03a0008p.06

00-6365Court of Appeals for the Sixth CircuitJan 10, 2003

Full text

8QLWHG6WDWHVY*LOOLDP 1R
,9&21&/86,21
)RUWKHIRUHJRLQJUHDVRQVZH$)),50WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶V
HQKDQFHPHQWRI*LOOLDP¶VVHQWHQFHE\WZROHYHOVIRUDEXVHRI
DSRVLWLRQRIWUXVW

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH
(/(&7521,& &,7$7,21 )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
)LOH 1DPH DS
81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
)257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$
3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH
Y
$17+21< *,//,$0
'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW
;!

1
1R
$SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
IRUWKH:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI7HQQHVVHHDW0HPSKLV
1R²-RQ3KLSSV0F&DOOD'LVWULFW-XGJH
6XEPLWWHG1RYHPEHU
'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG-DQXDU\
%HIRUH.(,7+.583$16.<DQG&/$<&LUFXLW
-XGJHV
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
&2816(/
21 %5,() 6WHSKHQ % 6KDQNPDQ 2)),&( 2) 7+(
)('(5$/38%/,&'()(1'(50HPSKLV7HQQHVVHHIRU
$SSHOODQW &KULVWRSKHU ( &RWWHQ $66,67$17 81,7('
67$7(6$77251(<0HPSKLV7HQQHVVHHIRU$SSHOOHH

