United States of America v. EVERETT KIRK OGBURN and KENNETH CRUTCHER

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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 08a0443n.06
Filed: July 28, 2008
Nos. 05-6360 / 6362
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
EVERETT KIRK OGBURN and
KENNETH CRUTCHER,
Defendant-Appellants.
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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
Before: MARTIN, GIBBONS, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Co-defendants Everett Kirk Ogburn and
Kenneth Crutcher appeal their convictions and sentences arising from the same drug conspiracy.
Ogburn argues that the district court: (1) erred by denying his requested jury instruction; and (2)
imposed an unreasonable sentence. Crutcher argues that the district court erred by: (1) admitting
another co-defendant’s guilty plea; (2) denying him counsel at a critical stage; (3) not suppressing
wiretap evidence; (4) enhancing his sentence pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 841; and (5) enhancing his
sentence for prior convictions in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to jury trial. For the
following reasons, we affirm Ogburn’s and Crutcher’s convictions and sentences.

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Although the judgment form provides that all three counts involved 500 grams or more of1
cocaine, the indictment, jury form, and PSR all provide that two of these offenses involved more
than 500 grams of cocaine and that one involved more than 5 kilograms of cocaine.
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I.
This case involves a major cocaine distribution conspiracy led by Andrez Miranda and
involving Ogburn, Crutcher and fifteen other named defendants. Although most of the defendants
pled guilty, Ogburn and Crutcher both pled not guilty and proceeded to a jury trial. Ogburn was
found guilty of: (1) conspiracy to distribute 500 grams or more of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§ 846; and (2) possession of 500 grams or more of cocaine with intent to distribute in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Crutcher was found guilty of: (1) conspiracy to distribute marijuana and five
grams or more of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846; (2) three counts of possession with intent
to distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841; (4) possession of firearms in furtherance of1
drug trafficking in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c); and (5) being a felon in possession of firearms
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).
A.
The facts relating to Ogburn are as follows. At trial, the government provided testimony
from Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) agents and wiretap recordings detailing Ogburn’s
conversations with Miranda and evidence of Ogburn’s multiple purchases of cocaine from Miranda.
Ogburn’s Presentence Investigation Report (PSR) recommended a base offense level of 26
based on the amount of cocaine attributable to him. But because Ogburn qualified as a career
offender due to his two prior felony convictions for violent or drug offenses, the PSR recommended
a base offense level of 37, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)(A). As a career offender, his criminal
history category was deemed to be VI, resulting in a recommended sentence of 360 months to life.

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The district court referred to the “851” enhancement. Pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851, the2
government was required to provide Crutcher notice that it would seek a sentence enhancement
based on Crutcher’s three previous felony drug convictions in Tennessee state court. The
government clearly provided this notice. We presume that the district court was referring to
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(b)(A), which provides for a base offense level of 37 if the offense carries a
statutory maximum of life imprisonment.
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Ogburn objected to the PSR on a number of grounds, including the § 4B1.1 career offender
enhancement.
At the sentencing hearing, the district court rejected Ogburn’s arguments and adopted a
Guidelines range of 360 months to life. It explained, however, that the career offender enhancement2
is not primarily intended “to punish for the particular crime [of conviction] but to reflect the
seriousness [of the defendant’s risk of] recidivism.” Concerned about the increase of 11 offense-
levels (from 26 to 37) and the potential resulting disparity between Ogburn’s sentence and that of
other co-conspirators, the court found that “the enhancement . . . has an extraordinary and
unreasonable impact on [Ogburn’s] guideline range.” Because this impact “takes this case out of
. . . the heartland of cases[,]” the district court determined that it “justifie[d] a downward departure
of two offense levels.” As a result, the district court determined that Ogburn’s offense level should
be 35, resulting in a Guidelines range of 292-365 months. The district court then imposed a sentence
of 300 months. It went on to explain that in imposing this sentence (as well as Crutcher’s), it
considered “the nature and circumstances of this offense, [the defendant’s] involvement in the
conspiracy, as well as the history and characteristics of the defendant.” It further noted that the
sentence would “reflect seriousness for this offence, . . . promote respect for the law, . . . provide just
punishment, . . . afford adequate deterrence, . . . protect the public from further crimes, . . . [and]

