United States of America v. on Appeal From the United States District Remeco Pennington, Court for the Western…

NOT FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 07a0080n.06
Filed: January 31, 2007
NO. 06-5003
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
REMECO PENNINGTON, COURT FOR THE WESTERN
DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
Defendant-Appellant.
___________________________________/
Before: SUHRHEINRICH, SUTTON and McKEAGUE; Circuit Judges.
SUHRHEINRICH, J., Defendant-Appellant Remeco Pennington (“Defendant”) appeals
from the order of judgment and sentence on various related charges of armed robbery after both a
guilty plea and a jury trial. We AFFIRM.
I. Background
On July 29, 2003, Defendant and several accomplices entered the Trust One Bank at 1760
International Place in Memphis, Tennessee, and robbed it of over $40,000. During the robbery,
Defendant and the other robbers burst into the bank, pointing pistols, forcing the bank employees
to lie on the floor, and threatening to kill at least one of the bank employees.
On December 10, 2003, Defendant and his accomplices robbed the Kroger grocery store at
7942 Winchester in Memphis. Prior to the robbery, one of the accomplices entered Kroger acting
as an advance scout. The accomplice observed that a uniformed Memphis police officer was inside

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Kroger working as a security guard. After the accomplice relayed to Defendant and the others that
a police officer was inside Kroger, the robbers agreed that Defendant would go in the store first and
immediately shoot the police officer, with the other robbers following in behind. Accordingly,
Defendant entered the crowded Kroger store first and immediately shot and seriously wounded the
police officer. After shooting the police officer, Defendant took the officer’s weapon from the
officer’s fallen body as the other robbers rushed in and accomplished the robbery.
On December 18, 2003, a federal grand jury in the Western District of Tennessee returned
an indictment charging Defendant with various violations of robbery and gun offenses. On April 20,
2004, the grand jury returned a superseding indictment charging Defendant with: Conspiracy to
Commit Bank Robbery and Robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 (Count 1); Interference with
Commerce by Threats or Violence - Robbery, Aiding and Abetting, in violation of 18 U.S.C.§ 1951
(Count 2); Use and Carry of a Firearm (Discharge) During and In Relation to a Crime of Violence
“Specifically Robbery Affecting Commerce,” Aiding and Abetting, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
924(c) (Count 3); Theft of a Firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(1) (Count 4); Felon in
Possession of a Firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (Count 5); Felon in Possession of
Ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (Count 6); Receipt and Possession of a Stolen
Vehicle, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2313 (Count 7); Armed Bank Robbery, Aiding and Abetting,
in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d) (Count 8); and, Use/Carry of a Firearm (Brandishing)
During and in Relation to a Crime of Violence “Specifically Bank Robbery,”in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 924(c) (Count 9). Counts 1 through 7 are related to the Kroger robbery. Counts 8 and 9
are related to the Trust One Bank robbery.
On February 10, 2005, Defendant pleaded guilty to Counts 1 through 7 of the superseding

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indictment in the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee, Western
Division (“district court”), and was subsequently convicted by a jury on Counts 8 and 9. The United
States Probation Office prepared a presentence report (“PSR”) utilizing the 2003 edition of the
Federal Sentencing Guidelines Manual. The PSR assigned Defendant with an offense level of 35,
which included a two-point enhancement for a stolen firearm under U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES
MANUAL § 2K2.1(b)(4) (2003). The PSR also categorized Defendant as a career offender pursuant
to § 4B1.1(c)(2)(A), calculated Kroger’s restitution to be $181,914.29, and did not give Defendant
an adjustment for acceptance of responsibility pursuant to § 3E1.1. Count 3 carried a mandatory
statutory sentence of no less than 10 years consecutive to any other term of imprisonment, and Count
9 a mandatory statutory sentence of no less than 25 years consecutive to any other term of
imprisonment.
Defendant filed his objections to the PSR on December 2, 2005, wherein he requested strict
proof of loss for calculating restitution, challenged the two-point enhancement under U.S.S.G. §
2K2.1(b)(4) (2003), and argued that his three prior drug convictions were not serious enough to
qualify him as a career offender. Furthermore, Defendant objected to the denial of credit for his
acceptance of responsibility. Defendant also acknowledged that the mandatory statutory consecutive
penalties in his case were no less than 35 years, and argued that any sentence over 35 years would
amount to a life sentence.
The district court held an evidentiary hearing on December 8, 2005. John Johnson, Chief
Investigator for the Kroger grocery store, offered evidence as to the amount of loss. Johnson testified
that $4,085 was taken from Kroger. He also testified that the additional loss was the medical
expenses of the off-duty police officer totaling $27,122.57, medical expenses paid by Kroger totaling