-- 1 of 4 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY*LOOLDP 1R
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
23,1,21
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
'$021-.(,7+&LUFXLW-XGJH'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW
$QWKRQ\*LOOLDP ³*LOOLDP´ DSSHDOVKLVVHQWHQFHIROORZLQJ
DJXLOW\SOHDWRFKDUJHVRIDWWHPSWLQJWRSRVVHVVZLWKLQWHQWWR
GLVWULEXWHDWRWDORIDSSUR[LPDWHO\NLORJUDPVRIFRFDLQH
*LOOLDP DUJXHV RQ DSSHDO WKDW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW HUUHG LQ
LPSRVLQJXSRQKLPDWZROHYHOHQKDQFHPHQWIRU³DEXVHRID
SRVLWLRQ RI WUXVW´ SXUVXDQW WR 866* † % )RU WKH
UHDVRQV VHW IRUWK EHORZ ZH $)),50 WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V
HQKDQFHPHQWRI*LOOLDP¶VVHQWHQFHE\WZROHYHOVIRUDEXVHRI
DSRVLWLRQRIWUXVW
,%$&.*5281'$1')$&78$/6800$5<
*LOOLDP ZDV LQGLFWHG E\ WKH )HGHUDO *UDQG -XU\ IRU WKH
:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI7HQQHVVHHRQ0DUFK -$DW
7KHWZRFRXQWLQGLFWPHQWFKDUJHG*LOOLDPZLWKDWWHPSWLQJWR
SRVVHVVZLWKLQWHQWWRGLVWULEXWHDWRWDORIDSSUR[LPDWHO\
NLORJUDPVRIFRFDLQHLQYLRODWLRQRI86&†2Q
-XQH*LOOLDPHQWHUHGDSOHDRIJXLOW\WRERWKFRXQWV
RIWKHLQGLFWPHQW -$DW
$ VHQWHQFLQJ KHDULQJ ZDV KHOG RQ 6HSWHPEHU
ZKHUHLQ*LOOLDPZDVVHQWHQFHGWRVHYHQW\HLJKWPRQWKVRI
LPSULVRQPHQW WR EH IROORZHG E\ IRXU \HDUV RI VXSHUYLVHG
UHOHDVH -$DW 7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWKHOGWKDW*LOOLDPKDG
DEXVHGDSRVLWLRQRIWUXVWDQGLQFUHDVHGKLV*XLGHOLQHEDVH
RIIHQVHOHYHOE\WZRZKLOHDOVRLPSRVLQJDILQH
DQGDVSHFLDODVVHVVPHQW-XGJPHQWZDVHQWHUHGRQ
6HSWHPEHU*LOOLDP¶VWLPHO\QRWLFHRIDSSHDOZDV
ILOHGRQ2FWREHU -$DW
$ IDFWXDO DFFRXQW RI WKH RIIHQVH FRQGXFW SHUSHWUDWHG E\
*LOOLDPLVFRQWDLQHGLQSDUDJUDSKVRIWKHSUHVHQWHQFH
UHSRUW 365 SUHSDUHGE\WKH8QLWHG6WDWHV3UREDWLRQ2IILFH
-$DW 7KHVDOLHQWSRUWLRQRIWKLVVXPPDU\UHYROYHV
DURXQGDVFKHPHKDWFKHGE\*LOOLDPWRVXUUHSWLWLRXVO\REWDLQ
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY*LOOLDP
IHGHUDOEXLOGLQJV<HWWKHSXEOLFWUXVWDQGH[SHFWDWLRQWKDW
WKHVHRIILFHUVZLOOUHIUDLQIURPFULPLQDOFRQGXFWLVQROHVV
WKDQWKDWSODFHGXSRQHPSOR\HHV RI WKH)HGHUDO3URWHFWLYH
6HUYLFH&DSLWDO3ROLFHRU8QLWHG6WDWHV0DUVKDOV6HUYLFH,Q
NHHSLQJZLWKWKLVSULQFLSOHDFRQWUDFWVHFXULW\RIILFHUZKR
HQJDJHGLQDFULPLQDOHQWHUSULVHWKDWLQYROYHGLOOHJDODFFHVV
RUXVHRIJRYHUQPHQWSURSHUW\LVQROHVVJXLOW\RIYLRODWLQJWKH
SXEOLF WUXVW WKDQ D PHPEHU RI DQ\ RI WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG
IHGHUDODJHQFLHVZRXOGEHLIKHRUVKHDWWHPSWHGWRGRWKH
VDPH
6LPLODUO\LQWKHLQVWDQWFDVH*LOOLDPZDVHPSOR\HGE\D
JRYHUQPHQWFRQWUDFWRUWRSURYLGHVXEVWDQFHDEXVHFRXQVHOLQJ
WRLQGLYLGXDOVXQGHUIHGHUDOSUREDWLRQVXSHUYLVLRQ7KLVWDVN
UHSUHVHQWV ZKDW LV HVVHQWLDOO\ D SXEOLF IXQFWLRQ RI RXU
FRXQWU\¶VIHGHUDOFULPLQDOMXVWLFHV\VWHPWKDWLVWUDGLWLRQDOO\
HQWUXVWHG WR WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 3UREDWLRQ 2IILFH $V ZLWK
VLPLODUJRYHUQPHQWDODFWLYLWLHVDQGHPSOR\HHVWKHSXEOLFKDV
D ULJKW WR H[SHFW DQG WUXVW WKDW WKRVH LQ WKH HPSOR\ RI WKH
JRYHUQPHQWIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIUHKDELOLWDWLQJFULPLQDOVZLOO
UHIUDLQIURPHQWHULQJLQWRWKHNLQGRIFULPLQDOHQWHUSULVHVWKDW
QHFHVVLWDWHG VXFK UHKDELOLWDWLRQ LQ WKH ILUVW SODFH
)XUWKHUPRUHWKHUHVXOWLQJ³WUXVW´LQWKHVHLQGLYLGXDOVE\WKH
SRSXODFH H[WHQGV QRW RQO\ WR WKRVH HPSOR\HHV ZKR DUH
GLUHFWO\HPSOR\HGE\WKHJRYHUQPHQWEXWDOVRWRLQGLUHFWRU
FRQWUDFWHGHPSOR\HHVOLNH*LOOLDP7KH³SRVLWLRQRIWUXVW´LQ
ZKLFK*LOOLDPIXQFWLRQHG DV D SUREDWLRQFRXQVHORUIRUWKH
8QLWHG 6WDWHV 3UREDWLRQ 2IILFH ZDV QRW DEDWHG E\ WKH
FRQWUDFWXDO QDWXUH RI KLV HPSOR\PHQW DV FRPSDUHG WR D
GLUHFWO\HPSOR\HGJRYHUQPHQWDOFRXQWHUSDUW7KHIDFWWKDWKH
ZDV D FRQWUDFWHG HPSOR\HH GLG QRW DIIHFW HLWKHU WKH
UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRUVXEVWDQFHRI*LOOLDP¶VFRXQVHOLQJSRVLWLRQ
:HWKHUHIRUHILQGWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGLGQRWHUULQILQGLQJ
WKDW *LOOLDP DEXVHG D SRVLWLRQ RI WUXVW RU LQ VXEVHTXHQWO\
DSSO\LQJ WKH WZROHYHO HQKDQFHPHQW DV SURYLGHG IRU E\
866*†%