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provide opportunities [for the defendants] to get drug treatment[,] medical care[, a]nd educational
opportunities.” It also specifically noted that “the sentencing guidelines are not mandatory.”
B.
The facts relating to Crutcher are as follows. According to testimony at trial, Crutcher was
first introduced to Miranda by Miguel Hernandez. Originally, Hernandez acted as a middle-man,
purchasing cocaine from Miranda and then selling it to Crutcher. But Crutcher eventually began
purchasing cocaine directly from Miranda and distributing it from a supply house. DEA wiretaps
and surveillance eventually alerted agents to Crutcher’s vehicle (a tan Suburban), which agents
observed at the supply house.
Crutcher was arrested on October 27, 2003 while driving the tan Suburban. In his vehicle,
arresting officers discovered a bag containing $164,705 in cash which Crutcher said he was taking
to “[Hernandez’s] people.” After a search warrant for Crutcher’s house was executed, officers found
two loaded handguns, a loaded shotgun, and an additional $23,300 in cash.
Following his arrest, Crutcher came to the DEA office in Nashville where he was interviewed
by DEA Agent Marti Roberts. At trial, Roberts testified that after Crutcher was given his Miranda
warnings, he admitted that he intended to use the $164,705 to pay Hernandez for several kilograms
of cocaine that Hernandez had provided Crutcher a few days earlier. Roberts further testified that
Crutcher described purchasing cocaine from both Hernandez and Miranda and distributing the
cocaine out of a supply house.
Prior to trial, Crutcher filed a pro se motion to suppress wiretap evidence and joined (along
with Ogburn) another motion filed by other co-defendants to suppress the same evidence. Crutcher

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also filed a motion to suppress statements made to police following his arrest. After an evidentiary
hearing on September 23, 2004, the district court denied each of these motions.
The government filed an information pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851 notifying Crutcher that it
would seek a sentence enhancement based on Crutcher’s three previous felony drug convictions in
Tennessee state court.
At trial, co-defendants Adolpho Arrizon, Mickey Flinn, Wantaya Ford, Jaime Guzman,
Ronald Petway, John Pillow, Brian Woodward, and Hernandez all testified as to their involvement
with Miranda in the conspiracy. Seven of these co-defendants also testified as to their guilty pleas
related to this conspiracy. Wiretap recordings and testimony from Hernandez, Arrizon, Agent Matt
Bradford, and Roberts chronicled Crutcher’s interactions with Miranda and his cocaine purchases
from Hernandez and Miranda. Although Miranda did not testify, Roberts testified as to Miranda’s
guilty plea without objection. Following trial, a jury found Crutcher guilty on all counts.
Crutcher’s PSR calculated his recommended Guidelines range in three steps. First, pursuant
to U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2, the PSR grouped the conspiracy (21 U.S.C. § 846) and possession with intent
to distribute cocaine (21 U.S.C. § 841) offenses. Based on the PSR’s assumption that at least 50 but
less than 150 kilograms of cocaine were attributable to Crutcher for these offenses, Crutcher’s base
offense level would have been 36 for the conspiracy and possession offenses under § 2D1.1(c)(2).
But because Crutcher’s offense involved distribution of cocaine and possession of firearms in
furtherance of a trafficking offense, Crutcher qualified as a “career offender” pursuant to § 4B1.1.
Accordingly, the PSR recommended a base offense level of 37 for Crutcher’s conspiracy and
possession with intent to distribute convictions.

