Christopher Pickering v. On Appeal from the Board of Immigration Appeals MICHAEL MUKASEY, ATTORNEY GENERAL

When this court entered its decision on the merits of this appeal, Alberto*
Gonzalez was the Attorney General of the United States. The court has substituted
his successor, Michael Mukasey, in accordance with Rule 43(c)(2) of the Federal
Rules of Appellate Procedure.
The Honorable Walter H. Rice, Senior United States District Judge for the**
Southern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 09a0001n.06
Filed: January 6, 2009
No. 03-3928
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
CHRISTOPHER PICKERING,
Petitioner,
v. On Appeal from the Board
of Immigration Appeals
MICHAEL MUKASEY, ATTORNEY*
GENERAL,
Respondent.
______________________________________
Before: DAUGHTREY and GILMAN, Circuit Judges; and RICE, Senior District**
Judge.
PER CURIAM.
After this court had granted the Petition for Review filed by Petitioner Christopher
Pickering (“Petitioner” or “Pickering”) and reversed the decision of the Board of Immigration
Appeals (“BIA”), which would have led to his removal from the United States (Pickering v.

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Pickering also relies upon 5 U.S.C. § 504 to support his request for an award1
of attorney’s fees. Section 504 is inapplicable, since it permits an administrative
agency to award attorney’s fees incurred by a prevailing, private party in an
administrative adjudication, under the same circumstances as the EAJA.
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Gonzales, 465 F.3d 263 (6th Cir. 2006)), Pickering filed a Petition for an Award of
Attorney’s Fees and Costs under the Equal Access to Justice Act (“EAJA”), 28 U.S.C.
§ 2412. As a means of analysis, we initially examine his request for an award of1
attorney’s fees, before turning to the question of costs.
I. Attorney’s Fees
In pertinent part, the EAJA provides:
Except as otherwise specifically provided by statute, a court shall
award to a prevailing party other than the United States fees and other
expenses ... incurred by that party in any civil action (other than cases
sounding in tort), including proceedings for judicial review of agency action,
brought by or against the United States in any court having jurisdiction of that
action, unless the court finds that the position of the United States was
substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). As can be seen, this court cannot award the requested
attorney’s fees if it finds that the position of the government was substantially justified. The
government bears the burden of demonstrating that its position was substantially justified.
E.W. Grobbel Sons, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board, 176 F.3d 875, 878 (6th Cir.
1999). The government's “position” comprehends both its underlying action and its
litigation position. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2412(d)(1)(A), (d)(2)(D); Delta Engineering v. United
States, 41 F.3d 259, 261 (6th Cir. 1994). “The fact that we found that the Commissioner's
position was unsupported by substantial evidence does not foreclose the possibility that

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On August 21, 1998, Petitioner’s request to have his immigration status2
adjusted was denied, leading to the initiation of removal proceedings against him.
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the position was substantially justified.” Howard v. Barnhart, 376 F.3d 551, 554 (6th Cir.
2004). In Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552 (1988), the Supreme Court said that
“substantially justified” means “justified in substance or in the main–that is, justified to
a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person.” Id. at 565 (internal quotation marks
omitted). The Pierce Court explained further that the government’s position would be
“substantially justified” if it had a “reasonable basis in both law and fact.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted). For reasons that follow, this Court finds that the
government’s position had a reasonable basis in both law and fact and that, therefore,
it was substantially justified.
In 1980, Petitioner entered a guilty plea to and was convicted of the charge of
unlawful possession of LSD in the Province of Ontario, Canada. In March, 1991, he
was admitted to the United States as an intra-company transferee for a temporary
period not to exceed two years. Without authority, he remained in the United States for
more than two years. In May, 1997, Pickering appealed his conviction for illegal
possession of LSD, seeking to have that conviction quashed, invoking Section 24(1) of
the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and stating in his accompanying affidavit
that his conviction was a bar to his permanent residence in the United States. About
six weeks later, the Canadian court entered a judgment order, quashing that conviction.
In October, 1998, removal proceedings were initiated against the Petitioner,
based upon his 1980 conviction for unlawful possession of LSD. An Immigration2
Judge (“IJ”) found Pickering to be removable because of that conviction. In his