-- 2 of 4 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY*LOOLDP 1R
HJ SK\VLFLDQSDWLHQW ODZ\HUFOLHQW RIILFHURUJDQL]DWLRQ
HWF %URJDQ)G
$V ZDV LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH 36, ILOHG SULRU WR *LOOLDP¶V
VHQWHQFLQJWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLFZDVWKHYLFWLPLQWKHLQVWDQW
FDVH$OWHUQDWLYHO\*LOOLDPDVVHUWVWKDWEHFDXVHKHZRUNHG
IRUDSULYDWHHPSOR\HUZKLFKZDVPHUHO\FRQWUDFWHGE\WKH
JRYHUQPHQWIRUFRXQVHOLQJVHUYLFHVKHQHYHUKHOGDSRVLWLRQ
RI WUXVW ZLWK UHVSHFW WR VRFLHW\ :H ILQG WKLV UDWLRQDOH
GLVLQJHQXRXV 6LPLODU FLUFXPVWDQFHV PD\ DSSO\ WR DQ\
QXPEHU RI SHUVRQV ZKR DUH ³WHFKQLFDOO\´ HPSOR\HG E\ D
SULYDWH FRPSDQ\ DQG \HW RFFXS\ D SRVLWLRQ RI WUXVW ZLWK
UHVSHFWWRWKHSXEOLF
2QHH[DPSOHRIDW\SHRISULYDWHHPSOR\HHZKRRFFXSLHV
DSRVLWLRQRIWUXVWUHODWLYHWRVRFLHW\DWODUJHLVWKDWRIDSULVRQ
JXDUG $OPRVW FRPPRQSODFH QRZ LV WKH JRYHUQPHQWDO
SUDFWLFH RI FRQWUDFWLQJ ZLWK SULYDWH FRPSDQLHV IRU WKH
DGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIERWKVWDWHDQGIHGHUDOSULVRQIDFLOLWLHV$
JXDUGDWRQHRIWKHVHIDFLOLWLHVSHUIRUPVWKHVDPHWDVNVDVKLV
RUKHUFRXQWHUSDUWDWDIHGHUDOFRUUHFWLRQDOIDFLOLW\HPSOR\HG
E\WKH%XUHDXRI3ULVRQV$VDVVHUWHGE\WKHJRYHUQPHQWLQ
WKH FDVH DW EDU ³>W@KH SXEOLF¶V WUXVW DQG OHJLWLPDWH
H[SHFWDWLRQWKDWWKHVHSULVRQFXVWRGLDQVZLOOQRWHQJDJHLQ
FULPLQDO FRQGXFW ZLWK LQPDWHV GRHV QRW FKDQJH VLPSO\
EHFDXVHWKHSD\FKHFNVRIWKRVHSHUIRUPLQJWKLVWUDGLWLRQDOO\
SXEOLFIXQFWLRQDUHVLJQHGE\DSULYDWHHQWLW\´
0RUHRYHUDVZDVVWDWHGE\RXUVLVWHU FLUFXLWLQWKHFDVH
8QLWHG6WDWHVY%URZQ)G WK&LU ³>L@WLV
D[LRPDWLFWKDWWKHSXEOLFSODFHVWUHPHQGRXVWUXVWLQSULVRQ
HPSOR\HHVWKDWWKH\ZLOOQRWFRQVSLUHZLWKLQPDWHVWRYLRODWH
WKH ODZ´ ,G DW 7KXV DQ HPSOR\HH RI D SULYDWH
FRUSRUDWLRQ ZKR VPXJJOHV FRQWUDEDQG LQWR D FRUUHFWLRQDO
IDFLOLW\RSHUDWHGE\VDLGFRUSRUDWLRQKDVDEXVHGWKHSXEOLF
WUXVWWRWKHVDPHGHJUHHDVDGHSXW\MDLOHUZKRFRPPLWVWKH