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Second, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(c), the felon in possession of firearms offense
(18 U.S.C. § 922(g)) was grouped with the first set of offenses, using only the higher base offense
level. Crutcher’s offense level for the felon in possession of firearms offense was 33, pursuant to
§ 4B1.4 (b)(3)(B), because he qualified as an “armed career criminal” under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4 and
18 U.S.C. § 924(e). Because the base offense level for the conspiracy/possession offenses (37) was
greater than for his felon in possession charge (33), the PSR assigned Crutcher a base offense level
of 37. Combining this with Crutcher’s criminal history category VI resulted in a Guidelines range
of 360 months to life.
Third, Crutcher’s possession of firearms in furtherance of trafficking offense (18 U.S.C. §
924(c)) was considered separately because it requires a consecutive term of imprisonment under
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4, note 1. Pursuant to § 4B1.1(c)(2)(A), adding the mandatory 60 month minimum
penalty for the 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) offense to the 360 months to life Guidelines range resulted in a
Guidelines range of 420 months to life plus 60 months imprisonment.
Crutcher objected to the Guidelines range recommended by the PSR on a number of grounds.
At the sentencing hearing, the district court first addressed the 18 U.S.C. § 841(b) statutory
enhancement. Section 841 includes various mandatory statutory enhancements if an offense occurs
“after two or more prior convictions for a felony drug offense have become final . . . .” Specifically,
it requires a mandatory life sentence for a defendant convicted of possessing 5 kilograms or more
of cocaine. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(ii). The government relied upon Crutcher’s prior
convictions in Tennessee state court for the following felony offenses: (1) possession of 300 grams
or more of cocaine with intent to distribute, arising out of Crutcher’s sale of cocaine to undercover
agents on May 30, 1992; (2) conspiracy to sell 300 or more grams of cocaine, arising from events

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In addition, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4, the district court concluded that Crutcher3
qualified as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) which, in turn, applies to a defendant
that violates § 922(g) and has three previous violent felony convictions.
The life sentence was based on Crutcher’s conspiracy and possession of greater than 54
kilograms of cocaine offenses. See § 841(b)(1)(A)(ii). The district court imposed concurrent 360
month sentences for the two possession of 500 grams or more offenses and the § 922(g) offense.
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occurring between May 14-30, 1992; and (3) possession of marijuana on May 31, 1992, which
constituted a felony due to Crutcher’s prior possession convictions.
Crutcher argued that these convictions should be treated as one offense such that the § 841(b)
enhancement would not apply. The district court rejected this argument, concluding that Crutcher’s
prior state convictions were separate felony drug offenses such that the mandatory enhancement
applied.3
After hearing testimony regarding the amount of drugs attributable to Crutcher and a number
of Crutcher’s arguments, the district court adopted the Guidelines range of 420 months to life as
recommended in the PSR. But based upon the § 841(b) mandatory statutory enhancement, the
district court sentenced Crutcher to a life-sentence with a 60-month consecutive sentence.4
II.
A.
Ogburn contends the district court: (1) erred by refusing to give his requested jury instruction;
and (2) imposed a procedurally unreasonable sentence. We address each argument in turn.

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1.
A district court’s refusal to give a specific instruction is typically reviewed for abuse of
discretion. Fisher v. Ford Motor Co, 224 F.3d 570, 576 (6th Cir. 2000). Because Ogburn did not
object to the proposed instructions, however, our review is for plain error. See United States v.
Cleaves, 299 F.3d 564, 567 (6th Cir. 2002). To establish plain error, Ogburn must “show (1) error,
(2) that was obvious or clear, (3) that affected [his] substantial rights and (4) that affected the
fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.” United States v. Vonner, 516
F.3d 382, 386 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
Ogburn argues that the district court should have given the jury his first proposed instruction:
“Single acts, without more, are insufficient to link a defendant to a conspiracy.” Ogburn contends
that the district court should have given this instruction because a buyer-seller relationship alone
does not establish the agreement necessary to prove membership in a conspiracy. Ogburn is correct
that a defendant’s involvement in a conspiracy requires awareness of the object of the conspiracy and
voluntarily association with the conspiracy. See, e.g.,United States v. Gibbs, 182 F.3d 408, 421-22
(6th Cir. 1999). But a district court is not required to explicitly clarify the difference between a
buyer-seller relationship and a conspiracy so long as it “has given a complete instruction reciting all
the elements of conspiracy and requirements for membership in a conspiracy.” Riggs v. United
States, 209 F.3d 828, 833 (6th Cir. 2000).
To establish Ogburn’s participation in the conspiracy, in addition to the amount of drugs
involved (500 grams or more of cocaine), the government was required to prove “(1) an agreement

