but characterized these errors as either
innocent transpositions or due to the difficulty with reading small serial numbers. “It did happen,”11
Garner testified, “but I can find that gun in my office anytime I want it or my wife can because we’ve
got [the serial number] in four different places.” This explanation that there are other sources for
the information has been recognized as “irrelevant.” See Article II Gun Shop, Inc. v. Gonzalez, 441
F.3d 492, 498 (7th Cir. 2006) (“Gun World tries to explain why each of its violations was
immaterial—either because the information sought on a Form could be found on another form or
because it could be discovered by talking to Gun World employees. . . . The revocation provision
applies regardless of whether a firearms dealer’s failure to comply with the Act actually results in
illegal possession or usage of a firearm or an inability to track a firearm that has been sold.”). And
although Garner maintains that most of his 4473s were in compliance, “[p]lain indifference can be
found even where nine times out of ten a licensee acts in accordance with the regulations, if he was
plainly indifferent to the one-in-ten violation.” Am. Arms Int’l v. Herbert, 563 F.3d 78, 87 (4th Cir.
2009).
Garner also testified regarding his general compliance with the applicable legal requirements:
We do everything we can but that doesn’t necessarily mean that somebody
doesn’t overlook something. I mean we do our very, very best but they’re handled
by a lot of people in a short period of time and somebody can overlook a line or
something but we do everything.

-- 12 of 14 --

13
We don’t willful – to me willfully means I intended to do it, ain’t going to do
it, just took a shortcut and handed out the gun, did whatever – we don’t do that,
absolutely not. We may make a mistake but we are not willfully doing anything
wrong.
We recognize that Garner at one point attempted to improve his compliance by hiring additional
part-time help, and we do not doubt that it can be demanding for licensees to comply fully with the
many applicable requirements governing their business. However, the record also reveals Garner’s
pervasive history and tolerance of mistakes. A simple mistake does not on its own constitute
willfulness. See id. (observing that “willfulness . . . does not demand perfection from licensees—it
leaves room for the occasional incident of human error”). But at some point, a series of purported
mistakes may evince a tolerance for errors and thus a plain indifference to the applicable statutory
and regulatory requirements. The Fourth Circuit’s discussion of this point is apt:
To be sure, a single, or even a few, inadvertent errors in failing to complete forms
may not amount to “willful” failures, even when the legal requirement to complete
the forms was known. Yet at some point, when such errors continue or even increase
in the face of repeated warnings given by enforcement officials, accompanied by
explanations of the severity of the failures, one may infer as a matter of law that the
licensee simply does not care about the legal requirements. At that point, the failures
show the licensee’s plain indifference and therefore become willful.
RSM, Inc. v. Herbert, 466 F.3d 316, 322 (4th Cir. 2006) (emphasis in the original); accord Armalite,
544 F.3d at 650 (“At some point, repeated negligence becomes recklessness[.]”). The precise point
at which Garner’s errors demonstrated his plain indifference is unclear, but given Garner’s extensive
history of not fully complying with the legal requirements applicable to his responsibilities to
complete and maintain his Form 4473s, we are satisfied that this point had been reached in 2005
when the violations alleged in Count III took place. The ongoing pattern of errors with regard to

-- 13 of 14 --

Because “a single willful violation . . . suffices to revoke a firearms license,” Armalite, 54412
F.3d at 647, we do not address the charges in the other counts and specifically do not consider the
district court’s discussion of the violations alleged in Count VI.
14
Garner’s 4473s authorized the ATF as a matter of law to revoke Garner’s license based on the willful
violations identified in Count III. See Armalite, 544 F.3d at 650.12
C.
Finally, Garner argues that under 18 U.S.C. § 923(f)(2), the revocation of his license should
have been stayed while his petition for judicial review was pending. Because we affirm the
revocation of his license, this issue is moot. General Store, Inc. v. Van Loan, 560 F.3d 920, 926 (9th
Cir. 2009).
III
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

-- 14 of 14 --