LGHQWLFDORIIHQVH
$GGLWLRQDOO\LWKDVEHFRPHHTXDOO\FRPPRQSODFHIRUWKH
IHGHUDOJRYHUQPHQWWRUHO\XSRQFRQWUDFWRIILFHUVWRSHUIRUP
PDQ\ RI WKH SROLFLQJ IXQFWLRQV WUDGLWLRQDOO\ FDUULHG RXW LQ
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY*LOOLDP
'U 6FRWW RSHUDWHV D SULYDWH FRXQVHOLQJ DJHQF\ -DQHW 6FRWW
$VVRFLDWHV ZLWK ZKLFK WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 3UREDWLRQ 2IILFH :HVWHUQ
'LVWULFW RI 7HQQHVVHH FRQWUDFWV IRU VXEVWDQFH DEXVH FRXQVHOLQJ VHUYLFHV
D TXDQWLW\ RI FRFDLQH RQ FRQVLJQPHQW WKURXJK D ³UHOLDEOH´
FRQILGHQWLDOLQIRUPDQW ³&,´ WRZKRPKHKDGEHHQDVVLJQHG
WRFRXQVHO$WWKHWLPHRIWKHLQVWDQWRIIHQVH*LOOLDPZDV
HPSOR\HGDVDSDUWWLPHDOFRKRODQGGUXJFRXQVHORUIRU-DQHW
6FRWW3K',QKLVFDSDFLW\DVDFRXQVHORU*LOOLDPKDGEHHQ
DVVLJQHGWRSURYLGHFRXQVHOLQJWRDQLQGLYLGXDOFXUUHQWO\RQ
IHGHUDOSUREDWLRQVXSHUYLVLRQ7KLVXQQDPHGLQGLYLGXDOLV
DOVRWKH&,LQYROYHGLQWKHFDSHUSODQQHGE\0U*LOOLDP
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHIDFWVGHWDLOHGLQWKH36,WKH&,UHSRUWHG
WKDWRYHUWKHVSDQRIWKUHHZHHNV*LOOLDPKDGFRQWDFWHGKLP
LQ DQ HIIRUW WR REWDLQ VHYHUDO NLORJUDPV RI FRFDLQH ³RQ
FRQVLJQPHQW´ -$DW *LOOLDPZLVKHGWREH³VHWXS´
ZLWKWKHGUXJVE\WKH&,LQRUGHUWRFRQGXFWDWUDQVDFWLRQZLWK
SRWHQWLDOEX\HUV$SSDUHQWO\*LOOLDPZDVSHUVLVWHQWLQKLV
GHVLUH WR UHFUXLW WKH &, IRU WKLV LOOLFLW SXUSRVH +H HYHQ
LQGLFDWHGWRWKH&,WKDWKHKDGSUHYLRXVH[SHULHQFHLQWKHVDOH
DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI LOOHJDO GUXJV DQG NQHZ RI SHRSOH ZKR
ZRXOGSUREDEO\EX\WKHGUXJV -$DW 8QEHNQRZQVWWR
*LOOLDP WKH &, GHFLGHG WR DSSUL]H DXWKRULWLHV ZLWK WKH
2UJDQL]HG &ULPH 8QLW RI WKH 'UXJ (QIRUFHPHQW $JHQF\
2&8 RIWKHSDUWLFXODUVRI*LOOLDP¶VSURSRVLWLRQ$WWKLV
SRLQWWKH2&8ODXQFKHGDQRSHUDWLRQLQRUGHUWRLQYHVWLJDWH
*LOOLDP¶VUROHLQWKLVDOOHJHGFRQVSLUDF\7RWKLVHQGWKH&,
ZDVLQVWUXFWHGWRIHLJQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWK*LOOLDP -$DW