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to violate drug laws, (2) knowledge and intent to join the conspiracy, and (3) participation in the
conspiracy.” See United States v. Colon, 268 F.3d 367, 375 (6th Cir. 2001).
The district court instructed the jury, in relevant part, that it would need to find that:
First, two or more persons reached an agreement or came to an understanding
to knowingly and intentionally distribute or possess with intent to distribute
controlled substances;
Second, from on or about November 1, 2002, to on or about October 27,
2003, the defendants voluntarily and intentionally joined in the agreement or
understanding; and
Third, you find that the agreement or understanding involved a quantity of a
mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of marijuana and 500 grams or
more of a mixture or substance containing cocaine.
This jury instruction accurately stated the required elements for membership in the conspiracy. See
Riggs, 209 F.3d at 833. Therefore, the district court did not err, let alone plainly err, by refusing to
give Ogburn’s additional instruction.
2.
Ogburn also argues that in imposing his sentence, the district court committed procedural
errors by treating the Guidelines as mandatory and failing to fully consider the other § 3553(a)
factors. We conclude that the district court committed no such errors.
Following Booker v. United States, we review sentences for reasonableness. 543 U.S. 220,
260-62 (2005). This review has both procedural and substantive components. Gall v. United States
128 S.Ct. 586, 597 (2007). As the Supreme Court recently explained, treating the Guidelines as
mandatory or failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors would constitute “significant procedural
error.” Id.
Ogburn first contends that the district court treated the Guidelines as mandatory because it
“explicitly determined a guideline range and sentenced with that range as a firm starting point.” This

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Ogburn devotes a significant portion his brief to arguing that appellate proportionality5
review is incompatible with Booker. Indeed, our appellate review may not require extraordinary
justifications for large variances or employ a “rigid mathematical formula” comparing the strength
of such a justification with the extent of a variance. Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 595. But Ogburn fails to
explain how our appellate standard of review influenced the district court’s imposition of Ogburn’s
below-Guidelines sentence.
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argument is not well taken. The district court was required to properly calculate the Guidelines
range, id., which as “[t]he Supreme Court explained in Gall [is] the ‘starting point and the initial
benchmark’ for federal sentencing.” See United States v. Thompson, 515 F.3d 556, 561 (6th Cir.
2008) (emphasis added) (quoting Gall, 128 S.Ct. at 596). In this case, the district court explicitly
noted that “the sentencing guidelines are not mandatory.” Moreover, the district court exercised its
discretion by sentencing Ogburn to 300 months—below the properly calculated Guidelines range
of 360 months to life.
Ogburn also suggests that the district court impermissibly “applied a rebuttable presumption”
that the Guidelines range provided an appropriate sentence. Ogburn is correct that a district court
may not presume that the Guidelines range provides a “reasonable” or appropriate sentence. See
United States v. Wilms, 495 F.3d 277, 281 (6th Cir. 2007). Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the
district court’s obligation is to impose a sentence “sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to
comply with the purposes set forth in [§ 3553(a)(2)].” “Reasonableness is the appellate standard of
review in judging whether a district court has accomplished its task.” United States v. Foreman, 436
F.3d 638, 644 n.1 (6th Cir. 2006). And this court’s presumption that within-Guidelines sentences
are substantively reasonable, see United States v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006), is an
appellate presumption. See Rita v. United States, 127 S.Ct. 2456, 2465 (2007).5

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But the record does not indicate that the district court applied a rebuttable presumption that
the Guidelines provided an appropriate sentence. Compare Wilms, 495 F.3d at 281 (concluding
sentence was unreasonable because district court explicitly required defendant to “overcome the
presumption of reasonableness with respect to the sentencing guidelines”). The fact that the district
court ultimately imposed a below-Guidelines sentence strongly suggests that it did not presume that
the Guidelines provided an appropriate sentence. Still, Ogburn suggests that “it is conceivable,
based on the district court’s comments, that it would have sentenced [Ogburn] even lower, but for
the guidelines.” This may be true. But the Guidelines are one of the factors to be considered; the
district court’s consideration of them does not mean that the district court presumed that the
Guidelines provided an appropriate sentence or treated the Guidelines as mandatory.
We also conclude that the district court adequately considered the § 3553(a) factors—which
ultimately caused it to impose a below-Guidelines sentence. Overall, the district court noted that
both Ogburn’s and Crutcher’s sentences were based upon a number of § 3553(a) factors—the
seriousness of the offense, promoting respect for the law, providing just punishment, affording
deterrence, and the need to protect the public from future crimes. With respect to Ogburn in
particular, the district court noted the importance of providing him the opportunity to obtain
treatment and education while incarcerated and its concern that the U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 enhancement
“extraordinarily and unduly exaggerated” his Guidelines range. It also considered the potential
disparity between Ogburn’s sentence and other members of the conspiracy.
The district court did not treat the Guidelines as mandatory or fail to consider the § 3553(a)
factors. Accordingly, Ogburn’s procedural reasonableness argument fails.