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decision, the IJ declined to give effect to the order of the Canadian court quashing
Pickering’s conviction, finding that the court had issued its order solely for rehabilitative
purposes, to allow Pickering to live permanently in the United States. Petitioner
appealed the decision of the IJ to the BIA, which dismissed the appeal in a published
decision. Matter of Pickering, 23 I & N Dec. 621 (BIA 2003). Like the IJ, the BIA
concluded that the Canadian court had entered the order quashing Pickering’s
conviction for immigration purposes, rather than because of a defect in the conviction
or in the underlying proceedings. Id. That conclusion was based upon the following
reasoning:
The resolution of this case therefore turns on whether the conviction was
quashed on the basis of a defect in the underlying criminal proceedings. In
making this determination, we look to the law under which the Canadian court
issued its order and the terms of the order itself, as well as the reasons
presented by the respondent in requesting that the court vacate the conviction.
The order quashing the conviction in this case does not reference the law
pursuant to which the conviction was vacated. Although [Pickering] noted in his
affidavit that he sought the relief pursuant to Section 24(1) of the Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms and has argued that the purpose of this section
is to provide appropriate and just remedies for violation of Charter rights, we are
unable to discern such a purpose from the official documentation submitted in
support of the claim.
Turning to the wording of the order and the respondent's request for
post-conviction relief, we note that the judgment only refers, as the grounds for
ordering the conviction quashed, to [Pickering's] request and his supporting
affidavit. Significantly, neither document identifies a basis to question the integrity
of the underlying criminal proceeding or conviction. The affidavit alleges that the
respondent's controlled substance conviction is a bar to his permanent residence
in the United States and indicates that the sole purpose for the order is to eliminate
that bar. Under these circumstances, we find that the quashing of the conviction
was not based on a defect in the conviction or in the proceedings underlying the
conviction, but instead appears to have been entered solely for immigration
purposes. For these reasons, we agree with the Immigration Judge that the
respondent has a “conviction” for possession of a controlled substance within the

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meaning of section 101(a)(48)(A) of the Act. Accordingly, [Pickering's] appeal will
be dismissed.
Id. (footnotes omitted).
As indicated, this court reversed the decision of the BIA. Pickering v. Gonzales, 465
F.3d 263 (6th Cir. 2006). We agreed with the BIA that a conviction can be considered for
immigration purposes when it has been vacated solely for reasons of rehabilitation or
immigration hardships, as opposed to being vacated as a result of a substantive or
procedural defect in the underlying criminal conviction. Id. at 266. This court concluded,
however, that the government had failed to prove with clear and convincing evidence that
the Canadian court quashed the Petitioner’s conviction solely for reasons of rehabilitation
or immigration hardships. Id. at 267-69. In particular, this court’s rested its conclusion
upon evidence establishing that Section 24(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms could serve as a vehicle for quashing his conviction only if the Canadian court
had concluded that Pickering’s rights under that Charter had been violated. Id. at 268.
Thus, we noted that the Charter “allows a remedy only for procedural or substantive
defects in the underlying conviction.” Id. at 269.
Because this court concluded that the BIA had adopted the correct legal standards
in Pickering (465 F.3d at 266), the agency’s denial of relief to Petitioner had a reasonable
basis in law. The rationale set forth by the BIA in its decision dismissing the Petitioner’s
appeal also convinces us that the agency’s decision had a reasonable basis in fact, even
though it was not supported by substantial evidence. In the notice of appeal he filed in the
Canadian court, Pickering mentioned the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms;
however, he did not explain in either his notice of appeal or in his accompanying affidavit

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how his rights secured by that Charter had been violated when he entered his guilty plea
to unlawful possession of LSD some 17 years earlier. In his affidavit, he merely stated that
the conviction prevented him from becoming a permanent resident of the United States.
In its decision quashing Pickering’s conviction, the Canadian court referred to the
documents he had filed to obtain that relief. Although the Petitioner had cited the Charter
in his notice of appeal, that court, like Pickering, did not suggest which of the rights
bestowed upon him by that Charter had been violated by his 17-year-old conviction.
Since this court has concluded that the government’s position had a reasonable
basis in law and fact, it necessarily finds that the position of the government was
substantially justified. Pearce, 487 U.S. at 565. Accordingly, the court concludes that
Petitioner is not entitled to an award of attorney’s fees under the EAJA.
II. Costs
Petitioner requests that this court award him costs in the sum of $1,113.90, That
sum is comprised of $100.00 for the filing fee, $135.00 for Federal Express fees, $585.40
and $293.50 for travel expenses for oral argument. Rule 39(d)(2) of the Federal Rules of
Appellate Procedure provides that “[a] party who wants costs taxed must–within 14 days
after entry of judgment–file with the circuit clerk, with proof of service, an itemized and
verified bill of costs.” (emphasis added). Herein, since Pickering filed his request for

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In support of his request for costs, Pickering cites 42 U.S.C. § 2412(a)(1), which3
provides that a private party who prevails against the Government in a civil action is entitled
to recover the same costs he would be entitled to recover from another private party.
Section 2412(a)(1) is not a separate procedural mechanism by which the prevailing party
in an appeal may recover costs. Rather, that statutory provision merely satisfies the
requirement set forth in Rule 39(b) that there be statutory authorization before an appellate
court awards costs against the United States, its agency or officer.
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attorney’s fees and costs three months after this court had entered judgment, he failed to
comply with Rule 39(d)(2). Therefore, Petitioner is not entitled to an award of costs.3
III. Conclusion
Accordingly, this court denies Pickering’s Petition for an Award of Attorney’s Fees
and Costs under the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412.

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