$IWHU SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ VHYHUDO PHHWLQJV DQG WHOHSKRQH
FRQYHUVDWLRQVUHJDUGLQJWKHFRQVSLUDF\WKH&,DQG*LOOLDP
DUUDQJHGIRUDILQDOPHHWLQJDWZKLFKSRLQW*LOOLDPZRXOG
WDNHSRVVHVVLRQRIWKHGUXJV2Q)HEUXDU\WKH&,
SKRQHG *LOOLDP ZLWK LQVWUXFWLRQV WR PHHW D IHPDOH QDPHG
³&RRNLH´LQIURQWRIDQHLJKERUKRRGJURFHU\VWRUH7KH&,
LQIRUPHG*LOOLDPWKDW&RRNLHZRXOGKDYHLQKHUSRVVHVVLRQ
DSDFNDJHFRQWDLQLQJDTXDQWLW\RIFRFDLQHZKLFKVKHZRXOG

-- 3 of 4 --

8QLWHG6WDWHVY*LOOLDP 1R
JLYH WR KLP XSRQ KLV DUULYDO &RRNLH ZDV LQ IDFW DQ
XQGHUFRYHUDJHQWZLWKWKH2&8
8SRQ PHHWLQJ WKH XQGHUFRYHU DJHQW *LOOLDP WRRN
SRVVHVVLRQRIWZRPDUNHGEXQGOHVRILPLWDWLRQFRFDLQHZKLFK
KDG EHHQ SODFHG LQ D SODVWLF VKRSSLQJ EDJ -$ DW
*LOOLDPZDVWDNHQLQWRFXVWRG\DVKRUWWLPHODWHU
,,67$1'$5'2)5(9,(:
7KHGHFLVLRQRIDORZHUFRXUWWRDSSO\866*†%LV
WUHDWHGDVDTXHVWLRQRIODZE\RXU&RXUW:HUHYLHZGHQRYR
WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKDWDGHIHQGDQWRFFXSLHGD
SRVLWLRQ RI WUXVW IRU WKH SXUSRVHV RI WKH 6HQWHQFLQJ
*XLGHOLQHV8QLWHG6WDWHVY7ULEEOH)G WK
&LU 6HHDOVR8QLWHG6WDWHVY5DJODQG)G
WK&LU
$ ³SRVLWLRQ RI WUXVW´ XQGHU WKH *XLGHOLQHV LV RQH
³FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ SURIHVVLRQDO RU PDQDJHULDO GLVFUHWLRQ´
866* † % FRPPHQW Q 0RUHRYHU ³>S@HUVRQV
KROGLQJVXFKSRVLWLRQVRUGLQDULO\DUHVXEMHFWWRVLJQLILFDQWO\
OHVVVXSHUYLVLRQWKDQHPSOR\HHVZKRVHUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDUH
SULPDULO\QRQGLVFUHWLRQDU\LQQDWXUH´,ELG2XU&RXUWKHOG
LQ7ULEEOHWKDW³WKHOHYHORIGLVFUHWLRQDFFRUGHGDQHPSOR\HH
LVWREHWKHGHFLVLYHIDFWRULQGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUKLVSRVLWLRQ
ZDVRQHWKDWFDQEHFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVDWUXVWSRVLWLRQ´
)GDW
,,,$1$/<6,6
:H ILQG WKDW WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW GLG QRW HUU LQ HQKDQFLQJ
*LOOLDP¶V VHQWHQFH IRU DEXVH RI D SRVLWLRQ RI WUXVW XQGHU
866*†%*LOOLDPDUJXHVWKDWKHGLGQRWDEXVHWKH
SXEOLF WUXVW EHFDXVH KH ZDV HPSOR\HG E\ D JRYHUQPHQW
FRQWUDFWRUDQGQRWWKHJRYHUQPHQWKRZHYHUZHGRQRWILQG
KLVDUJXPHQWFRQYLQFLQJ*LOOLDPZRUNHGDVDGUXJFRXQVHORU
IRU DQ HPSOR\HU WKDW ZDV XQGHU FRQWUDFW ZLWK WKH 8QLWHG
6WDWHV 3UREDWLRQ 2IILFH WR SURYLGH FRXQVHOLQJ VHUYLFHV WR