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B.
Crutcher argues that the district court erred by: (1) admitting another co-defendant’s guilty
plea; (2) denying him counsel at a critical stage; (3) not suppressing wiretap evidence; (4) enhancing
his sentence pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 841; and (5) enhancing his sentence for prior convictions in
violation of his Sixth Amendment right to jury trial. We address each argument in turn.
1.
Crutcher first argues that the admission of a non-testifying alleged co-conspirator’s
(Miranda’s) guilty plea violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront a witness against him.
Roberts testified that Miranda, the focus of the DEA’s investigation, had pled guilty to the drug
conspiracy at issue.
Generally, “Confrontation Clause violations are subject to harmless error review.” Jordan
v. Hurley, 397 F.3d 360, 363 (6th Cir. 2005). But because Crutcher did not object to the introduction
of Miranda’s plea at trial, we review this claim for plain error. See United States v. Baker, 458 F.3d
513, 517 (6th Cir. 2006). Again, to show plain error, Crutcher must “show (1) error, (2) that was
obvious or clear, (3) that affected [his] substantial rights and (4) that affected the fairness, integrity,
or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.” Vonner, 516 F.3d at 386 (citation and quotation
marks omitted).
The Confrontation Clause requires that “testimonial” out-of-court statements offered against
the accused to prove the truth of the matter asserted only be admitted if the declarant is unavailable
and the defendant has had an opportunity to cross-examine the defendant. United States v. Cromer,
389 F.3d 662, 671 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 61, 68 (2004)). The

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government does not contend that Miranda was unavailable or that Crutcher had a previous
opportunity to cross-examine him. Therefore, it was constitutional error to admit Miranda’s plea if
the plea was (a) testimonial, and (b) offered for the truth of the matter asserted.
We need not decide whether Miranda’s plea was testimonial or offered for the truth of the
matter asserted. Assuming both arguendo, Crutcher cannot show that his substantial rights were
violated by the admission of Miranda’s guilty plea. Given the overwhelming amount of testimony
by other defendants in this case regarding the existence of a conspiracy and Miranda’s leading role
in it, Crutcher cannot seriously argue that jurors doubted either fact. And Hernandez, Arrizon,
Bradford, and Roberts all tied Crutcher to Miranda and described Crutcher’s own role in the
conspiracy. Because Crutcher cannot show that the jury would have reached a different conclusion
had evidence of Miranda’s plea not been admitted, he has not established that his substantial rights
were violated by any potential error.
2.
Crutcher next contends that he was “denied counsel at a critical stage”—during the
September 24, 2004 suppression hearing. But Crutcher does not allege that his counsel was absent
from the suppression hearing. Compare Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 695 (2002) (“A trial would be
presumptively unfair . . . where the accused is denied the presence of counsel at a critical
stage . . . .”) (emphasis added) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Instead, Crutcher argues
that the district court should have honored his request (on the eve of the suppression hearing) to
substitute David Cooper for Edward Kindall as his attorney. The district court denied this request
along with Kindall’s motion to withdraw, but allowed Cooper to participate in the suppression

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hearing. Although Crucher had two attorneys present at the hearing, he contends that because of his
“breakdown in communication” with Kindall, the court should have allowed him to substitute
counsel.
We review the denial of a motion to substitute counsel for abuse of discretion. United States
v. Trujillo, 376 F.3d 593, 606 (6th Cir. 2004). In reviewing denial of a motion to substitute counsel,
we consider:
(1) the timeliness of the motion, (2) the adequacy of the court’s inquiry into the
matter, (3) the extent of the conflict between the attorney and client and whether it
was so great that it resulted in a total lack of communication preventing an adequate
defense, and (4) the balancing of these factors with the public’s interest in the prompt
and efficient administration of justice.
Id. (citing United States v. Mack, 258 F.3d 548, 556 (6th Cir. 2001)). Weighing these factors, we
conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion. First, Crutcher submitted his request to
substitute counsel on the eve of a suppression hearing involving eighteen defendants. See Trujillo,
376 F.3d at 606-07 (noting untimeliness of motion to substitute submitted three days before trial).
Second, after denying Kendall’s motion and allowing Cooper to remain at the suppression hearing,
the district court asked Crutcher his thoughts about this arrangement. Crutcher answered “[i]t is
fine.” This exchange indicates that the district court adequately inquired into the matter. See United
States v. Sullivan, 431 F.3d 976, 980-81 (6th Cir. 2005) (court’s inquiry was adequate where a
defendant informed the court that counsel could proceed). Third, any conflict between Crutcher and
Kindall does not appear to have caused a “total lack of communication preventing an adequate
defense . . . .” See Trujillo, 376 F.3d at 606. Instead, Crutcher merely had two attorneys present at
the suppression hearing.

