United States of America v. Rauf Muhammad

*The Honorable Herman J. Weber, Senior United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 04a0112n.06
Filed: November 18, 2004
No. 03-6099
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
RAUF M UHAMMAD ,
Defendant-Appellant.
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
On Appeal from the United States
District Court for the Eastern
District of Tennessee
Before: BOGGS, Chief Judge; G ILMAN , Circuit Judge; and W EBER , District Judge*
PER CURIAM. Defendant-Appellant Rauf Muhammad appeals the district court’s
denial of his motion to compel the government to request a sentencing downward departure.
Because we may review the governments decision to request a downward departure only for
unconstitutional motives, and Muhammad acknowledges that he does not raise a constitutional
claim, we affirm.
I
On February 6, 2002, Rauf Muhammad was indicted for possession of and possession

-- 1 of 5 --

03-6099
Muhammad v. United States
- 2 -
with intent to distribute cocaine hydrochloride, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) and §
846, and for possession of and possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine, in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(B). Trial was set to begin on January 27, 2003, but on that day
Muhammad entered a plea of guilty to the first count and the second count was dismissed. The
deal provided, in relevant part, that the government would bring to the court’s attention any
cooperation and assistance provided by the defendant. If, in the opinion of the government,
Muhammad had rendered “substantial assistance,” it would request a downward departure in his
sentence. The plea agreement explicitly stated that any such request is entirely at the discretion of
the United States Attorney.
Starting shortly after his arrest, Muhammad was repeatedly offered a deal by the
government. His co-defendants, when later apprehended, did not hesitate to accept similar deals,
but Muhammad wavered for several months. He finally accepted a plea agreement on the eve of
trial, and it is undisputed that he then provided all the information he possessed. Unfortunately,
by then the information was stale. His co-conspirators had already been arrested and pled guilty,
and Muhammad’s information failed to generate any new arrests or convictions. The United
States Attorney thus did not request a downward departure.
Applying the sentencing guidelines, and absent a downward departure, the statutory
minimum sentence for Muhammad’s offense was life imprisonment. Muhammad filed a motion
to compel the government to request a downward departure, alleging bad faith. The district court
denied the motion, noting that review of such decisions based solely on a claim of bad faith is not
permitted under Sixth Circuit precedent, citing United States v. Moore, 225 F.3d 637, 641 (6th

-- 2 of 5 --

03-6099
Muhammad v. United States
- 3 -
Cir. 2000). Muhammad then received a life sentence.
This timely appeal followed. Muhammad acknowledges that Moore applies, and that he is
not raising a constitutional claim. He argues that Moore was in error and should be reconsidered.
II
We review the district court’s interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. United
States v. Herrera, 375 F.3d 399, 402 (6th Cir. 2004).
The government may request a downward departure in sentencing for offenders who
provide “substantial assistance” in investigating or prosecuting other criminals. U.S.S.G. §
5K1.1. A downward departure for substantial assistance may only be granted on a motion from
the government. Wade v. United States, 504 U.S. 181, 185 (1992). A refusal to ask for a
downward departure may only be reviewed for unconstitutional motives, such as race; review for
bad faith or lack of rational basis is not permitted. Moore, 225 F.3d at 641. Moore relies on an
earlier decision, which held that when the government makes a conditional promise to ask for a
downward departure, we may review to determine whether the government kept its bargain.
United States v. Benjamin, 138 F.3d 1069, 1073-74 (6th Cir. 1998). Thus the government may
bargain away its discretion to induce cooperation, but otherwise it retains unfettered discretion to
request, or not request, a § 5K.1.1 downward departure. Id. at 1074-75.
Here it is clear that the government did not bargain away its discretion. The plea
agreement leaves the government with complete discretion, specifically:
The defendant acknowledges that . . . [the] United States retains complete discretion in
determining whether a [substantial assistance downward] departure motion will be filed . .

-- 3 of 5 --

03-6099
Muhammad v. United States
1The facts in Hawkins were sympathetic to the defendant: he not only provided
considerable information that appears to have contributed to successful criminal investigations,
he also testified against his co-conspirators at trial. Hawkins, 274 F.3d at 423-24. The
government explained that there were three witnesses who testified for the prosecution at that
trial, so they could not say definitively that Hawkins’s testimony was of “substantial”
importance. Id. at 424-25. The Hawkins court characterized the government’s behavior as “not
rationally related to any legitimate end and/or in bad faith.” Id. at 433.
- 4 -
. . The defendant acknowledges that the decision whether to file any such motion is not
reviewable by the Court except under the limited circumstances in Wade, 504 U.S. at 181.
The language is unequivocal and the first sentence is, word-for-word, identical to the language in
the plea agreement examined in Moore. 225 F.3d at 641. As Muhammad acknowledges, this
case is therefore directly controlled by Moore.
Nonetheless, Muhammad argues that he did everything possible to cooperate and asks for
an en banc hearing to overrule Moore. He relies on United States v. Hawkins, 274 F.3d 420, 426-
435 (6th Cir. 2001) (per curiam), which criticized Moore at length, noted a circuit split, and
suggested en banc review to reconsider Moore. It is worth noting that, in contrast with Hawkins,
Muhammad does not have a strong case for showing bad faith by the government.1 It is
uncontested that although Muhammad eventually disclosed everything he knew, the information
he provided was dated and did not contribute to any investigations or prosecutions. Moreover,
the government’s initial offer came shortly after Muhammad’s arrest, when two of his co-
conspirators were still at large and the information would have been useful. It is also uncontested
that the government made every reasonable attempt to follow up on all the information
Muhammad provided. Regardless, under existing precedent, this court may not review for bad
faith.

-- 4 of 5 --

03-6099
Muhammad v. United States
- 5 -
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

-- 5 of 5 --