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$76,252.84, and the handling of insurance claims by a third party totaling $3,105.88. This amount
of additional loss totaled $106,497.29. The district court found the testimony regarding the amounts
and calculations to be reliable and ordered restitution for the $4,085 and the additional losses of
$106,497.29. Combined with the $78,096.50 restitution to Trust One Bank, the total restitution
ordered for the two robberies was $188,678.79.
As to the remaining objections, the district court concluded the “mere possession” of a stolen
firearm would be sufficient for the two-point enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4) (2003).
The district court also noted that Defendant’s prior drug convictions qualified him for career offender
status. As mitigating circumstances, the district court considered Defendant’s age after serving an
extremely long period of incarceration; his expression of some remorse; and his limited acceptance
of responsibility by virtue of his guilty plea to Counts 1 through 7. The district court adopted the
Sentencing Guideline calculations in the Presentence Report as its conclusions of law. Thus, the
district court adopted a total offense level of 35, a criminal history category of VI, and career
offender status, resulting in Defendant receiving a sentencing range of 712 to 785 months. On
December 8, 2005, the district court sentenced Defendant to 780 months imprisonment followed by
three years of supervised release and total restitution of $188,678.79. Judgment was entered on
December 20, 2005, and Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal on December 19, 2005.
On appeal, Defendant contends that the sentence imposed by the district court was not
“reasonable” within the meaning of United States v. Booker. Defendant also challenges for the first
time the final restitution amount, arguing that the district court committed plain error in its restitution
calculations because the restitution imposed was $16 more than the actual loss suffered.
II. Standards of Review

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This Court reviews the sentence imposed upon a defendant for reasonableness. United States
v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 221 (2005); United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383 (6th Cir. 2005), cert.
denied, 126 S. Ct. 1110 (2006). The challenge to a sentence is a question of law which is reviewed
de novo. United States v. Copeland, 321 F.3d 582, 601 (6th Cir. 2003). “[A] sentence is
unreasonable when the district judge fails to ‘consider’ the applicable Guidelines range or neglects
to ‘consider’ the other factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and instead simply selects what the
judge deems an appropriate sentence without such required consideration.” Webb, 403 F.3d at 383
(citing Booker, 543 U.S. at 245-46). “[S]entences properly calculated under the Guidelines [are
credited] with a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness.” United States v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706,
708 (6th Cir. 2006). When a defendant fails to object to an order of restitution, a subsequent
challenge to the order is reviewed only for plain error. United States v. Schulte, 264 F.3d 656, 660
(6th Cir. 2001).
III. Analysis
A. Reasonableness of Sentence
Defendant makes two arguments attacking the reasonableness of his sentence. First, he
contends that the district court’s sentence was unreasonable because the district court erroneously
perceived its duty under Booker to be that of imposing a “reasonable” sentence. Defendant cites
United States v. Foreman, 436 F.3d 638 (6th Cir. 2006), to support his contention that the district
court’s job is not to impose a “reasonable” sentence, but to impose “a sentence sufficient, but not
greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes” of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2).
Foreman states that “a district court’s mandate is to impose ‘a sentence sufficient, but not
greater than necessary, to comply with the purposes’ of section 3553(a)(2). Reasonableness is the

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appellate standard of review in judging whether a district court has accomplished its task.”
Foreman, 436 F.3d at 644 n.1 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)). Defendant submits that Foreman
eliminated the “reasonableness” test for sentencing in district court, and replaced it with the
“sufficient, but not greater than necessary” standard.
This argument must be rejected. This Court has recently held that it was not error when the
district court “mistakenly focused on what it believed would be a reasonable sentence within the
Guidelines range.” United States v. Cage, 458 F.3d 537, 540 (6th Cir. 2006); see also United States
v. Davis, 458 F.3d 505, 509-10 (6th Cir. 2006) (holding that district court’s application of
reasonableness standard rather than sufficient-but-not-greater-than-necessary standard at sentencing
did not necessarily imply a reversible sentencing error). In both Cage and Davis, the district courts
remarked that the sentences recommended, and imposed, under the Guidelines were “reasonable”
sentences. Cage, 458 F.3d at 539-40; Davis, 458 F.3d at 508. Cage emphasized that:
[T]he district court’s recognition of the standard that this court will apply on
appellate review is not coterminous with the district court’s exercise of independent
judgment in determining a sentence. We decline to conclude that by using the term
“reasonable” or by acknowledging that the appellate court will apply a rebuttable
presumption of reasonableness to a sentence, the district court is itself applying that
presumption.
Cage, 458 F.3d at 541. “[N]othing in Foreman should be construed to suggest that a sentencing
court errs by recognizing that this Circuit will accord a presumption of reasonableness to a sentence
within the recommended Guidelines range.” Cage, 458 F.3d at 541.
Contrary to Defendant’s argument, Foreman did not change the sentencing standard. While
the appellate standard of review for a sentence is “reasonableness,” the district court does not commit
error by using the term “reasonableness” at sentencing, or by attempting to fashion a “reasonable”