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3.
Crutcher next argues that the district court erred by not suppressing evidence from the
wiretaps because the government did not show that such wiretaps were necessary. “When reviewing
the denial of a motion to suppress, we review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and
its conclusions of law de novo.” United States v. Foster 376 F.3d 577, 583 (6th Cir. 2004).
Regarding the issuance of warrants for electronic surveillance under 18 U.S.C. § 2518, “great
deference is normally paid to the determination of an issuing judge.” United States v. Giacalone,
853 F.2d 470, 479 (6th Cir. 1988) (citation and quotation marks omitted). “The burden of
production and persuasion rests on the person seeking to suppress evidence.” United States v. Smith,
783 F.2d 648, 650 (6th Cir. 1986).
A judge may issue a warrant for electronic surveillance if (1) “normal investigative
procedures have been tried and have failed or reasonably appear to be unlikely to succeed if tried or
to be too dangerous,” and (2) an application includes a “a full and complete statement” to this effect.
18 U.S.C. § 2518(3)(c), (1)(c). “However, the government is not required to prove that every other
conceivable method has been tried and failed or that all avenues of investigation have been
exhausted.” Giacalone, 853 F.2d at 480 (quoting United States v. Alfano, 838 F.2d 158, 163 (6th
Cir. 1988)). Instead, “[a]ll that is required is that the investigators give serious consideration to the
non-wiretap techniques prior to applying for wiretap authority and that the court be informed of the
reasons for the investigators’ belief that such non-wiretap techniques have been or will likely be
inadequate.” Alfano, 838 F.2d at 163-64.

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The district court found that the government provided “multiple alternative means of
investigation and explained why each failed to achieve all the objectives of the investigation, why
each was unlikely to succeed if tried, or why such efforts threatened to alert the conspirators to the
investigative efforts.” It also noted that the government had submitted affidavits attesting to the
inadequacy of using many other methods including physical surveillance, undercover agents,
confidential informants, and traditional search warrants. The government asserted that these
methods threatened to alert the conspirators to the investigative efforts or would fail to meet the full
objectives of the investigation, which sought to identify other conspirators, dates, times, and
locations of conspiracy activities. Crutcher does not argue that any of the district court’s findings
were clearly erroneous.
Instead, Crucher argues that once the hub of the conspiracy (Miranda) was identified, “there
was no proof that . . . traditional methods could not have been utilized.” But the government was
not required to prove that traditional methods could not have been utilized. Instead, it only needed
to provide reasons for its belief that traditional methods were likely to be inadequate. Alfano, 838
F.2d at 163-64. Crutcher fails to explain how traditional methods that the government believed were
inadequate for achieving the objectives of the investigation became adequate once the government
learned (in part through electronic surveillance) that Miranda was the hub of the conspiracy. After
Miranda was identified, the government still sought to identify additional members and activities of
the conspiracy, and the affidavits still support the conclusion that traditional methods would be
inadequate to achieve this objective. The district court did not err in denying the motion to suppress.