LQGLYLGXDOV SODFHG XQGHU SUREDWLRQ VXSHUYLVLRQ ,Q WKLV
FDSDFLW\*LOOLDPRFFXSLHGDSRVLWLRQZKLFKLPSOLHGWKDWKH
1R 8QLWHG6WDWHVY*LOOLDP
VHUYHGDQHVVHQWLDOO\SXEOLFIXQFWLRQLQYROYLQJFRQVLGHUDEOH
UHVSRQVLELOLW\ZLWKUHVSHFWWRERWKWKHJRYHUQPHQWDQGVRFLHW\
DWODUJH
,QHVVHQFHZHILQGWKDWWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLFLVWKHYLFWLPLQ
DVLWXDWLRQVXFKDVWKHLQVWDQWFDVH$FFRUGLQJO\*LOOLDP¶V
DUJXPHQWWKDWKHZDVDJRYHUQPHQWFRQWUDFWRULQVWHDGRID
JRYHUQPHQWHPSOR\HHDQGWKHUHIRUHQRWERXQGWR³XSKROGWKH
SXEOLFWUXVW´LVDPDWWHURIPHUHVHPDQWLFV7KLVUDWLRQDOHLQ
QR ZD\ GLPLQLVKHV WKH IDFW WKDW *LOOLDP ZDV SHUIRUPLQJ D
SXEOLFIXQFWLRQDWWKHEHKHVWRIWKHJRYHUQPHQW
7KH *XLGHOLQHV VWDWH WKDW ³>L@I WKH GHIHQGDQW DEXVHG D
SRVLWLRQRISXEOLFRUSULYDWHWUXVWRUXVHGDVSHFLILFVNLOOLQ
D PDQQHU WKDW VLJQLILFDQWO\ IDFLOLWDWHG WKH FRPPLVVLRQ RU
FRQFHDOPHQW RI WKH RIIHQVH LQFUHDVH E\ WZR OHYHOV >WKH
GHIHQGDQW¶VEDVHRIIHQVHOHYHO@´866*†%$VD
SUREDWLRQFRXQVHORUFRQWUDFWHGE\WKH8QLWHG6WDWHV3UREDWLRQ
2IILFH*LOOLDPZDVZLWKRXWTXHVWLRQHPSOR\HGLQDSRVLWLRQ
RI FRQVLGHUDEOH WUXVW ZKLFK KH DEXVHG E\ DWWHPSWLQJ WR
HQJDJHLQLOOLFLWGUXJWUDQVDFWLRQVZLWKDFOLHQW$FFRUGLQJO\
ZHILQGWKDWWKHHQKDQFHPHQWZDVSURSHUO\ DSSOLHGLQWKLV
FDVH
:H KDYH SUHYLRXVO\ LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKH UDWLRQDOH IRU WKH
VHQWHQFLQJHQKDQFHPHQWDWLVVXHKHUHLVYLUWXDOO\DQDORJRXV
WRWKHW\SHRISXQLVKPHQWURXWLQHO\DGPLQLVWHUHGIRUYLRODWLQJ
DILGXFLDU\GXW\ZKLFKLQYROYHVDKLJKHUGXW\WKDQLVSODFHG
XSRQSHUVRQVWKDWGRQRWRFFXS\SRVLWLRQVRIWUXVW5DJODQG
)GDW7KH³SRVLWLRQRIWUXVW´DULVHVDOPRVWDVLIE\
LPSOLFDWLRQ ³ZKHQ D SHUVRQ RU RUJDQL]DWLRQ LQWHQWLRQDOO\
PDNHVKLPVHOIRULWVHOIYXOQHUDEOHWRVRPHRQHLQDSDUWLFXODU
SRVLWLRQFHGLQJWRWKHRWKHU¶VSUHVXPHGEHWWHUMXGJPHQWVRPH
FRQWURORYHUWKHLUDIIDLUV´8QLWHG6WDWHVY%URJDQ)G
WK&LU TXRWLQJ8QLWHG6WDWHVY5DJODQG
)G WK &LU $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH
*XLGHOLQHV RIIHU H[DPSOHV RI SURSHU DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH
HQKDQFHPHQW ZKLFK WUDQVODWH GLUHFWO\ WR WKH W\SHV RI
UHODWLRQVKLSVZKHUHD³ILGXFLDU\GXW\´H[LVWVE\LPSOLFDWLRQ

-- 4 of 4 --

Continue your research in ChatGPT or Claude

Connect Omnilex to search the legal corpus from your AI assistant.