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Section 3553(a) provides that the sentencing court should consider:1
(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of
the defendant; (2) the need for the sentence imposed (A) to reflect the seriousness of
the offense, to promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the
offense; (B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct; (C) to protect the
public from further crimes of the defendant; and (D) to provide the defendant with
needed educational or vocational training, medical care, or other correctional
treatment in the most effective manner; (3) the kinds of sentences available; (4) the
kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established for . . . the applicable category
of offense committed by the applicable category of defendant as set forth in the
guidelines . . . ; (6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among
defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct; and
(7) the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) (2000).
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sentence. A district court is capable of fashioning a “reasonable” sentence that is also “sufficient,
but not greater than necessary.” The exact language used by the district court is not the focus of our
inquiry. “[M]isstatements of the district court’s sentencing task do not necessarily imply a reversible
sentencing error.” Davis, 458 F.3d 505, 510 (6th Cir. 2006). We review the district court’s sentence
for “reasonableness,” and look to the district court’s consideration of the applicable advisory
Sentencing Guideline range together with the statutory factors set out in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).1
United States v. Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 553-54 (6th Cir. 2006). The transcript of the sentencing
hearing shows the district court “properly calculated the guideline range, explicitly considered the
other relevant sentencing factors, and articulated in an exemplary manner its reasoning in
determining the sentence and rejecting the defendant’s plea for further leniency.” United States v.
Morris, 448 F.3d 929, 932 (6th Cir. 2006).
The sentencing transcript shows that the district court considered the § 3553(a) factors.
Regarding (a)(1), the court stated that Defendant’s case was “extremely serious,” and noting that it

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was “[m]iraculous that someone wasn’t killed.” The court also described Defendant’s offenses as
“extremely serious and the need to promote respect for law is therefore an especially significant
consideration. So is the need to afford deterrence to others. It needs to be clear that one who
commits such crimes receives a significant sentence.” See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A)-(B). The court
took into account (a)(2)(C), acknowledging that “protecting the public from further crimes of this
defendant is only one of the many factors the Court needs to consider under 3553.” Further, the
court recommended Defendant for a 500 hour drug treatment program while incarcerated, complying
with (a)(2)(D).
The district court also noted that it was not bound by the Sentencing Guidelines, but declared
that the sentencing range calculated via the Sentencing Guidelines was “certainly a significant
factor,” and concluding that “a sentence near the top of the Guidelines is appropriate . . . I wouldn’t
go to the absolute maximum in this case because I do think the defendant deserves some credit for
his guilty plea.” See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(3)-(4). The court covered (a)(6), stating that, “it is not in
every case that the Guidelines help one to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among
defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct. In this case, I
believe the Guidelines are extremely helpful in avoiding unwarranted sentencing disparities.”
Finally, the court addressed (a)(7), saying, “[a]s to restitution, it is clear to me that if the defendant
were one who might become gainfully employed, he might begin to make some form of restitution.
But I think restitution is a secondary factor . . . in imposing sentence in this matter.”
Thus, although the district court may have stated at the onset that “[t]he test of a sentence in
these matters is reasonableness as defined by 18 United States Code, Section 3553,” subsequent
discussion of the § 3553(a) factors demonstrates that the district court did commit error.

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At sentencing, the district court noted that Defendant’s criminal history began at the age of2
14 and continued through his arrest. It involved numerous drug offenses, and violent crime,
including sexual assault. It also includes aggravated robbery, in which a handgun was used.
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Second, Defendant asserts the sixty-five year sentence imposed on him was unreasonably
long and greater than necessary to accomplish the goals of sentencing. The district court specifically
considered this claim and properly rejected it, citing the seriousness of Defendant’s crimes and
substantial criminal history. A sentence that falls within the advisory Sentencing Guideline range2
is given “a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness.” Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006).
The district court accurately calculated Defendant’s total offense level and criminal history category,
and the sentence imposed was within both the statutory and Guideline provisions. As such, the
district court’s sentence was not unreasonable.
B. Restitution Calculation
Defendant argues the district court committed plain error in calculating the total loss suffered
by Kroger. Defendant submits Johnson’s addition was wrong, and the error resulted in an additional
$16 being awarded to Kroger, and requests the restitution amount ordered by the district court be
corrected and reduced from $188,678.79 to $188,462.79. Defendant cites United States v. Vaknin,
112 F.3d 579, 592 (1st Cir. 1997), to support his contention that an alleged mathematical error
committed by the district court should be corrected. The Government submits the district court
properly computed the amount of restitution, but even if there was an error, Defendant does not show
that the $16 error amounts to plain error.
Defendant failed to object to the calculation in the district court, so we review for plain error.
Defendant’s argument is utterly without merit. Even if the district court’s restitution calculation was
wrong, by Defendant’s admission, it is only off by $16. Such a de minimis amount cannot possibly

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be said to affect Defendant’s substantial rights and therefore rise to the level of plain error. The
alleged error is de minimis, and the $16 in additional restitution did not affect Defendant’s
substantial rights, nor did the district court’s restitution calculation seriously affect the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings. See Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S.
461, 466-67 (1997)) (holding that plain error must affect the defendant’s substantial rights and
adversely affect the integrity of the judicial proceedings).
IV. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

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