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Although Crutcher refers to 21 U.S.C. § 851, which provides the notice provision associated6
with § 841, we understand Crutcher to be challenging the imposition of the life sentence rather than
the notice he received that this enhancement would be sought.
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4.
Crutcher next contends that the district court erred in sentencing him to life imprisonment
pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 841. Section 841 requires, in relevant part, that a defendant convicted of6
possessing 5 kilograms or more of cocaine be sentenced to life imprisonment if he commits this
offense “after two or more prior convictions for a felony drug offense have become final . . . .” See
21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(ii). Crutcher argues that the district court erred in applying this statutory
provision because his prior drug offenses should have been treated together as one conviction.
Because “determining whether the conduct was a single occasion or multiple occasions
presents a legal question concerning the interpretation of a statute, we review the district court's
decision de novo.” United States v. Thomas, 211 F.3d 316, 319 (6th Cir. 2000).
“Life sentences under § 841(b) are triggered by predicate criminal episodes that occur at
distinct times.’” United States v. Anderson, 76 F.3d 685, 690 (6th Cir. 1996) (citation and quotation
marks omitted) (also finding it significant that defendant’s prior felonies occurred at “at different
places, and with different people,” id. at 691). Even where the timing of two convictions overlaps,
“[a]n episode is an incident that is part of a series, but forms a separate unit within the whole.
Although related to the entire course of events, an episode is a punctuated occurrence with a limited
duration.” United States v. Hughes, 924 F.2d 1354, 1361 (6th Cir.1991).
In this case, the district court properly applied § 841(b). The government relied upon three
prior Tennessee state court convictions for felony offenses: (1) possession of 300 grams or more of

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cocaine with intent to distribute, arising out of Crutcher’s sale of cocaine to undercover agents on
May 30, 1992; (2) conspiracy to sell 300 or more grams of cocaine, arising from events occurring
between May 14-30, 1992; and (3) possession of marijuana on May 31, 1992, which constituted a
felony due to Crutcher’s prior possession convictions.
Although there was some overlap between the cocaine possession with intent to distribute
and conspiracy convictions, the former seems to qualify as “an incident that is part of a series, but
forms a separate unit within the whole [conspiracy].” See Hughes, 924 F.2d at 1361. Regardless,
the marijuana possession conviction clearly arose from conduct occurring at a time (May 31) distinct
from the conduct involved in the conspiracy (May 14-30) and cocaine possession (May 30)
convictions and occurred in a distinct place (Crutcher’s home). Accordingly, the marijuana
possession conviction constituted a separate episode from the cocaine possession and conspiracy
convictions. See Anderson, 76 F.3d at 690. Because the government established at least two—if not
three—felony convictions, the district court did not err in applying § 841(b).
5.
Crutcher argues that enhancing his Guidelines range based on the fact of prior convictions
not proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt violated the Sixth Amendment. The Supreme Court
has held that the fact of a prior conviction need not be submitted to a jury. Almendarez-Torres v.
United States, 523 U.S. 224 (1998); see also Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 489-90 (2000)
(noting that “[arguab[ly] Almendarez-Torres was wrongly decided,” but still holding that “[o]ther
than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the
prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt”)

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(emphasis added). Still, Crutcher argues that the prior conviction exception is no longer good law
based on Justice Thomas’s concurrence in Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 27-28 (2005)
(Thomas, J., concurring) (noting that “a majority of the Court now recognizes that Almendarez-
Torres was wrongly decided[,]” and that “in an appropriate case, this Court should consider
Almendarez-Torres’ continuing viability”).
But following Shephard, this court has held that Almendarez-Torres remains good law. See
United States v. Jones, 453 F.3d 777, 779 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Hill, 440 F.3d 292, 298-
99 & n.3 (6th Cir. 2006) (rejecting argument that Justice Thomas’s concurrence renders Almendarez-
Torres overruled because “the Court of Appeals should follow the case which directly controls,
leaving to [the Supreme Court] the prerogative of overruling its own decisions”) (quoting Tenet v.
Doe, 544 U.S. 1, 10-11 (2005)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, the fact of
Cructher’s prior convictions did not need to be submitted to a jury.
6.
Crutcher has submitted a supplemental pro se brief alleging a number of additional grounds
upon which the district court erred. Because Crutcher was represented by counsel on appeal, we
decline to address these claims. See United States v. Howton, 260 F. App’x 813, 819 (6th Cir. 2008)
(“We decline to address these arguments because [the defendant] was represented by counsel in this
matter.”); United States v. Jenkins, 229 F. App’x 362, 370 (6th Cir. 2005) (“[W]e do not ordinarily
consider pro se claims brought by a defendant represented by counsel on appeal. . . .”).
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

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